APS Member History

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	Name:	Dr. Kwame Anthony Appiah
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	K. Anthony Appiah has written or edited a score of books: on race theory (where he is recognized as a leading thinker), on philosophy (where he has been called by reviewers "a pro's pro"), and even a series of detective fiction novels. His In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture has been translated into Portuguese and Japanese. It won the Herskovits Award of the African Studies Association for the best work published in English on Africa in 1993. Dr. Appiah taught at Yale, Cornell, Duke and Harvard Universities before moving to Princeton University, where he was Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy. In January 2014 he moved to New York University where he has joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy and the School of Law. He has received many academic honors, published numerous articles and reviews, presented public lectures and papers, holds several editorial positions and is a member of professional associations and committees. In 2008 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Dr. Appiah also served as co-editor of Encarta Africana, the first electronic encyclopedia on Africa and people of African descent. His latest books are Experiments in Ethics (2008) and The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen (2010). He was awarded the 2011 National Humanities Medal by President Obama.

	Name:	Dr. Joyce Appleby
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	December 23, 2016

	One of the most important historians of early America of her generation, Joyce Appleby was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1929 and taught at the University of California, Los Angeles for twenty years. After graduating from Stanford University in 1950, she worked in the field of newspaper and magazine writing, including a stint for Mademoiselle magazine in New York City. She later returned to California, where she raised her family while earning a Ph.D. in history from Claremont Graduate School. Despite a late career start, Dr. Appleby has, through her books and about 25 important articles, reshaped perspectives on the ideological dimensions of early American life. She published a presidential biography of Thomas Jefferson in 2003, a collection of her essays, A Restless Past: History and the American Public, in 2005, and also recently edited a volume of the writings of Thomas Paine. Her latest book, The Relentless Revolution (2010), traces Capitalism through its various twists and turns and analyses its function as an extension of culture. She has served as president of the Organization of American Historians and as Harmsworth Professor at Oxford University. Dr. Appleby co-directed the History News Service, wrote op-ed essays and worked on the living wage movement in Los Angeles. She died December 23, 2016, at the age of 87.

	Name:	William H. Appleton
	Year Elected:	1893
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1842
	Death Date:	4/3/26

	Name:	John Arbo
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1/6/1713
	Death Date:	12/11/1772

	John Arbo (6 January 1713–11 December 1772) was a religious administrator and civil engineer, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Born in Soerup near Flensburg on the Baltic Sea, he was appointed head of a local school by age eighteen. Six years later, in 1737, he became an instructor in the German writing and arithmetic school of the Marienkirche in Flensburg. By 1742, however, he had left this position and travelled to Herrnhut, where he committed himself to the Moravian Brotherhood. Arbo served the church as a clerk and bookkeeper at Marienborn and Lindheim, taught at Hennersdorf, and in 1756 became secretary of the Administrations-Collegium in Herrnhut before being called to America. In 1760 he immigrated to Pennsylvania, where he was ordained a deacon. He then took on a major administrative role in Bethlehem, assisting in the expansion of the town’s waterworks and helping to design and erect a larger oil mill. His work in hydraulics solicited the approval of John Adams while his experiments in the extraction of oil from sunflower, laurel, and peach seeds were encouraged by the APS. Arbo served as an agent for the missionaries of the United Brethren among the Indians and as steward of the Moravian Brethren’s House at Bethlehem. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1768 and died in 1772, leaving behind a sizeable library containing works on mathematics, mineralogy, medicine, history, religion, geography, and engineering. (PI)

	Name:	Thomas C. Archer
	Year Elected:	1876
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Charles D. Arfwedson
	Year Elected:	1853
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Sir William G. Armstrong
	Year Elected:	1874
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Edward C. Armstrong
	Year Elected:	1932
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1872
	Death Date:	3/5/44

	Name:	Hamilton F. Armstrong
	Year Elected:	1940
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1893
	Death Date:	4/24/73

	Name:	Mr. Neil Armstrong
	Institution:	NASA
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	August 25, 2012

