APS Member History

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41	Name:	Dr. Robert Choate Darnton
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1989
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Robert Darnton studies 18th-century France with special interest in the literary world, censorship and the history of books. In 2007 he was named director of the Harvard University Library and Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University, succeeding longtime library director and fellow APS member Sidney Verba. Dr. Darnton graduated from Harvard University in 1960, attended Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship and earned a Ph.D. (D. Phil.) in history from Oxford in 1964. After working briefly as a reporter for The New York Times, he was elected to the Society of Fellows at Harvard University (1965-68). He joined the Princeton History Department in 1968, serving on the faculty for nearly 40 years. He was the Shelby Cullom Davis '30 Professor of European History until his appointment at Harvard in 2007. Throughout his career Professor Darnton has concerned himself with the literary world of Enlightenment France, often focusing not on the philosophes but on writers outside the first rank and the material they produced. Using the archives of an 18th-century Swiss publishing house, he has brought to light a vast illegal literature of philosophy, atheism and pornography that was smuggled into France in the decades before the Revolution. In the course of this work Dr. Darnton has developed an influential anthropological approach to history, has advanced novel interpretations of the French Revolution, and has helped to create the field known as "the history of the book." He also has a longstanding interest in electronic books, Web publishing, and other new media. His books include Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France (1968), The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie (1979), The Literary Underground of the Old Regime (1982), The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (1984), The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (1989), Revolution in Print: the Press in France ,1775-1800 (1989, Daniel Roche, coeditor), The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Prerevolutionary France (1995), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award, and a recent memoir, Almost a Family (2011). Dr. Darnton has been the recipient of the Leo Gershoy Prize of the American Historical Association (for The Business of Enlightenment), a MacArthur Fellowship (1982-87), The Los Angeles Times Book Prize (for The Great Cat Massacre), Princeton University's Behrman Humanities Award (1987), the Gutenberg Prize (2004), the American Printing History Association Prize (2005), and the National Humanities Medal (2011). In 1999 he was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur, the highest award given by the French government, in recognition of his work. Dr. Darnton is currently working on two books: a study of the libelles, a genre of scandalous books involving defamation of government officials and prominent people that flourished in France in the second half of the 18th century; and a large-scale history of publishing and the book trade in late-18th-century France. Eventually he plans to write a new history of the origins of the French Revolution.

42	Name:	Dr. Philip J. Deloria
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2021
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1959

	Philip J. Deloria is the Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History at Harvard University, where his research and teaching focus on the social, cultural and political histories of the relations among American Indian peoples and the United States, as well as the comparative and connective histories of indigenous peoples in a global context. He is the Chair of the Committee on Degrees in History and Literature. His first book, Playing Indian (1998), traced the tradition of white “Indian play” from the Boston Tea Party to the New Age movement, while his 2004 book Indians in Unexpected Places examined the ideologies surrounding Indian people in the early twentieth century and the ways Native Americans challenged them through sports, travel, automobility, and film and musical performance. He is the co-editor of The Blackwell Companion to American Indian History (with Neal Salisbury) and C.G. Jung and the Sioux Traditions by Vine Deloria (with Jerome Bernstein). Co-authored with Alexander Olson, American Studies: A User’s Guide (2017), offers a comprehensive treatment of the historiography and methodology of the field of American Studies. His most recent book is Becoming Mary Sully: Toward an American Indian Abstract (2019), which reclaims a previously unknown Native artist while offering a new exploration of American Indian visual arts of the mid-twentieth century. Deloria received the Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University in 1994, taught for six years at the University of Colorado, and then at the University of Michigan from 2001 to 2017, before joining the faculty at Harvard in January 2018. At Michigan, he served as the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Education, Director of the Program in American Culture, and of the Native American Studies Program, and held the Carroll Smith-Rosenberg Collegiate Chair. His courses have included American Indian history, Environmental history, the American West, and American Studies methods, as well as Food Studies, Songwriting, and Big History. Deloria is a trustee of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian, where he served for many years as chair of the Repatriation Committee. He is former president of the American Studies Association, an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the recipient of numerous prizes and recognitions and will serve as president of the Organization of American Historians in 2022.

