APS Member History

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	Name:	Dr. Georges Balandier
	Institution:	Universite Rene Descartes & l' Ecole des Hautes
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	October 5, 2016

	A comparative anthropologist in the great French tradition, Georges Balandier was born in France in 1920. He completed his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne in 1946, became a professor of sociology there in 1962. Through UNESCO and similar agencies, he was a leading international figure in comparative structural studies. The author of important works such as Sociologie Actuelle de l'Afrique Noire and Sens et Puissance, Dr. Balandier was the recipient of the Chevalier des Palmes Academiques and the Medaille du Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, among other awards. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976. He died October 5, 2016, at age 95 in Paris, France.

	Name:	Dr. Kurt Baldinger
	Institution:	University of Heidelberg
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	unknown

	Born in Switzerland in 1919, Kurt Baldinger is an educator and linguist who, as a professor of Romance philology, has been associated with the University of Heidelberg (Ruprecht-Karl Universität) since 1957. He was a professor in Berlin from 1948-56 and served as director of the Institut für romanische Sprachwissenschaft of the Berlin Academy of Sciences from 1949-56. He is a member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg, the Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften and the Société de Linguistique romane, among others. The author of a number of books, from Kollektivsuffixe und Kollektivebegriff (1950) to Teoria semántica: hacia una semántica moderna (1970), Dr. Baldinger also founded and edited the Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français and served as editor-in-chief of the Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch.

	Name:	Dr. George F. Carrier
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	March 8, 2002

	Name:	Hon. Joseph S. Clark
	Institution:	U.S. Senate
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	1/12/90

	Name:	Wesley Frank Craven
	Year Elected:	1976
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	2/10/81

	Name:	Dr. Lloyd W. Daly
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	2/26/89

	Name:	Dr. Andrew F. Brimmer
	Institution:	Brimmer & Co. Inc.
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	October 7, 2012

	Noted economist, academic and business leader Andrew F. Brimmer was born in Newellton, Louisiana in 1926, the son of sharecroppers who had been driven off of the land by boll weevils. Upon graduation from a segregated high school, he moved to Bremerton, Washington with an older sister and worked in a navy yard as an electrician's helper. In 1945 he was drafted into the Army, and after completing his military service in 1946, enrolled at the University of Washington, earning a B.A. in economics in 1950. In 1951 he received his M.A. and won a Fulbright grant to study in India. He subsequently earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1957 and went to work for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as an economist. During that same time, he traveled to Khartoum, Sudan, to help the country establish a central bank. During the Kennedy administration, Dr. Brimmer became assistant secretary of economic affairs in the U.S. Department of Commerce, serving until 1966. That same year he began an eight-and-a-half year term on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. While there, he became the first African American governor of the Federal Reserve. In 1974 he left to take a post at Harvard University, where he stayed for two years. When he left, he formed his own consulting company, Brimmer & Co. In 1997, he began serving on the Federal Reserve and in 1999 became vice chairman. Dr. Brimmer was elected to the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1991, largely as a result of his published works on the nature and importance of central banking systems. He served as vice president of the American Economic Association and president of the Eastern Economics Association. He was president of the North American Economics and Finance Association and served on a number of other corporate boards of directors. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976. Andrew F. Brimmer died October 7, 2012, at the age of 86 in Washington D.C.

	Name:	Professor Freeman J. Dyson
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	February 28, 2020

	Freeman J. Dyson was born in 1923 in Crowthorne, England. He received a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1945 and came to the United States in 1947 as a Commonwealth Fellow at Cornell University. He settled in the USA permanently in 1951, became a professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 1953, and retired as Professor Emeritus in 1994. Professor Dyson began his career as a mathematician but then turned to the exciting new developments in physics in the 1940s, particularly the theory of quantized fields. He wrote two papers on the foundations of quantum electrodynamics which have had a lasting influence on many branches of modern physics. He went on to work in condensed-matter physics, statistical mechanics, nuclear engineering, climate studies, astrophysics and biology. Beyond his professional work in physics, Freeman Dyson had a keen awareness of the human side of science and of the human consequences of technology. His books for the general public include "Disturbing the Universe," "Weapons and Hope," "Infinite in All Directions," "Origins of Life," "The Sun, the Genome and the Internet", the essay collection "The Scientist as Rebel", and "Maker of Patterns: An Autobiiography Through Letters" (2018). In 2000 he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion and in 2012 he was awarded the Henri Poncare Prize. Freeman J. Dyson died February 28, 2020 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 96.

