APS Member History

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	Name:	John Ashhurst
	Year Elected:	1884
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1840
	Death Date:	7/4/1900

	Name:	Richard L. Ashhurst
	Year Elected:	1884
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1839
	Death Date:	1/30/11

	Name:	John Ashhurst
	Year Elected:	1928
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	4/22/32

	Name:	Dr. Babak Ashrafi
	Institution:	Consortium for History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
	Year Elected:	2015
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Under Babak Ashrafi’s leadership, PACHS (Philadelphia Area Consortium for the History of Science) established a collaboration among repositories and universities for the purposes of promoting scholarly and public understanding of the history of science, technology and medicine. Beginning with a 12-member consortium of Philadelphia-region institutions, he has been highly productive and innovative, successfully establishing, for example, an on-line union catalogue of the history of science holdings of PACHS members, and deploying a unique and universally admired search facility. PACHS has been so successful it was one of the models used to establish the Chicago Collections Consortium (to which Ashrafi served as a key consultant). PACHS evolved from a regional to a national/international collaborative, and in January 2015 became the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine. In its expansion beyond its regional focus, the current 12 members are joined by the University of Toronto, Yale University, Columbia University, The New York Academy of Medicine, the American Institute of Physics, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Linda Hall Library. Ashrafi uniquely combines the talents of scholar, non-profit entrepreneur, development officer, and executive administrator, and has improved productivity prospects for an entire discipline by changing the way historians of science interact, exchange ideas and collaborate, and by providing new Fellowship and grant opportunities for both young scholars and for those engaged in more advanced research.

	Name:	Matthias Aspden
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1756
	Death Date:	8/-/1824

	Name:	Allen V. Astin
	Year Elected:	1958
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1904
	Death Date:	2/4/84

	Name:	Sir Michael Atiyah
	Institution:	University of Edinburgh
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 11, 2019

	One of the greatest mathematicians of his times, Sir Michael Atiyah made fundamental contributions to many areas of mathematics, but especially to topology, geometry and analysis. From his first major contribution - topological K-theory - to his later work on quantum field theory, Sir Michael has been influential in the development of new theoretical tools and has supplied far-reaching insights. He was a notable collaborator, with his name linked with other oustanding mathematicians through their joint research. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1966 and was President of the Royal Society and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. A superb lecturer, he possesses the ability to explain sophisticated mathematics in a simple geometric way. Formerly a professor at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities and the Institute for Advanced Study, he was an inspiring teacher who instructed an outstanding group of former students. Sir Michael Atiyah was the recipient of many honors and awards, including election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1962, a knighthood in 1983 and the Order of Merit in 1992. He served as Chancellor of the University of Leicester from 1995-2005, as President of the Royal Society London from 1990-1995, as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 2005-2008, and was later an Honorary Professor at Edinburgh University in Scotland. In 1993 he was awarded the American Philosophical Society's Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences. The citation read "in recognition of significant contributions to a remarkable range of mathematical topics, which established links between differential geometry, topology, and analysis; and creating useful mathematical tools for physicists." Sir Michael Atiyah died on January 11, 2019 at the age of 89.

	Name:	George F. Atkinson
	Year Elected:	1913
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	11/14/18

	Name:	Dr. Richard C. Atkinson
	Institution:	University of California
	Year Elected:	1980
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1929

	Richard C. Atkinson served from 1995-2003 as the seventeenth president of the University of California system. His eight-year tenure was marked by innovative approaches to admissions and outreach, research initiatives to accelerate the University’s contributions to the state’s economy, and a challenge to the country’s most widely used admissions examination "the SAT 1" that paved the way to major changes in the way millions of America’s youth now are tested for college admissions. Before becoming president of the UC System he served for fifteen years as chancellor of UC San Diego, where he led that campus’s emergence as one of the leading research universities in the nation. He is a former director of the National Science Foundation, past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a long-term member of the faculty at Stanford University. His research in the field of cognitive science and psychology has been concerned with problems of memory and cognition. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Education, the American Philosophical Society, and a mountain in Antarctica has been named in his honor.

	Name:	William W. Atterbury
	Year Elected:	1916
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	10/20/35

	Name:	John J. Audubon
	Year Elected:	1831
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1/7/1851

	Name:	Mr. Norman R. Augustine
	Institution:	Lockheed Martin Corporation
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Norman R. Augustine was raised in Colorado and attended Princeton University where he graduated with a BSE in Aeronautical Engineering, magna cum laude, and MSE and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. In 1958, he joined the Douglas Aircraft Company in California where he held titles of Program Manager and Chief Engineer. Beginning in 1965, he served in the Pentagon in the Office of Secretary of Defense as an Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering. Joining the LTV Missiles and Space Company in 1970, he served as Vice President, Advanced Programs and Marketing. In 1973, he returned to government as Assistant Secretary of the Army and in 1975 as Under Secretary of the Army and later as Acting Secretary of the Army. Joining Martin Marietta Corporation in 1977, he served as Chairman and CEO from 1988 and 1987, respectively, until 1995, having previously been President and Chief Operating Officer. He served as President of Lockheed Martin Corporation upon the formation of that company in 1995, and became its Chief Executive Officer on January 1, 1996, and later Chairman. Retiring as an employee of Lockheed Martin in August 1997, he joined the faculty of the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science where he served as Lecturer with the Rank of Professor until July 1999. In 2019 he and his wife endowed three Professorships in Princeton's School of Engineering with the goal of addressing global challenges and creating the next generation of scientific leaders. Mr. Augustine served as Chairman and Principal Officer of the American Red Cross for nine years and as Chairman of the National Academy of Engineering, the Association for the United States Army, the Aerospace Industry Association, and the Defense Science Board. He is a former President of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Boy Scouts of America. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of ConocoPhillips, Black & Decker, Procter & Gamble and Lockheed Martin and a member of the Board of Trustees of Colonial Williamsburg, Johns Hopkins, Princeton University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently a Regent of the University System of Maryland. He is a 16-year member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and serves on the Department of Homeland Security Advisory Board and was a member of the Hart/Rudman Commission on National Security. Mr. Augustine has been presented the National Medal of Technology by the President of the United States, has five times been awarded the Department of Defense's highest civilian decoration, the Distinguished Service Medal, and has received the Joint Chiefs of Staff Distinguished Public Service Award. He recently received the 2013 CRDF Global George Brown Award for International Scientific Cooperation. He is co-author of The Defense Revolution and Shakespeare in Charge and author of Augustine's Laws and Augustine's Travels. He holds twenty-three honorary degrees and was selected by Who's Who in America and the Library of Congress as one of the Fifty Great Americans on the occasion of Who's Who's fiftieth anniversary. He has traveled in over 100 countries and stood on both the North and South Poles.

