American Philosophical Society
Member History

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1Name:  Ms. Jill Abramson
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2012
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1954
   
 
Jill Abramson has been a Senior Lecturer in the Department of English at Harvard University since 2014. She was the executive editor of The New York Times from September 2011 to May 2014. Previously she was managing editor of the paper from August 2003 until August 2011. As managing editor, Ms. Abramson helped supervise coverage of two wars, four national elections, hurricanes and oil spills. She also wrote about politics, in the Week in Review and Book Review sections. She served as Washington bureau chief from December 2000 until July 2003. She joined the newspaper in September 1997 and became Washington editor in 1999. Previously, Ms. Abramson worked at The Wall Street Journal from 1988 to 1997. While there, she served as deputy bureau chief in its Washington, D.C., bureau and investigative reporter, covering money and politics. Ms. Abramson is the author of Merchants of Truth, published in 2019. She is also the co-author of Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas, published in 1994, and Where They Are Now: The Story of the Women of Harvard Law 1974, published in 1986. Strange Justice, a non-fiction finalist for the National Book Award and National Book Critics Circle Award in 1994, details the circumstances surrounding the confirmation hearings of Justice Clarence Thomas. Where They Are Now is a study of the 71 women in the Harvard Law School class of 1974. Ms. Abramson won the National Press Club award for national correspondence in 1992 for political coverage of money and politics.in 2018 she was appointed Adjunct Professor at Dublin City University's School of Communications. Ms. Abramson is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She serves on the Journalism Advisory Board of ProPublica, an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest. She also serves on the board of visitors of Columbia University's School of Journalism. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012.
 
2Name:  Dr. James S. Ackerman
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2000
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1919
 Death Date:  December 31, 2016
   
 
James Ackerman's first book, The Cortile del Belvedere (1954), brought clarity to the history of Bramante's largest palace commission through a balanced analysis of archival documents and drawings of the structure. The Architecture of Michelangelo (now in 3rd edition) marked a new stage in Michelangelo studies and has become the standard monograph both in English and Italian. His two volumes on Palladio have thoroughly revised our notions of the Venetian architect's work and provided a new understanding to the economic repertoire of villas built by Venetians on the mainland. Dr. Ackerman served as editor of the Art Bulletin of the College Art Association and of the Annali di Architettura of the Centro di Storia d'architettara in Vicenza. His early interest in the history of film led him to found the University Film Study Center for a consortium of universities in New England. His theoretical writings have made a substantial contribution to a non-Marxist social history of art. A professor at Harvard University since 1961, Dr. Ackerman held emeritus status since 1990. He has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley (1952-60), Cambridge University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University and New York University and has been honored with membership in the British Academy; the Royal Academy of Arts; the Accademia Olimpica; the Royal Academy of Uppsala; the Bavarian Academy of Sciences; and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was awarded the International Balzan Prize (2002) and the Leone d'oro prize of the Biennale of Architecture at Venice (2008) for career achievement in the history of architecture and urbanism and was named an Honorary Citizen of Padua in 2008. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000. James Ackerman died December 31, 2016, at the age of 97, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 
3Name:  Dr. Joanna Aizenberg
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2016
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  103. Engineering
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1960
   
 
Joanna Aizenberg pursues a broad range of research interests that include biomimetics, smart materials, wetting phenomena, bio-nano interfaces, self-assembly, crystal engineering, surface chemistry, structural color and biomineralization. She received the B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1981, the M.S. degree in Physical Chemistry in 1984 from Moscow State University, and the Ph.D. degree in Structural Biology from the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1996. After spending nearly a decade at Bell Labs, Joanna joined Harvard University, where she is the Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Materials Science, Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Director of the Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology and Platform Leader in the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. The Aizenberg lab's research is aimed at understanding some of the basic principles of biological architectures and the economy with which biology solves complex problems in the design of multifunctional, adaptive materials. She then uses biological principles as guidance in developing new, bio-inspired synthetic routes and nanofabrication strategies that would lead to advanced materials and devices, with broad implications in fields ranging from architecture to energy efficiency to medicine. Aizenberg is elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science; and she is a Fellow of American Physical Society and Materials Research Society. Dr. Aizenberg received numerous awards from the American Chemical Society and Materials Research Society, including Fred Kavli Distinguished Lectureship in Nanoscience, Ronald Breslow Award for the Achievement in Biomimetic Chemistry, Arthur K. Doolittle Award in Polymeric Materials, ACS Industrial Innovation Award, and was recognized with two R&D 100 Awards for best innovations in 2012 and 2013 for the invention of a novel class of omniphobic materials and watermark ink technologies. In 2015 she received Harvard’s most prestigious Ledlie Prize that is awarded for the most valuable contribution to science made by a Harvard scientist. Joanna has served at the Board of Directors of the Materials Research Society and at the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. She served on the Advisory Board of Langmuir and Chemistry of Materials, on Board of Reviewing Editors of Science Magazine, and is an Editorial Board Member of Advanced Materials.
 