43	Name:	Dr. Paul Mead Doty
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1970
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	December 5, 2011

	Paul M. Doty was professor of public policy and Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry Emeritus at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He was also the founder and Director Emeritus of the Center for Science and International Affairs and an emeritus member of the BCSIA Board of Directors. During his 42 years on the Harvard University faculty, Dr. Doty embraced two careers: one in biochemistry, where he founded the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the other in science policy and international security studies, where he founded the Center for Science and International Affairs in 1974. From 1960-64 he was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee and from 1961-67 he also served as a consultant to the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. The recipient of awards including the American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry, Dr. Doty was the author of numerous articles in scientific journals and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1970. Paul Doty died on December 5, 2011, at age 91 at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

44	Name:	Dr. John E. Dowling
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1992
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	John E. Dowling received his A.B. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He taught in the Biology Department at Harvard from 1961 to 1964, first as an Instructor, then as Assistant Professor. In 1964 he moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he held an appointment as Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Biophysics. He returned to Harvard as Professor of Biology in 1971, was the Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Natural Sciences from 1971-2001, Harvard College Professor from 1999-2004 and is presently the Gordon and Llura Gund Professor of Neurosciences. He was Chairman of the Biology Department at Harvard from 1975 to 1978 and served as Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1980 to 1984. He was Master of Leverett House at Harvard from 1981-1998 and served as President of the Corporation of The Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole from 1998-2008. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society. He received the Friedenwald Medal from the Association of Research in Ophthalmology and Vision in 1970, the Annual Award of the New England Ophthalmological Society in 1979, the Retinal Research Foundation Award for Retinal Research in 1981, an Alcon Vision Research Recognition Award in 1986, a National Eye Institute’s MERIT award in 1987, the Von Sallman Prize in 1992, The Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research in 2000, the Llura Ligget Gund Award for Lifetime Achievement and Recognition of Contribution to the Foundation Fighting Blindness in 2001 and the Paul Kayser International Award in Retina Research in 2008.. He was granted an honorary M.D. degree by the University of Lund (Sweden) in 1982. His research interests have focused on the vertebrate retina as a model piece of the brain. He and his collaborators have long been interested in the functional organization of the retina, studying its synaptic organization, the electrical responses of the retinal neurons, and the mechanisms underlying neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the retina. He became interested in zebrafish as a system in which one could explore the development and genetics of the vertebrate retina about 15 years ago. Part of his research team has focused on retinal development in zebrafish and the role of retinoic acid in early eye and photoreceptor development. A second group has developed behavioral tests to isolate mutations, both recessive and dominant, specific to the visual system.

45	Name:	Dr. Andrew H. Knoll
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Andrew Knoll is Fisher Professor of Natural History and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University and Curator of the Paleobotanical Collections in the Harvard University Herbaria. A world leader in paleobiology, he has served on the Harvard faculty since 1982. Distinguished by his pioneering investigations of global conditions in the early evolution of life, Dr. Knoll has used biological, geological and chemical information to interpret the evolution of unicellular and multicellular organisms, from the most primitive life forms to the origin of metazoa and higher plants. He has used the same approach to explain mass extinctions in the Permian. Dr. Knoll's many honors include the Walcott Medal (1987) and the Mary Clark Thompson Medal (2012) of the National Academy of Sciences, the Phil Beta Kappa Book Award in Science (2003), the Moore Medal of the Society for Sedimentary Geology (2005), the Paleontological Society Medal (2005), the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London (2007), and membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1977.

46	Name:	Dr. Catherine Dulac
	Institution:	Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1963

	Catherine Dulac is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, Higgins Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lee and Ezpeleta Professor of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University. Her work explores the identity and function of neural circuits underlying instinctive social behaviors in mice, and the role of genomic imprinting in the adult and developing brain. She grew up in Montpellier, France, graduated from the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, and received her PhD from the University of Paris VI. She was a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University and joined the faculty of Harvard as a junior faculty in 1996, before becoming full professor in 2001, and Chair of Harvard's Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology from 2007 until 2013. She is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, and of the French Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is a recipient of multiple awards including the Richard Lounsbery Award, the National Academy’s Pradel Research Award, the Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, the Karl Spencer Lashley Award from the American Philosophical Society, and the 2021 Breakthrough Prize for Life Sciences.