	Name:	Frederick Augustus
	Year Elected:	1832
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Dr. Robert Austrian
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	March 25, 2007

	Name:	George F.J.A. Auwers
	Year Elected:	1912
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1838

	Name:	Dr. John C. Avise
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine; University of Georgia
	Year Elected:	2011
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	John C. Avise I am a naturalist at heart, a geneticist by training, and my career has been devoted to wedding these two arenas. After obtaining a B.S. degree in Fish Biology at the University of Michigan, I went on to earn a M.A. in Zoology from the University of Texas and a Ph.D. in Genetics from the University of California at Davis. My graduate training came at a time when molecular approaches were being introduced to population genetics, and I began to see that molecular markers could open the entire biological world for genetic scrutiny. Ever since then my students and I have used molecular markers to analyze the natural histories and evolution of wild animals. Topics that we have studied range from micro-evolutionary to macro-evolutionary: genetic parentage and mating systems, geographic population structure, gene flow, hybridization, biogeography, speciation, systematics, and phylogenetics. We have conducted research on diverse vertebrate and invertebrate animals from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Our typical goal is to unveil behavioral or evolutionary features of organisms, but we also aim to elucidate genetic and evolutionary properties of protein and DNA molecules. The theory and practice of evolutionary genetics are relevant to ecological issues and conservation biology, two areas that provide themes for much of our research. Although I am the acknowledged 'father of phylogeography', I like to think of myself as a broader pioneer in molecular ecology, molecular evolution, and conservation genetics. In addition to hundreds of scientific articles, I have published 20 books on subjects ranging from the science-religion interface to genetic engineering, natural history, molecular ecology, evolution, biogeography, phylogenetics, reproductive modes, educational outreach, and roles for humor in science.

	Name:	Mr. Emanuel Ax
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Emanuel Ax is considered to be in the front rank of today’s pianists and has been widely recognized for both solo and chamber work as well as for chamber performance. He has won many awards, including seven Grammy Awards, five of which were for his chamber music (1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1996) and the other two were for his solo performances of Haydn (1995, 2004). In 1974, he won the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Competition in Tel-Aviv and in 1979 he was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize. More recently, Columbia University presented him with the Alexander Hamilton Medal for Distinguished Service and Accomplishment (2003) and he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2007). Ax has performed frequently with APS member Yo-Yo Ma and regularly plays at music festivals such as Mainly Mozart, Ravinia, and Tanglewood. They (Ax and Ma) released Hope Amid Tears in 2021.

	Name:	Dr. Richard Axel
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Richard Axel is University Professor at Columbia University and an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He has pioneered the application of the techniques of molecular genetics to the analysis of cell function eukaryotic organisms. Toward that goal, he first developed techniques for integrating virtually any gene into any mammalian cell in such a way that the genes are stably integrated within the chromosome of the recipient cell, function normally, and are appropriately regulated. The gene transfer techniques developed by Dr. Axel have revolutionized molecular structure and function. Dr. Axel has now gone on to apply the power of molecular genetics to the study of cellular function in the nervous system. This work led to the cloning by Drs. Axel and Buck of the olfactory receptors, and to a mapping of the distribution of these receptors, first on the olfactory epithelium and then on the olfactory bulb. Dr. Axel next extended this approach to a second olfactory system, the vomeronasal organ, and found a second novel family of genes which encode the presumed receptors for pheromones. Finally he is exploring the behavioral function of these receptors in mice and flies. This brilliant series of studies has revolutionized the study of the sense of smell. In 2009 he won the Tower of Hope Excellence in Science Award from the Israel Cancer Research Fund.

	Name:	Dr. Julius Axelrod
	Institution:	National Institute of Mental Health
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	December 29, 2004

	Name:	Dr. Robert Axelrod
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	2004
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	First trained in mathematics, Robert Axelrod shifted to political science to study conflicts of interest. His path-breaking work on the elusive optimal strategy for the famous "Prisoner's Dilemma" problem in Game Theory attracted the collaboration of noted biologist William D. Hamilton in a landmark paper. It was also a central ingredient, much expanded, in his book The Evolution of Cooperation, a classic which has stimulated an international cottage industry under the rubric "Cooperation Theory." Further contributions have involved work on coalitions in electoral politics and papers in international relations, involving both formal theory and such applications as a recent proposal for practical reform of the United Nations Security Council, taking account of the welter of strong conflicts of interest present. Dr. Axelrod is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He has been a professor at the University of Michigan since 1980. In 2014 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

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