APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Arnold J. Levine
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Arnold Levine discovered the p53 tumor suppressor gene and protein in 1979. He and others went on to show that it was the single most common genetic alteration in human cancers. Over the past 20 years Dr. Levine has led our understanding of how p53 prevents cancers and functions. He has chaired the department of microbiology at the State University of New York, Stony Brook and the department of molecular biology at Princeton University. Between 1998 and 2002 he was the president and chief executive officer of Rockefeller University. He is now a professor emeritus in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. A leader in biomedical sciences, Dr. Levine has won numerous prizes in cancer research and holds six honorary degrees. He chaired the National Institutes of Health committee on AIDS Research budgets in 1995-96. His most recent honors are the American Association for Cancer Research's 2008 Kirk A. Landon-AACR Prize for Basic Cancer Research, the Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award for his work in defining the molecular basis of tumor suppression, the 2009 American Cancer Society's Medal of Honor, and the 2012 Lars Onsager Medal of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

22	Name:	Dr. Sharon R. Long
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Sharon Long has been responsible for elucidating many of the early reactions involved in the establishment of nitrogen-fixing nodules of leguminous plants. She has also described the genetic systems of the plants and bacteria involved in this infection process and has developed ingenious genetic and biochemical techniques for study of the nodulation of legumes. Her exceptional competence ranges from the most intricate details of plant and microbial molecular, genetic, cellular and developmental biology to large-scale concerns with science and society. Dr. Long has played an active role in the Plant Biology Section of the National Academy of Sciences, and she has served as Chair of the Biological Sciences Class of the Academy. An admirable teacher and communicator, Dr. Long is presently Professor of Biology at Stanford University, where she has taught since 1981. From 2001 to 2007 she served as the Dean of the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences and in 2008 she was recognized as one of the five science advisors to the Obama campaign. She holds a Ph.D. from Yale University (1979) and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1993); the American Academy of Microbiology (1993); and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1994).

23	Name:	Dr. Frederick W. Mote
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	February 10, 2005

24	Name:	Dr. Gary B. Nash
	Institution:	National Center for History in the Schools & University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	July 29, 2021

	Gary B. Nash received his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees in History from Princeton University. He is currently Professor of History Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he taught for over four decades. He served as Director of the National Center for History in the Schools for 18 years, stepping down in January 2013. One of this nation's preeminent social historians, his work focuses on race, class, and power dynamics in American history. The latest of Dr. Nash's many books are First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory (2002), The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (2005), African American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom (2005) [with Clayborne Carson and Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner], and The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution (2006). In 2011, he co-edited Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation. Gary Nash was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

25	Name:	The Honorable Louis H. Pollak
	Institution:	U.S. District Court
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	May 8, 2012

	Louis H. Pollak was a graduate of Harvard University (1944) and Yale Law School (1948). Following his graduation from law school, Judge Pollak clerked for Justice Wiley B. Rutledge. Between 1950 and 1955, he served as 1) an associate at the New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison; 2) in the State Department as special assistant to Ambassador-at-Large Philip C. Jessup; and 3) as Assistant Counsel of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. In 1955, Judge Pollak was appointed to the Yale Law School faculty where he remained until 1974, serving as dean from 1965-70. From 1974-78, Judge Pollak was a professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania, serving as dean from 1975-78. At that time, Judge Pollak was appointed as Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Upon becoming a judge, he retired from the full-time University of Pennsylvania faculty, but continued to teach a seminar as an adjunct professor. Constitutional law continued to be the principal focus of Judge Pollak's teaching and scholarly interests. From 1950 until he became a judge, he was associated with the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, first as one of the volunteer lawyers assisting Thurgood Marshall in Brown v. Board of Education, and later as a board member and vice president. Judge Pollak also has been a member of the Council of the American Law Institute since 1978. In addition to his duties on the bench, he continued to write, including the most recent, "Marbury v. Madison: What Did John Marshall Decide and Why?," published in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume #1, March 2004. Judge Pollak was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2000. He died on May 8, 2012, at age 89, at his home in West Mount Airy.

