American Philosophical Society
Member History

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1Name:  The Honorable Leonore Annenberg
 Institution:  The Annenberg Foundation
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1918
 Death Date:  March 12, 2009
   
 
As president and sole director of the Annenberg Foundation, Leonore Annenberg continues to carry out the foundation's mission, established with her late husband Walter H. Annenberg (elected to the APS in 1990), to advance the public well-being through improved communication. As the principal means of achieving this goal, the foundation encourages the development of more effective ways to share ideas and knowledge. The foundation's primary grant-making interests are in education, culture, the arts, and community and civic life. It provides funding for programs likely to produce beneficent change on a large scale. In addition to the national Challenge Grant for Public School Reform, $500 million matching grants program of 18 locally-designed projects, the Annenberg Foundation provided support for a 20-year partnership in educational programming with the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Other major grants have been made to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, and the Metropolitan Opera. Recent awards have supported major design and construction projects, including the Capitol Visitor Center in Washington, DC, the Liberty Bell Pavilion and the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, and the British Museum in London. In January 2007 Ms. Annenberg received the Academy of Music 150th Anniversary Award in recognition of her longtime support of both the Academy and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Her latest honor is the prestigious Philadelphia Award, given annually to a person who has worked to better the Philadelphia region.
 
2Name:  Dr. Richard Axel
 Institution:  Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  208. Plant Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Richard Axel is University Professor at Columbia University and an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He has pioneered the application of the techniques of molecular genetics to the analysis of cell function eukaryotic organisms. Toward that goal, he first developed techniques for integrating virtually any gene into any mammalian cell in such a way that the genes are stably integrated within the chromosome of the recipient cell, function normally, and are appropriately regulated. The gene transfer techniques developed by Dr. Axel have revolutionized molecular structure and function. Dr. Axel has now gone on to apply the power of molecular genetics to the study of cellular function in the nervous system. This work led to the cloning by Drs. Axel and Buck of the olfactory receptors, and to a mapping of the distribution of these receptors, first on the olfactory epithelium and then on the olfactory bulb. Dr. Axel next extended this approach to a second olfactory system, the vomeronasal organ, and found a second novel family of genes which encode the presumed receptors for pheromones. Finally he is exploring the behavioral function of these receptors in mice and flies. This brilliant series of studies has revolutionized the study of the sense of smell. In 2009 he won the Tower of Hope Excellence in Science Award from the Israel Cancer Research Fund.
 
3Name:  Dr. D. James Baker
 Institution:  Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
D. James Baker is a distinguished scientist, innovative administrator, and strong communicator of scientific issues to the public. He received his B. S. from Stanford University in 1958 and his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1962 and has three honorary degrees. He joined the faculty at Harvard University, becoming an associate professor of physical oceanography in 1966. At Harvard, he discovered a new fluid instability, he (with A.R. Robinson) made the first laboratory model of the equatorial ocean circulation, and developed and patented a new deep-sea pressure gauge. In 1973 he moved to the University of Washington where he (with R. B. Wearn) conducted the first deep pressure measurements for monitoring ocean currents in the Drake Passage, and co-founded and was the first Dean of the College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences. From 1983 to 1983 he served as president of Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. He co-founded The Oceanography Society and was its first president. As the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Clinton Administration from 1993 - 2001, he guided the modernization of the National Weather Service and achieved new funding for the Argo float program which now covers the world ocean. Later he served as president of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia from 2002 to 2006, developing new public programs. From 2007 to 2016 he was the Director of the Global Carbon Measurement Program for the William J. Clinton Foundation. He is currently an advisor to FLINTpro, a company of forestry experts and software engineers that helps protect their forest landscapes. His book on satellite measurements, Planet Earth: The View from Space (1990), published by Harvard University Press, is an international reference work. He was awarded the Vikram Sarabhai Medal by the Government of India in 1998 for "Outstanding Contributions to Space Research in Developing Countries." Dr. Baker was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
4Name:  Dr. Peter Brooks
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402b
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
Peter Brooks received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1965. That same year he joined the faculty of Yale University, where he is the Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature until June, 2009. During his tenure, he has been director of the literature major, chairman of the department of French, and founding director of the Whitney Humanities Center. He is one of the most distinguished literary scholars of his generation, a generation dominated by theoretical discovery and debate. Peter Brooks has achieved an original and highly influential syntheses of his own. His contribution to the study of narrative has been particularly notable because of the connections he has established between the narrative impulse and form and sexuality and between narrative and legal argument. Several of his works have become classics of criticism, and many of his ideas have become common currency among literary scholars. Dr. Brooks is also known to a wider audience through articles in magazines and The New York Times. He is the author of The Novel of Worldliness: Crébillon, Marivaux, Laclos, Stendhal (1969); The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James (1976, 1985, 1995); Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (1984, 1992); Body Work: Objects of Desire in Modern Narrative (1993); Psychoanalysis and Storytelling (1994); World Elsewhere (1999); Troubling Confessions: Speaking Guilt in Law and Literature (2000); and Henry James Goes to Paris (2007), which won the Christian Gauss Award from Phi Beta Kappa. He is the editor of (with A. Kernan, M. Holquist) Man and his Fictions: An Introduction to Fiction-Making, its Forms and Uses (1973); and (with A. Woloch) Whose Freud? The Place of Psychoanalysis in Contemporary Culture (2000). Dr. Brooks was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. He was given the Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award in 2008 and began teaching at Princeton University.
 