	Neil A. Armstrong will always be known as the first man to walk on the moon, saying "One small step for (a) man. One giant step for mankind." as he stepped onto the surface. As a naval aviator, he flew combat missions from the aircraft carrier USS Essex in the Korean action, and subsequently spent 17 years with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as an engineer, research pilot, astronaut and administrator. As a research pilot for NASA's Flight Research Center at Edwards, CA, Mr. Armstrong was project pilot on many pioneering high speed aircraft, including the rocket powered X-1 and the hypersonic X-15. He was selected as an astronaut in 1962. He was commander of the Gemini 8 flight in 1966 when he performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space. As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, he, with colleagues Mike Collins and Buzz Aldrin, completed the first landing mission to the moon. Neil Armstrong subsequently was responsible for the management of overall NASA research and technology work related to aeronautics. During the years 1971 through 1979, he was the University Professor of Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. He was the Chairman of the EDO Corporation, an engineering systems manufacturing firm. He received his engineering education at Purdue University and the University of Southern California. Mr. Armstrong was a Fellow of the Experimental Test Pilots and the Royal Aeronautical Society, and Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the International Aeronautical Federation. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco. He served as Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee for the Peace Corps (1971-73), as Vice Chairman of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident (1986), and as a member of the National Commission on Space (1985-86). Mr. Armstrong's explorations on earth include reaching the North Pole and, with the British Army, mapping caves in the Oriente of Ecuador. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2011 and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2001. Neil Armstrong died on August 25, 2012, at the age of 82.

	Name:	Professor Vladimir I. Arnold
	Institution:	Steklov Institute of Mathematics & Academy of Sciences, Russia & CEREMADE, University of Paris, Dauphine, France
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1937
	Death Date:	June 3, 2010

	Vladimir Arnold was born in 1937 in Odessa (then U.S.S.R, presently Ukraine). One of the most distinguished mathematicians in the world, he was educated at Moscow State University and became famous at age 19 for his brilliant solution to Hilbert's 13th problem. In this solution, Dr. Arnold was able to prove that each continuous function of three variables is representable as a super position of continuous functions of two variables -- the exact opposite of what people expected. Dr. Arnold is also one of the founders of KAM theory. In this theory, if one perturbs a completely integratable Hamiltonian system the resulting system still possesses infinitely many invariant tori. The theory has many applications in celestial mechanics and plasma physics, among other fields. In his examination of infinite dimensional Hamiltonian systems, Dr. Arnold studied the Euler equations of ideal gas flow as equations of geodesics on an infinite dimensional lie group of smooth volume preserving transformation. He has conducted path-breaking work on singularity theory and its use in caustics and wave fronts, discovering connections with regular polyhedra and crystallographic symmetry groups - fundamental work connecting real algebraic topology and modern topology and in symplectic and variational problems. The author of a number of outstanding textbooks, Dr. Arnold held professorial positions at Moscow State University for twenty-five years. At present he teaches at Steklove Mathematical Institute in Moscow and the Universite Paris 9. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the French Academy of Science and the Royal Society of London, among others. He is the recipient of many awards, including the 1982 Crafoord Prize of the Swedish Academy, the 2001 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, the 2001 Wolf Prize in Mathematics, the 2007 State Prize of the Russian Federation and the 2008 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences.

	Name:	Dr. Frances H. Arnold
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at Caltech, Frances Arnold pioneered protein engineering by directed evolution, with applications in alternative energy, chemicals, and medicine. She uses evolution augmented with machine learning to circumvent our profound ignorance of how DNA encodes function and create new biological molecules. She has been recognized by induction into the US National Academies of Science, Medicine, and Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Her awards include the Charles Stark Draper Prize of the National Academy of Engineering (2011), the US National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2011), the Millennium Technology Prize (2016), the National Academy of Sciences’ Sackler Prize in Convergence Research (2017), and the Franklin Institute's Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2019). Frances Arnold won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work on directed evolution of enzymes. Arnold pioneered the 'directed evolution' technique, which is now used by hundreds of laboratories and companies to produce more useful enzymes. Dr. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowships in Science and Engineering and is a Trustee of the Gordon Research Conferences. She co-founded Gevo, Inc. in 2005 to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources and Provivi, Inc. in 2014 to develop non-toxic modes of agricultural pest control.