26	Name:	Ms. Rebecca W. Rimel
	Institution:	The Pew Charitable Trusts
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Rebecca W. Rimel is president and chief executive officer of The Pew Charitable Trusts, a nonprofit organization driven by the power of knowledge to solve some of today’s most challenging problems. Rebecca Rimel joined The Pew Charitable Trusts in 1983 as health program manager. She became executive director in 1988 and accepted her current position in 1994. As president, she has helped make Pew one of the nation’s most innovative and influential nonprofits. During her 20 years at the helm, Pew has become known for its entrepreneurial, results-based approach. Additionally, Rebecca Rimel serves on the board of directors for the Deutsche Bank Scudder Funds and ProPublica, an independent, nonprofit newsroom that produces investigative journalism, as well as the PNC Bank advisory board. She is also a trustee emeritus of Monticello (the Thomas Jefferson Foundation); a fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; and a member of the American Philosophical Society and its prestigious Wistar Association. Prior to joining Pew, Rebecca Rimel built an exemplary career in health care, specifically in nursing. From 1981 through 1983, she was assistant professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia, making her the first nurse to hold a faculty position in the university’s medical school. Along with additional teaching and practitioner positions at the University of Virginia Hospital, she served as head nurse of the medical center’s emergency department. During her tenure, Rebecca Rimel authored and co-authored many scientific articles, abstracts and book chapters pertaining to head injury. Rebecca Rimel earned a bachelor of science degree, with distinction, from the University of Virginia School of Nursing in 1973 and a master of business administration from James Madison University in 1983. In 1982, she was awarded a Kellogg National Fellowship, a four-year professional enrichment opportunity for emerging leaders. In 1988, she received the Distinguished Nursing Alumni Award from the University of Virginia and, in 1999, the University of Virginia Women’s Center Distinguished Alumni Award.

27	Name:	Dr. Walter L. Robb
	Institution:	Vantage Management, Inc. & General Electric
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	March 23, 2020

	Walter Robb received a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois and went on to work for GE. Robb retired from General Electric as a Senior Vice President-Corporation Research and Development and became President of Vantage Management, Inc. Robb was the recipient of many awards and honors, including the National Medal of Technology in 1993 for his leadership in developing the leading CT and MRI scanners. In addition, he was the author of numerous technical publications and the holder of twelve patents. He served on the board of many private companies and serves as a Director of Celgene, and Mechanical Technology. Walter Robb died March 23, 2020 in Schenectady, New York at the age of 91.

28	Name:	Dr. Thomas G. Rosenmeyer
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	February 6, 2007

29	Name:	Dr. David D. Sabatini
	Institution:	New York University School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	David D. Sabatini was born in Argentina, where he earned his medical degree from the Universidad Nacional del Litoral in 1954. Obtaining a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in 1960, Dr. Sabatini undertook postdoctoral training first at the Yale University School of Medicine and later at Rockefeller University. While at Yale, he introduced the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure for the preservation of subcellular structures, which revolutionized the field of biological electron microscopy by permitting cytochemical studies at the electron microscope level. In 1966, he received his Ph.D. from Rockefeller, where he remained as a faculty member in the Laboratory of Cell Biology. In 1972, Dr. Sabatini became Professor and Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at the New York University School of Medicine, where he continued to investigate protein trafficking mechanisms, extending his work from the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum to the role of the Golgi apparatus in organelle and plasma membrane biogenesis. At New York University, he and his associates developed a system of cultured polarized kidney-derived epithelial cells (MDCK) which now serves as a common paradigm for studying the physiological properties of transporting epithelia. Using this system, they also discovered the polarized budding of enveloped viruses from epithelial cells. These studies provided the preeminent model currently used to investigate membrane protein sorting and plasma membrane biogenesis in epithelial cells. His current scientific interests continue to lie in the areas of protein traffic and membrane organelle biogenesis. David Sabatini has written more than 120 scientific publications and is the recipient of several scientific and teaching awards, including the Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology (2000) and New York University's Alpha Omega Alpha Robert J. Glaser Distinguished Teacher Award (2000). In 2014 he won the NAS Award in Molecular Biology. He became Frederick L. Ehrman Professor Emeritus of Cell Biology at New York University School of Medicine in 2016. Dr. Sabatini was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

30	Name:	Dr. Edward W. Said
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	September 24, 2003

31	Name:	Dr. Maarten Schmidt
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	September 17, 2022

	Maarten Schmidt's discovery of the true distance of quasi-stellar objects expanded the dimensions of the known universe at the time (1963) by many orders of magnitude. His early work in galactic structure and in developing mass models for the Galaxy is also of great import. Dr. Schmidt and his collaborators have carried out several innovative surveys for quasars, improving in sensitivity and probing further in space as technological improvements permitted. He developed an optimal statistical technique (the V/V max test) for estimating the mean distance of a complete brightness limited sample, which has found widespread application in many fields. In 2008 he was awarded the first Kavli Prize in astrophysics for this work. In addition to holding many administrative positions within the California Institute of Technology, Dr. Schmidt served as president of the American Astronomical Society from 1984-86 and as Chair of the Board of Directors of the Association of Universities Research in Astronomy from 1992-95. He has been Francis L. Moseley Professor of Astronomy Emeritus at Cal Tech since 1996.