47	Name:	Dr. John T. Dunlop
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1972
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	October 2, 2003

48	Name:	Dr. Cynthia Dwork
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	107
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1958

	Cynthia Dwork, an intellectual leader in the privacy-research community in computer science, has made fundamental contributions that speak to the role of information technology in society. She is leader and a co-founder of work on "differential privacy", which provides the first satisfactory theory for how to ensure privacy protection while enabling statistical analysis of large datasets with sensitive personal information. Her foundational work in this area has had revolutionary impact in such other disciplines as statistics and technology policy. Dwork has also made fundamental contributions to cryptography and distributed algorithms, including introducing the challenge of concurrent security in cryptographic protocols, the fundamental concept of "nonmalleability" in cryptography (where an adversary should not be able to modify cryptographic communications), and the idea of using hash chains as proofs of work (an idea underlying cryptocurrencies like BitCoin). Her distributed computing paper, "Achieving consensus in the presence of partial synchrony" received the Djikstra prize. She received the Goedel Prize in 2017 and the IEEE Hamming Medal in 2019.

49	Name:	Dr. John T. Edsall
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1955
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	June 12, 2002

50	Name:	Dr. Scott Edwards
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2020
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1963

	Scott Edwards is currently Alexander Agassiz Professor, Curator of Birds at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1992, after which he spent a decade at the University of Washington. Scott Edwards pioneered the application of genomics and population genetic approaches to natural populations of birds. He creatively integrates theory with field, museum, and laboratory research. Edwards has led his field of ornithology into the age of genomics by examining genomic evolution in a setting that applies population genetics, systematics, and natural history to diverse questions. His work has broad generality beyond the target taxa, and he has contributed importantly to both theory and methods. His lab applies cutting edge population genetics to studies on diverse problems in genomics and evolutionary biology. With Beerli he modernized phylogeography. With Liu and Pearl he developed methods that promise to revolutionize phylogenetic analyses of large molecular datasets. He has made extensive contributions to understanding behavioral evolution, speciation, and biogeography of Australian birds. Edwards is a versatile and prolific scientist who has proven to be an effective communicator and a wonderful role model. In 2015 he won the Elliot Coues Award of the American Ornithologists Union. He is a member of the Society of Systematic Biology (president, 2009), the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2009), the American Genetic Association (president, 2011), and the National Academy of Sciences (2015). Scott Edwards was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2020.

51	Name:	Dr. John King Fairbank
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1969
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1907
	Death Date:	9/14/91

52	Name:	Dr. Paul Edward Farmer
	Institution:	Partners in Health; Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1959
	Death Date:	February 21, 2022

	Paul Farmer is a leading scholar in the anthropology of medicine and a pioneering practitioner in developing innovative pathways to health care in some of the world’s most impoverished and underserved regions. With a small group of colleagues, he founded Partners in Health, a non-profit organization dedicated to community-based treatments of chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. His early work was in rural Haiti. Drawing on his anthropological knowledge of social networks and his medical knowledge of challenges to compliance in pharmacological treatments of chronic disease in unsupervised settings, Farmer enlisted neighborhood volunteers to deliver and witness the administration of treatments to patients unable to leave their homes for regular care. The results were profoundly successful, and Partners in Health expanded to other parts of the world, and to other community-based approaches to delivery of care. His name is now synonymous with Partners in Health and community-based care. Paul Farmer was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2018.

53	Name:	Dr. Drew Gilpin Faust
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2004
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Drew Gilpin Faust took office as Harvard University's 28th president on July 1, 2007. A historian of the U.S. Civil War and the American South, Faust is also the Lincoln Professor of History in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. She previously served as founding dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study (2001-2007). During her tenure, Faust led Radcliffe's transformation from a college into one of the country's foremost scholarly institutes. Before coming to Radcliffe, Faust was the Annenberg Professor of History and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of six books, including Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (1996), for which she won the Francis Parkman Prize in 1997. Her lastest book, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (2008), chronicles the impact of the Civil War's enormous death toll on the lives of nineteenth-century Americans; it was recently the subject to a PBS documentary. Faust has served as a trustee of Bryn Mawr College, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, and the National Humanities Center, and she is a member of the educational advisory board of the Guggenheim Foundation. She has been president of the Southern Historical Association, vice president of the American Historical Assocation, and executive board member of the Organization of American Historians and the Society of American Historians. She has served on numerous editorial boards and selection committees, including the Pulitzer Prize history jury in 1986, 1990, and 2004. Faust's honors include awards in 1982 and 1996 for distinguished teaching at the University of Pennsylvania and the 2011 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1994, the Society of American Historians in 1993, and the American Philosophical Society in 2004. She received her bachelor's degree from Bryn Mawr in 1968, magna cum laude with honors in history, and master's (1971) and doctoral (1975) degrees in American civilization from the University of Pennsylvania. In 2013 she won the Ruth Ratner Miller Award for Excellence in American History. Faust left her role as President in 2017 and become a University Professor at Harvard in January 2019.