4Name:  Dr. Danielle S. Allen
 Institution:  Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics, Professor, Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2015
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1971
   
 
Danielle S. Allen received her Ph.D. in Classics from the University of Cambridge and her Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University. She served as the UPS Foundation Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study 2007 to 2015. In 2015 she moved to Harvard University to take up the Directorship of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics and a professorship in the Department of Government and Graduate School of Education. She was named James Bryant Conant University Professor in 2017. Dr. Allen is a political theorist who has published broadly in democratic theory, political sociology and the history of political thought. Widely known for her work on justice and citizenship in both ancient Athens and modern America, she is the author of The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens (2000), Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown vs. the Board of Education (2004), Why Plato Wrote (2010), Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in the Defense of Equality (2014) Education and Equality (2016). And Cuz: The Life and Times of Michael A. (2017). Additionally, Dr. Allen is the co-editor of the award-winning Education, Justice and Democracy (2013, with Robert Reich) and From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in the Digital Age (forthcoming, with Jennifer Light). Dr. Allen is a member American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2015.
 
5Name:  Dr. D. R. Shackleton Bailey
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1977
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1917
 Death Date:  November 28, 2005
   
6Name:  Dr. Bernard Bailyn
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1971
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1922
 Death Date:  August 7, 2020
   
 
American historian Bernard Bailyn received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1953 and taught history there, becoming full professor in 1961, University Professor in 1980, and professor emeritus in 1993. He won the Pulitzer Prize twice: first for his book The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967) which also won the Bancroft Prize, in which he challenged long-standing interpretations of the causes of the American Revolution, and then for Voyagers to the West (1986), a study of Anglo-American migration patterns on the eve of the Revolution. Dr. Bailyn's other books include The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (1955); Education in the Forming of American Society (1960); The Origins of American Politics (1968); The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (1974), which won the National Book Award; The Peopling of British North America (1986); On the Teaching and Writing of History (1994); To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Founders (2003); Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (2005); and The Barbarous Years (2013). One of the wisest scholars on the colonial and Revolutionary period, Dr. Bailyn has also worked on economic, social and intellectual history. Since 1995 he has concentrated on Atlantic history, the interactions among the peoples of the four continents that border the Atlantic basin. Other posts he has held include editor-in-chief of the John Harvard Library, co-editor of the journal Perspectives in American History and Director of the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. Professor bailyn was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the British Academy, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Mexican Academy of History and Geography. He was awarded the 2010 National Humanities Medal by President Obama.
 
7Name:  Dr. James Gilbert Baker
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1970
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1914
 Death Date:  June 29, 2005
   
8Name:  Dr. Mahzarin R. Banaji
 Institution:  Harvard University; Santa Fe Institute
 Year Elected:  2020
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  305
 Residency:  resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1956
   