32	Name:	Dr. James C. Thompson
	Institution:	University of Texas Medical Branch
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	May 9, 2008

33	Name:	Dr. Shirley M. Tilghman
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Shirley M. Tilghman was elected Princeton University's 19th president on May 5, 2001, and assumed office on June 15, 2001. She became President Emerita in 2013. An exceptional teacher and a world-renowned scholar and leader in the field of molecular biology, she served on the Princeton faculty for 15 years before being named president. She continues now as Professor of Molecular Biology and Public Affairs. A native of Canada, Dr. Tilghman received her Honors B.Sc. in chemistry from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in 1968. After two years of secondary school teaching in Sierra Leone, West Africa, she obtained her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Temple University in Philadelphia. During postdoctoral studies at the National Institutes of Health, she made a number of groundbreaking discoveries while participating in cloning the first mammalian gene, and she continued to make scientific breakthroughs as an independent investigator at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia and as an adjunct associate professor of human genetics and biochemistry and biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Tilghman came to Princeton in 1986 as the Howard A. Prior Professor of the Life Sciences. Two years later, she also joined the Howard Hughes Medical Institute as an investigator. In 1998, she took on additional responsibilities as the founding director of Princeton's multi-disciplinary Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. A member of the National Research Council's committee that set the blueprint for the U.S. effort in the Human Genome Project, Dr. Tilghman also was one of the founding members of the National Advisory Council of the Human Genome Project Initiative for the National Institutes of Health. She is renowned not only for her pioneering research but for her national leadership on behalf of women in science and for promoting efforts to make the early careers of young scientists as meaningful and productive as possible. Dr. Tilghman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine and the Royal Society of London. Her awards include a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Developmental Biology, the Genetics Society of America Medal, and the L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science. In 2014 she was named an Officer of the Order of Canada. She serves as a trustee of the Jackson Laboratory and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; as a director of Google, Inc.; and, beginning in October 2008, as chair of the Association of American Universities. In 2008 she was named to the board of trustees of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

34	Name:	Dr. J. Anthony Tyson
	Institution:	University of California, Davis
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	J. Anthony Tyson received a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Wisconsin in 1967. He joined the technical staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 and was Distinguished Member of Technical Staff (now Lucent Technologies) from 1985-2004. Since 2004 he has been Distinguished Professor in the Department of Physics at University of California, Davis. He is currently director of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project. Dr. Tyson's research emphasis has been in experimental gravitation and cosmology. Applying advanced imaging with CCDs, he discovered "faint blue galaxies." Using this backdrop of billions of galaxies, he developed a technique for imaging foreground dark matter concentrations via their gravitational lensing of the distant galaxies. Gravitational lensing, it is believed, will go a long way toward solving the question of how much dark matter there is in the universe and where it is. Eventually, gravitational lensing will help to understand how structure formed in the universe. Dr. Tyson is the recipient of the Gravity Research Foundation Essay Award (1970), IR100 Award, Industrial Research (1985), and the Aaronson Memorial Prize (1996). He is a member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

35	Name:	Dr. Jan M. J. Vansina
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	February 8, 2017

	Jan Vansina was one of the historians most responsible for the emergence of African history as a recognized field of historical study during the past five decades. He had been the outstanding pioneer in exploring the pre-colonial history of tropical African societies and in investigating change in non-literate societies elsewhere, first with methods for interpreting oral traditions and later with combinations of linguistic and ethnographic evidence. He was principally a historian, but he had also written widely in the fields of anthropology and linguistics. His publications include Kingdoms of the Savanna (1966); The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo (1973); The Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba Peoples (1978); Art History in Africa: An Introduction to Method (1984); Oral Tradition as History (1985); Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (1990); and Living with Africa (1994). Born in Antwerp, Belgium, Dr. Vansina earned his Ph.D. from the University of Leuven in 1947. He had served on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin since 1960, where he was J. D. MacArthur and Vilas Research Professor Emeritus in History and Anthropology at the time of his death on February 8, 2017, at the age of 87.

36	Name:	The Honorable Patricia McGowan Wald
	Institution:	Open Society Justice Initiative; War Crimes Tribunal for for former Yugoslavia (The Hague) & U.S. Court of Appeals
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	January 12, 2019

	Patricia M. Wald received her B.A. from Connecticut College for Women and was a 1951 graduate of the Yale Law School. From 1999-2001, Judge Wald served as a judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague. Prior to her tenure on the ICTY, she was on the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals from 1979-99 and was the Chief Judge from 1986-91. As the first woman to serve on the appeals court, she was known for handling cases involving the rights of women, children and the poor. From 1977-79 she was Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legislative Affairs. Before that she practiced public interest law, was an associate of Arnold and Porter and was a member of national and local criminal policy commissions. Judge Wald was a council member (1978-2009) and was Vice President of the American Law Institute from 1988-98. Later in her life she was a member of the Board of Directors of the Open Society Justice Initiative, for which she was formerly a chair. She also served on the President's Commission on Intelligence Capabilities, the independent body that examined U.S. intelligence gathering in light of the war in Iraq. She traveled and consulted with Eastern European judicial and legal organizations as a representative of the Central and Eastern European Law Initiative-American Bar Association. Patricia Wald wrote extensively on judicial administration, women's rights, international and comparative law, legislative history, criminal procedure, juvenile law, administrative law (environmental review), judicial ethics, and mental health law. Important decisions in which she took part include cases involving children's television programming and protest demonstrations at abortion clinics. Judge Wald was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2000. She was awarded the 2013 Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. She died on January 12, 2019 in Washington, DC at the age of 90.