5Name:  Dr. Bryan C. Clarke
 Institution:  University of Nottingham
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1932
 Death Date:  February 27, 2014
   
 
Bryan Clarke had a distinguished career as a leading figure in the genetical study of populations in nature. More than any other he demonstrated the widespread occurence and importance of frequency-dependent selection. This work, both theoretical and empirical and strikingly original, has helped to explain such diverse phenomena as clinal variation in gene frequencies, evolutionary dynamics of parasite-host interactions, speciation mechanisms in snails, and the maintenance of genetic variation in human populations. He gained prominence as an international spokesman for ecological genetics and as advisor to organizations including the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Dr. Clarke served on the faculty of the University of Nottingham since 1971 and became Professor of Genetics Emeritus in 1997. He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008 and the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 2010. Bryan Clarke died February 27, 2014, at the age of 81 in Nottingham, UK.
 
6Name:  Dr. Marvin L. Cohen
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1935
   
 
Marvin Cohen created and applied a quantum theory for explaining and predicting properties of materials. His approach is used worldwide, and it is referred to as "the standard model of solids." The theoretical tools he developed and his insightful applications have formed the basis for much of our understanding of semiconductors and nanoscience. Dr. Cohen is a person of broad experience and influence. He has served as president of the American Physical Society and has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he is currently University Professor of Physics and Senior Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, since 1966. His many honors include the Oliver E. Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics (1979); the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society (1994); the National Medal of Science (2002); the Forsight Institute Richard P. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology (2003); the Technology Pioneer Award from the World Economic Forum (2007); and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute (2017). Dr. Cohen is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1980) and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1993) and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1997).
 
7Name:  Dr. Rita R. Colwell
 Institution:  University of Maryland & Johns Hopkins University- Bloomberg School of Public Health
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1934
   