 
Mahzarin Banaji is currently Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics in the Department of Psychology of Harvard University, Senior Advisor to Dean in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, and External Faculty at the Santa Fe Institute. She earned her Ph.D. from the Ohio State University in 1986. She taught at Yale University, including as Reuben Post Halleck Professor of Psychology, before moving to Harvard University and the Santa Fe Institute. At Harvard she has held the titles of Carol K. Pforzheimer Professor of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and Harvard College Professor; she was George A. and Helen Dunham Cowan Chair in Human Social Dynamics, at the Santa Fe Institute. Mahzarin Banaji pioneered the science of automatic stereotyping. She developed with Greenwald a theory, rigorous evidence, and widely-used measure of implicit associations between social groups (e.g., gender, race) and evaluative valence. These rapid associations (ingroup = good, outgroup = bad) may contradict people’s conscious rejection of prejudice. Nevertheless, implicit association tests are reliable and valid, correlate with relevant neural activations (e.g., amygdala), and predict behavior—especially for politically sensitive issues—sometimes better than do explicit attitudes. Banaji’s recent work traces their origins to cultural exposure in childhood. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that immediate associations are under bounded control. Because individuals cannot reliably monitor bias, Banaji develops legal and ethical implications: social systems can better detect patterns of bias. Often unaware of bias, people may even justify a system biased against their own group. Through tireless public outreach, Banaji educates business, law, and education organizations about unconscious bias and its inadvertent waste of human capital. Mahzarin Banaji has won a Presidential Citation from the American Psychological Association in 2007 and William James Fellow Award of the Association for Psychological Science in 2016. She is a charter member of the American Psychological Society (now Association for Psychological Science), which she joined in 1988, was secretary from 1997-99, and was president from 2010-11. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2008), the British Academy (2015), and the National Academy of Sciences (2018). She authored (with A. Greenwald) Blindspot: Hidden biases of good people, 2016. Mahzarin Banaji was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2020.
 
9Name:  Dr. Paul D. Bartlett
 Institution:  Harvard University & Texas Christian University
 Year Elected:  1978
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1907
 Death Date:  10/11/97
   
10Name:  Dr. Walter J. Bate
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1966
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1918
 Death Date:  7/26/99
   
11Name:  Dr. Daniel Bell
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1978
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1919
 Death Date:  January 15, 2011
   
 
Daniel Bell was a sociologist and professor emeritus at Harvard University and a former scholar in residence of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He taught sociology at the University of Chicago from 1945-48 and Columbia University from 1952-69. He was also known for his contributions as an editor to The Public Interest Magazine, Fortune and The New Leader as well as for his studies of post-industrialism. Dr. Bell's influential books include The End of Ideology (1960), The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976) and The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (1973). The End of Ideology and The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism appeared on the Times Literary Supplement's list of the 100 most important books of the second half of the twentieth century. Dr. Bell has long theorized on a new kind of society that would be information-led and service-oriented. A perceptive and imaginative student of changing contemporary society, Dr. Bell has seen many of his forecasts come true.
 
12Name:  Dr. Howard C. Berg
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2002
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1934
 Death Date:  December 30, 2021
   
 
Howard Berg received a Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1964, was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows (1963-66), and remained at Harvard as an associate professor of biology and chairman of the Board of Tutors in Biochemical Sciences until 1970. He then moved to the University of Colorado, serving as professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology and department chairman until 1979 when he became a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology. In 1986 he returned to Harvard University and is currently professor of molecular and cellular biology and professor of physics, and a member of the Rowland Institute. Howard Berg was a chemist (B.S., Caltech); a medical student (two years at the Harvard Medical School); and then a graduate student in physics and Junior Fellow. As a physicist he worked with Norman Ramsey on the atomic hydrogen maser and with Ed Purcell on what is now called sedimentation field-flow fractionation. In 1968 he became interested in the motile behavior of bacteria. He has made many seminal contributions to understanding the biophysics of motility. Among other things, he and coworkers showed, via three-dimensional tracking, that E. coli executes a biased random walk and that bacterial flagella rotate: they do not wave or beat. This surprising conclusion has led Howard Berg to study the structure, genetics and physiology of the remarkable flagellar motor. Also, he has figured out how spirochetes swim, what bacterial flagella actually do when cells run and tumble and, with Ed Purcell, he developed the basic theory of the physics of chemoreception. His book Random Walks in Biology (1993), mostly about diffusion, has become a classic. His writings on life at low Reynolds numbers are great science and illustrate his intellectual reach: from pure physics to true biological understanding. His significant contributions to science reflect an approach to biological problems of a very perceptive biologist with the mind-set of a talented physicist. His inquisitiveness and productivity are models of scientific inquiry. A more recent book, E. coli in Motion (2004), reviews the field of bacterial chemotaxis. Dr. Berg is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. In 2008 he received the Biophysical Society's annual award for Outstanding Investigator in Single Molecule Biology. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.
 