	Name:	Richard Ettinghausen
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	4/2/1979

	Name:	Dr. Northrop Frye
	Institution:	University of Toronto
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	1/23/91

	Name:	Dr. Leo A. Goodman
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 22, 2020

	Leo Goodman was a statistician and sociologist who has developed important statistical methods for quantitative research in the social sciences, particularly in sociology. His contributions to mathematical demography have significantly improved analyses of population growth by generalizing classical theories and broadening the range of variables. Born in New York City in 1928, Dr. Goodman holds M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, and honorary D.Sc. degrees from the University of Michigan and Syracuse University. From 1950-86 he served on the faculty of the University of Chicago before moving to the University of California, Berkeley, as Class of 1938 Professor. The author of approximately 150 papers and four books, Dr. Goodman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences andthe American Academy of Arts & Sciences and has received honors including the American Statistical Association's Samuel S. Wilks Memorial Medal and the Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award presented by the American Sociological Association. His recent research has focused on the further development of statistical methods that bring the same kind of rigor to the analysis of qualitative/categorical data that has been available in the analysis of quantitative data. He died on December 22, 2020.

	Name:	Werner Kaegi
	Year Elected:	1976
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	6/15/79

	Name:	Dr. Alfred Kastler
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	1/7/84

	Name:	Dr. Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
	Institution:	Weizmann Institute of Science
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	May 30, 2009

	Professor Ephraim Katzir - eminent scientist and the fourth President of the State of Israel - was born in Kiev, Ukraine in 1916 as Ephraim Katchalski (he Hebracized his name upon becoming President). His family immigrated to British-ruled Palestine when he was six years old. He grew up in Jerusalem and began studying biology at the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, where he did both his undergraduate and graduate work, receiving his Ph.D. in 1941. Like other students at the time, Ephraim Katzir was a member of the Haganah, the underground Jewish defense organization, and played a role in the creation of a military research and development unit developing explosives, propellants and more. During the War of Independence, he was appointed head of the IDF science corps. Professor Katzir was one of the founding scientists of the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1949, an institution with which he has been associated throughout his professional career, both before and after serving as President. As founder and head of the Institute's Biophysics Department, Katzir was involved in seminal work on synthetic protein models that contributed significantly to the understanding of biology, chemistry and physics, and deepened understanding of the genetic code and of immune responses. His pioneering work on immobilized enzymes used in oral antibiotics, for which he received the Japan Prize in 1985, has revolutionized a number of industries and branches of medical research. Three landmark events "defined" Katzir's presidency. His term in office began on May 24, 1973, just over four months prior to the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War and exactly a year after the death of his brother, Professor Aharon Katzir, who was murdered in the May 1972 terrorist attack at Ben-Gurion Airport. A third momentous event - the visit of President Anwar Sadat of Egypt in Jerusalem in November 1977 - took place near the end of his term as President. During his presidency, Katzir placed special emphasis on education and science as a fulcrum to economic prosperity. As a former chief scientist of the IDF (1966-68), he made numerous tours of army units and military research facilities, as well as of industrial complexes and educational facilities, including those in development towns. Using his personal standing and the prestige of his office, he galvanized academics to address the danger of assimilation in Diaspora communities by pressing for the establishment of departments of Jewish studies at colleges and universities abroad - deemed the "last chance" to expose Jewish youth in the Diaspora to their heritage and Jewish identity. In 1966 he accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Levi Eshkol to head a committee charged with advising the government on its future activities in science and technology. The result was the appointment, in several government ministries, of Chief Scientists charged with promoting applied research in governmental institutions, institutes of higher education and industry, leading to greater cooperation between the three sectors. It also led to a dramatic increase in government spending on applied research, causing a surge in innovative science-based activities, especially in industry and agriculture. Throughout his five years in office, President Katzir emphasized science and higher education, but also reached out to numerous individual families in distress and devoted much time to promoting volunteerism as an avenue for narrowing educational and socio-economic gaps. During his term of office, the Presidential Award for Volunteerism was inaugurated - an annual prize granted in recognition of twelve individuals who distinguished themselves in volunteer work. Ephraim Katzir stepped down from the Presidency in May 1978 to return to scientific research. Since returning to the Weizmann Institute, Professor Katzir has given priority to the encouragement of biotechnological research in Israel and played a part in the foundation of a Department of Biotechnology at Tel Aviv University. Convinced that Israel needs to develop a highly-skilled workforce for its high-tech sector, Ephraim Katzir also serves as World President of ORT - a network of vocational schools.