	Name:	Dr. Ruth Arnon
	Institution:	The Weizmann Institute of Science
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Prof. Arnon joined the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1960. Prior to her appointment as Vice-President, she served as Head of the Department of Chemical Immunology, and as Dean of the Faculty of Biology. From 1985 to 1994, she was the Director of the Institute's MacArthur Center for Molecular Biology of Tropical Diseases. Prof. Arnon has made significant contributions to the fields of vaccine development, cancer research and to the study of parasitic diseases. Along with Prof. Michael Sela and Dr. Dvora Teitelbaum she developed Copaxone,® a drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and is presently marketed in the USA, Canada the EU, Australia and many other countries worldwide. Prof. Arnon is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences, and serves as its Vice-President since 2004. On the world scene, she is an elected member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). She has served as President of the European Federation of Immunological Societies (EFIS), and as Secretary-General of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS), as well as in the European Union Research Advisory Board (EURAB). Her awards include the Robert Koch Prize in Medical Sciences, Spain's Jiminez Diaz Memorial Prize, France's Legion of Honor, the Hadassah World Organization's Women of Distinction Award, the Wolf Prize for Medicine, the Rothschild Prize for Biology, and the Israel Prize, Honorary degree – Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, The AESKU Prize for Life Contribution to Autoimmunity by the 6th International Congress on Autoimmunity, “Yakir” Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel, Elected to the American Philosophical Society. Prof. Arnon is also the Scientific Advisor to the President of the State of Israel. Prof. Arnon is the incumbent of the Paul Ehrlich Chair in Immunochemistry.

	Name:	Raymond C. F. Aron
	Year Elected:	1966
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	10/17/83

	Name:	Svante A. Arrhenius
	Year Elected:	1911
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1859

	Name:	Dr. Kenneth J. Arrow
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1968
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	February 21, 2017

	Kenneth Arrow was born in 1921 and brought up in New York City and its surroundings. He graduated from City College of New York in 1940 and went for graduate study in mathematics and economics at Columbia University, receiving an M.A. in mathematics in 1941 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1951. He served as a weather officer in the United States Army Air Forces (1942-46), retiring with the rank of captain. Dr. Arrow's academic career started as Research Associate at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics (1947-49) and continued as Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago (1948-49). In 1949 he moved to Stanford University, serving as Assistant, Associate and full Professor of Economics, Statistics, and Operations Research through 1968 when he joined the Harvard University faculty as Professor of Economics and then James Bryant Conant University Professor (1968-79). In 1979 Dr. Arrow returned to Stanford as Professor of Economics and Operations Research at Stanford University (1979-91) and, subsequently, Emeritus Professor (1991- ). He had written, alone or with collaborators, 22 books, 254 technical papers, and 31 non-technical articles, edited or co-edited 22 books, and participated in 11 collective studies on policy issues. His particular interests included the theory of social choice and justice, general equilibrium theory, medical economics, the economics of individual choice, risk-bearing, the economics of information, inventory analysis, capital and growth theory, economics of social interaction, environmental economics, sequential statistical analysis, and the use of winds in flight planning. Dr. Arrow received several honors, including the John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association (1957), the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science (1972), the von Neumann Prize (1986), the 2nd Class Order of the Rising Sun (1984), the National Medal of Science (2004), and a number of honorary degrees. He had also been president of several learned societies and served as member and Chair of the Stanford University Senate and the Stanford Faculty Advisory Board. Kenneth Arrow died February 21, 2017, at age 95 at home in Palo Alto, California.

	Name:	Charles Arthaud
	Year Elected:	1789
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Joseph C. Arthur
	Year Elected:	1919
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1850
	Death Date:	4/30/42

	Name:	Charles A. Ashburner
	Year Elected:	1880
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1854
	Death Date:	12/24/1889

	Name:	Dr. Orley Ashenfelter
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2017
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Orley Ashenfelter's areas of specialization include labor economics, econometrics, and law and economics. His current research includes the cross-country measurement of wage rates, and many other issues related to the economics of labor markets. Professor Ashenfelter has been the director of the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton University, director of the Office of Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Labor, a Guggenheim Fellow, and the Benjamin Meeker Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. He is a recipient of the IZA Prize in Labor Economics, the Mincer Award for Lifetime Achievement of the Society of Labor Economists, and the Karel Englis Medal awarded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society of Labor Economics, and a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He edited the Handbook of Labor Economics, was editor of the American Economic Review, and the co-editor of the American Law and Economics Review. In 2018 he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He is a past president of the American Economics Association, the American Law and Economic Association, and the Society of Labor Economics. Orley Ashenfelter was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2017.

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