37	Name:	Dr. Patty Jo Watson
	Institution:	Washington University; University of Montana
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Patty Jo Watson received a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1959. At Washington University since 1969, she is currently Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor of Anthropology. She is the recipient of the Fryxell Medal from the Society for American Archaeology, the Distinguished Service Award from the American Anthropological Association, and the Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement from the Archaeological Institute of America. Dr. Watson is the author of The Prehistory of Salts Cave, Kentucky (1969); Archaeological Ethnography in Western Iran (1979); (with others) Man and Nature (1969); Explanation in Archaeology (1971); Archaeological Explanation (1984); Girikihaciyan - A Halafian Site in Southeastern Turkey; and Archaeology of the Middle Green River Region, Kentucky (2005). She was the editor, and author in part, of Archaeology of the Mammoth Cave Area (1974); editor (with others) Prehistoric Archaeology Along the Zagros Flanks (1983); and co-editor of The Origins of Agriculture (1991) and Of Caves and Shell Mounds (1996). She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Anthropological Association and the Society for American Archaeology (editor, American Antiquity, 1984-87), and she is an Honorary Life Member of the National Speleological Society. She has served on the governing board of the Archaeological Institute of America and the executive board of the Center for American Archeology, as well as on the editorial board of the Journal of Cave and Karst Sciences, and of Anthropology Today (Royal Anthropological Institute). In 2007 she received the Archaeological Institute of America's Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology. Patty Jo Watson has made major contributions in archaeological theory, archaeological method, and archaeological practice in North America, Western Asia, and China. Explanation in Archaeology is a landmark in the EuroAmerican theory debates of the 1970s and is still current in discussions of archaeological theory. Her pioneering work in ethnoarchaeology in Iran, and later on flotation techniques for recovering plant remains are extremely influential contributions to archaeological practice in the Americas, Europe, and China. Her 35 years of research in Kentucky caves has provided crucial evidence about the pre-maize, indigenous agricultural complex developed in Eastern North America. The wide scope and the depth of these contributions make Patty Jo Watson one of the most preeminent archaeologists of her generation. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

38	Name:	Dr. Robert A. Weinberg
	Institution:	Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research & Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Robert Weinberg's research has focused on the molecular origins of human cancer. His work in 1979 demonstrated for the first time that tumor cells arising in mice treated with chemical carcinogens carry distinct genes - sometimes termed oncogenes - that are responsible for driving the malignant growth of these cells. This work was soon shown by his own lab and others to be applicable to human cancers as well. In 1983, his group demonstrated that the transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell depends upon several distinct genetic changes occurring in these cells. In 1986, his group was responsible for isolating a second type of cancer-causing gene, termed a tumor suppressor gene, which in normal cells acts to prevent cancerous growth and which is inactivated in tumor cells. More recently, his group demonstrated that a third type of gene, termed telomerase, plays an equivalently important role in cancer formation. Thus, by introducing three distinct types of genetic changes into normal human cells, involving an oncogene, two tumor suppressor genes, and telomerase, his group was able for the first time to convert normal human cells into tumor-forming cells. This research establishes the genetic bases of human cancer formation. A member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1982, Dr. Weinberg is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1969) and has served on the M.I.T. faculty since 1972. Winner of the 1997 National Medal of Science, he was elected to the membership of the National Academy of Sciences in 1985 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1989. He won the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences in 2013.

39	Name:	Mr. John F. Welch
	Institution:	General Electric
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	March 1, 2020

40	Name:	Dr. Hayden White
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Cruz & Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	March 5, 2018

	Perhaps more than anyone since Collingwood, Hayden White has influenced the ways in which we think about historical writing. With his now classic Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (1973) he almost single-handedly introduced the so-called "linguistic turn" into the study of historiography, showing that historical texts are decisively shaped by genre and narrative codes and that form and meaning are as inextricably entwined in history as in literature. In Germany, Holland, Italy, Great Britain and increasingly now also in Russia, Poland and Hungary, as well as in the U.S., Dr. White's work is an essential point of departure for reflection on the nature of history. He was University Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Bonsall Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University at the time of his death on March 5, 2018, at age 89. Dr. White was the author of works such as Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (1973) and The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (1986).

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