13Name:  Dr. Abram Bergson
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1965
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1914
 Death Date:  April 23, 2003
   
14Name:  Dr. A. Francis Birch
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1955
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  105. Physical Earth Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1903
 Death Date:  2/1/92
   
15Name:  Dr. Garrett Birkhoff
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1960
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1911
 Death Date:  11/22/96
   
16Name:  Dr. Thomas Noel Bisson
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1975
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1931
   
 
Historian Thomas Bisson has been affiliated with Harvard University since 1986. Prior to becoming Henry Charles Lea Professor of Medieval History there, he taught for twenty years at the University of California, Berkeley and held positions at Swarthmore College, Brown University and Amherst College. He is currently Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. Dr. Bisson's work covers an extraordinary range geographically, from medieval Catalonia and Aragon to Languedoc and northern France and Germany, and topically, from political theory and parliamentary institutions to numismatics and economic history. His many honors include the Creu de Sant Jordi, awarded by the Generalitat de Catalunya in 2001 for contributions to the knowledge of Catalan and Occitan history, and election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is also a past president of the Medieval Academy of America, a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Among his recent published works are Medieval France and her Pyrenean Neighbors: Studies in Early Institutional History, Tormented Voices: Power, Crisis and Humanity in Rural Catalonia, 1140-1200, and Cultures of Power: Lordship, Status and Process in Twelfth-Century Europe. His latest books include The Crisis of the Twelfth Century: Power, Landship, and the Origins of European Government (2008) and The Chronography of Robert of Torigni (2020).
 
17Name:  Dr. Ann M. Blair
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2009
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1961
   
 
Ann Blair is Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University and a specialist of early modern European intellectual and cultural history. Her interests include the history of science, especially traditional natural philosophy and the relations between science and religion (e.g. in The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science, Princeton University Press, 1997), and the history of education, the history of the book and of methods of working. Her articles include discussions of the methods of note-taking and of responses to overload in early modern Europe (e.g. in Critical Inquiry 2004, and the Journal of the History of Ideas 2003). In her forthcoming book with Yale University Press she examines the role and nature of Latin reference books 1450-1700, in light of earlier models and sources as well as the new resources and challenges that resulted from printing.
 
18Name:  Dr. Herbert Bloch
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1958
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1911
 Death Date:  September 6, 2006
   
19Name:  Dr. Konrad E. Bloch
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1966
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1912
 Death Date:  October 15, 2000
   
20Name:  Dr. Nicolaas Bloembergen
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1982
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1920
 Death Date:  September 5, 2017
   
 
Nicolaas Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, in 1920. He obtained his Phil. Cand. and Phil. Drs. Degrees in physics at the University of Utrecht. In 1946 he came to the United States and worked with Professor E.M. Purcell at Harvard on Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation. This was the title of his Ph.D. thesis, submitted at the University of Leiden in 1948, where he was a research fellow in the Kamerkingh Onnes Laboratory. He returned to Harvard University in 1949 as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows, became Associate Professor of Applied Physics in 1951, Gordon McKay Professor in 1957, Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974, and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1981. Since 1990 he has been professor emeritus. He then held an honorary professorship in the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. His research was concerned with nuclear and electron paramagnetic resonance, microwave masers and nonlinear optics. He had supervised fifty-seven Ph.D. theses, and a similar number of post-doctoral fellows have worked in his laboratory. He was the author or co-author of over three hundred scientific papers published in professional journals and had written two monographs: Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (republished 1961) and Nonlinear Optics (1965). He was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981, the Lorentz Medal of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences in 1978, and the National Medal of Science in 1974. He also received the Medal of Honor of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the Frederick Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America and the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute. He was a member of various academies in the United States and abroad. In addition to his service on the faculty of the Arts and Sciences at Harvard University for four decades, he was a visiting professor in Paris, Leiden, Bangalore, Munich, Berkeley, and Pasadena. Furthermore, he had served on numerous advisory committees of U.S. government agencies and of industrial and academic institutions and on several editorial boards of scientific publications. In 1991 he was president of the American Physical Society. Nicolaas Bloembergen died September 5, 2017, in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 97.
 
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