54	Name:	Dr. Martin Feldstein
	Institution:	Harvard University & National Bureau of Economic Research
	Year Elected:	1989
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1939
	Death Date:	June 11, 2019

	Martin Feldstein was George F. Baker Professor of Economics at Harvard University and President and president emeritus of the National Bureau of Economic Research. From 1982 through 1984, he was Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and President Ronald Reagan's chief economic adviser. He was known for his contributions toward the analysis of taxation and social insurance. A Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, a Fellow of the Econometric Society and a Fellow of the National Association of Business Economists, Dr. Feldstein served as President of the American Economic Association in 2004 and was also a member of the Trilateral Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Group of 30 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. In 1977, he received the John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association, a prize awarded every two years to the economist under the age of 40 who is judged to have made the greatest contribution to economic science. He was the author of more than 300 research articles in economics, director of three corporations (American International Group; HCA; and Eli Lilly), and a regular contributor to the Wall Street Journal. Born in 1939, he attended Harvard College and Oxford University. Martin Feldstein died June 11, 2019 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 79.

55	Name:	Dr. Judah Folkman
	Institution:	Harvard Medical School & Children's Hospital
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	January 14, 2008

56	Name:	Dr. Franklin L. Ford
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1974
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	August 31, 2003

57	Name:	Dr. Paul A. Freund
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1966
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	2/5/92

58	Name:	Dr. John Kenneth Galbraith
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1980
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	April 30, 2006

59	Name:	Dr. Peter Galison
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1955

	Peter Galison is a main shaper of new thinking in the history of science. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University both in theoretical particle physics and in the history of modern science, and his wide-ranging expertise and innovative mind are evident in books such as How Experiments End, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics, and Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps. Dr. Galison has also published essays on such diverse topics as the links between Bauhaus architecture and the philosophy of the Vienna Circle, and on the development of cybernetics. He has taught at Harvard University since 1992. He was the Mallinckrodt Professor of the History of Science and of Physics, 1994-2007, and is currently the Joseph Pellegrino University Professor. From 1982-92 he taught at Stanford University, where he was the recipient of a Distinguished Teaching Award. Dr. Galison's other honors include a MacArthur Fellowship and the Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation. His latest work is a documentary film titled "Secrecy". Made with Harvard lecturer Robb Moss and screened at the Sundance Film Festival, it explores the complicated role that classified activity has played in American political affairs and in democracy at large. In 2018 he received the Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics.

60	Name:	Dr. Marjorie Garber
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2012
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Marjorie Garber is an internationally renowned scholar of Shakespeare, Renaissance literature and contemporary culture. Her interests encompass literary and cultural theory, psychoanalysis, gender, sexuality, the arts, and intellectual life. Her books include Shakespeare’s Ghost Writers (1987); Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (1992);Vice-Versa: Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life (1995); Dog Love (1997); Sex and Real Estate (2000); Academic Instincts (2001); Shakespeare After All (2004); Patronizing the Arts (2008);Shakespeare and Modern Culture (2008) and The Use and Abuse of Literature (2011); as well as several volumes of collected essays: Symptoms of Culture (1998); Quotation Marks (2002); Profiling Shakespeare (2008); Loaded Words (2012); and Character: The History of a Cultural Obsession (2020). Shakespeare After All was awarded the prestigious Christian Gauss Prize by the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 2005. Her essays, known for their incisive wit, have established her as an astute cultural critic and commentator on modern life. Her dynamic and compelling lectures on Shakespeare have been widely influential for generations of students and scholars. Her recent work has addressed the arts, theater and performance, the centrality of literature and the future of the humanities. Dr. Garber is the William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of English and Visual and Environmental Studies at Harvard University. She received her B.A. from Swarthmore College (with Highest Honors) in 1966, and her Ph.D. from Yale University in 1969. She taught at Yale for a decade and then at Haverford College before joining the Harvard faculty in 1981. At Harvard she has been Director of the Humanities Center, Chair of the Department of Visual and Environmental Studies, Director of the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Chair of the Committee on Dramatic Arts, and Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Garber is the former President of the international Consortium of Humanities Centers and Institutes and a continuing member of its advisory board, and has served on the Board of Directors of the American Council of Learned Societies. She is a Trustee of the English Institute, and a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar.

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