	Name:	Dr. Donald Kennedy
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	April 21, 2020

	Donald Kennedy was a Professor of Environmental Science and President of Stanford University. He received AB and Ph.D. degrees in biology from Harvard University. His research interests were originally in animal behavior and neurobiology - in particular, the mechanisms by which animals generate and control patterned motor output. His research group explored the relationship between central "commands" and sensory feedback in the control of locomotion, escape, and other behaviors in invertebrates. Among the issues considered were how environmental variables that could not be "anticipated" by the animal's genetic endowment could be compensated in fixed behavioral patterns and whether certain circuit arrangements for a given class of motor output were favored in different evolutionary outcomes. In 1977 Dr. Kennedy took leave from Stanford to serve as Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for two and a half years. This followed an increasing academic interest on his part in regulatory policy regarding health and the environment. Kennedy had already chaired the National Academy of Sciences study on alternatives to pesticide use and participated in the World Food and Nutrition Study. Following his return to Stanford in 1979, Dr. Kennedy served for a year as Provost and for twelve years as President, a time marked by renewed attention to undergraduate education and student commitment to public service, and successful completion of the largest capital campaign in the history of higher education. During that time Dr. Kennedy continued to work on health and environmental policy issues, as a member of the Board of Directors of the Health Effects Institute (a non-profit organization devoted to mobile source emissions), Clean Sites, Inc. (a similar organization devoted to toxic waste cleanup), and the California Nature Conservancy. His research program toward the end of his career, conducted partially through the Institute for International Studies, consisted of interdisciplinary studies on the development of policies regarding such trans-boundary environmental problems as: major land-use changes; economically-driven alterations in agricultural practice; global climate change; and the development of regulatory policies. He co-directed the Environmental Studies Program in the Institute for International Studies, and oversaw the introduction of the environmental policy quarter at Stanford's center in Washington, DC in 1993. Dr. Kennedy was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Donald Kennedy died April 21, 2020 in Redwood City, California at the age of 88.

	Name:	Dr. Henry A. Lardy
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	August 4, 2010

	Henry A. Lardy was the Vilas Professor of Biological Sciences Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He was introduced to biochemical research as an undergraduate at South Dakota State University in 1937. The Experiment Station Chemistry Laboratory employed two or three chemistry majors during their junior and senior years, and he was fortunate to be selected. In his senior thesis research he reported a treatment for selenium poisoning in animals that was successful in treating a human case. In May of 1939 he became a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin and there discovered a medium that permitted sperm storage for 7 - 10 days with retention of motility and fertilizing capacity and made artificial insemination practical. While studying the metabolism of sperm he discovered the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by dinitrophenol. After a year of postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Professor Herman Fischer at the University of Toronto, he returned to the University of Wisconsin as an assistant professor. His research with graduate students involved carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism which led to our proving that the "nonphosphorylating glycolsis" of the Needham school was non-existent. He also discovered that the metabolic function of the vitamin Biotin is to fix carbon dioxide into organic structures. In 1950 the university opened an "Institute for Enzyme Research," and Dr. Lardy was one of two professors designated to conduct research and train students and postdoctoral fellows in the facility. From then until 1988, he supervised the worked of 60 graduate students and more postdoctorate fellows. Their research was summarized in Comprehensive Biochemistry, Vol. 36 (1986) and in a "Reflections" chapter in the Journal of Biological Chemistry 278:3499 (2003). After becoming Emeritus Professor, Lardy's research has dealt with steroids that cause weight loss in obese persons and animals, improve memory and decrease cholesterol. Lardy had continued to be an active member of the university's bioscience community until just months before his death on August 4, 2010 at the age of 92.

	Name:	Rensselaer W. Lee
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	12/4/1984

	Name:	David Eli Lilienthal
	Year Elected:	1976
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	1/14or15/81

	Name:	Prof. Martin Lindauer
	Institution:	Wurzburg University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	November 13, 2008

	Currently Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Dr. Martin Lindauer has been affiliated with Wurzburg University since 1972. An extraordinarily versatile and imaginative scholar of animal behavior, he has devoted particular effort to the study of bees. He is credited with discovering the gravity sense organ of bees and providing the first solid proof of magnetic orientation in animals. Dr. Lindauer has also served on the faculties of the Universities of Munich and Frankfurt and is a member of the Deutsche Akademie Leopoldina and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

	Name:	Robert M. Lumiansky
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	4/2/87

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