 
Dr. Rita Colwell is Senior Advisor and Chairman Emeritus of Canon US Life Sciences, Inc. and Distinguished University Professor both at the University of Maryland at College Park and at Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her interests are focused on global infectious diseases, water, and health, and she has developed an international network to address emerging infectious diseases and water issues, including safe drinking water for both the developed and developing world. Dr. Colwell served as the 11th Director of the National Science Foundation, 1998-2004. In her capacity as NSF Director, she served as Co-chair of the Committee on Science of the National Science and Technology Council. One of her major interests includes K-12 science and mathematics education, graduate science and engineering education and the increased participation of women and minorities in science and engineering. She currently serves as co-chair of the Asian University for Women Council of Advisors. Dr. Colwell has held many advisory positions in the U.S. government, nonprofit science policy organizations, and private foundations, as well as in the international scientific research community. She is a nationally-respected scientist and educator, and has authored or co-authored 16 books and more than 700 scientific publications. She produced the award-winning film Invisible Seas and has served on editorial boards of numerous scientific journals. Before going to NSF, Dr. Colwell was President of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and Professor of Microbiology and Biotechnology at the University of Maryland. She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1984-90. Dr. Colwell has previously served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Academy of Microbiology and also as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Washington Academy of Sciences, the American Society for Microbiology, the Sigma Xi National Science Honorary Society, and the International Union of Microbiological Societies. In 2017, she received the Vannevar Bush Award, Japan's International Prize for Biology, and the rank of Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor. Dr. Colwell is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Dr. Colwell's many honors include the 2006 National Medal of Science and 49 honorary degrees from institutions of higher education, including her alma mater, Purdue University. She is an honorary member of the microbiological societies of the U.K., Australia, France, Israel, Bangladesh, and the U.S. and has held several honorary professorships, including the University of Queensland, Australia. Dr. Colwell was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, by the Emperor of Japan for her work in fostering Japanese and U.S. cooperation in science and engineering. A geological site in Antarctica, Colwell Massif, has been named in recognition of her work in the polar regions. Born in Beverly, Massachusetts, Dr. Colwell holds a B.S. in bacteriology and an M.S. in genetics from Purdue University, and a Ph.D. in oceanography from the University of Washington.
 
8Name:  Dr. Joseph Connors
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Joseph Connors studied at Boston College and Cambridge University before receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1978. He taught in the department of art history and archaeology at Columbia University from 1980-2002, with a leave to serve as Director of the American Academy in Rome from 1988-92. He became Director of Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for the Study of the Italian Renaissance in Florence, in 2002. From an initial study of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in Rome he has deepened and extended our knowledge of the architecture and urban development of Baroque Rome, in particular the way in which elites and institutions express power relationships through changes in the urban fabric. He received the Richard Krautheimer Medal in 1984 and the Premio Letterario Rebecchini (with Louise Rice) in 1991. He is the author of one book on Frank Lloyd Wright and several on Roman baroque architecture: Borromini and the Roman Oratory: Style and Society, 1980; Specchio di Roma barocca (with Louise Rice), 1991; Francesco Borromini: Opus Architectonicum, 1998; and Alleanze e inimicizie: L'urbanistica di Roma barocca, 2005. A major monograph on the architecture of Francesco Borromini (1599-1667) is in preparation. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
9Name:  Dr. Ingrid Daubechies
 Institution:  Duke University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1954
   
 
Ingrid Daubechies is a mathematician who has worked primarily on mathematical foundations of quantum theory, but she is best known for her important work on wavelets. "Wavelets" are signal components used in the efficient transmission of compressed data. Wavelet theory provides the essential background for many practical applications including speech transmission, high-density TV, and recent animated movies such as "A Bug's Life." According to a recent National Academy of Sciences report, Dr. Daubechies' work "...turn(ed) the theory into a practical tool that can be easily programmed..." An excellent speaker, Dr. Daubechies has recently been active in mathematics education, serving on the Mathematics and Science Education Board and with the Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education. Born in Belgium, she earned her Ph.D. from Virge University in 1980 and was a professor of mathematics at Princeton University 1993-2011. She joined the faculty of Duke University as Professor of Mathematics in January 2011. She became a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 2010 and won the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering from the Franklin Institute.
 
10Name:  Dr. Paul A. David
 Institution:  Stanford University; University of Oxford
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1935
 Death Date:  January 23, 2023
   
 
Paul Allan David is Professor of Economics Emeritus and Senior Fellow of the Institute for Economic Policy Research at Stanford University. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics and Economic History in the University of Oxford, Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Currently he is Titular Professor of Research on the Digital Economy at l'Ecole Polytechnique and l'Ecole National Superior de Telecommunications (Paris). Dr. David is the author of more than 160 journal articles and contributions to edited volumes, as well as of the author and editor of several books including Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (1975) and The Economic Future in Historical Perspective (2003). He was among the pioneering practitioners of the "new economic history" and is known internationally for wide-ranging contributions in the fields of American economic history, economic and historical demography, and the economics of science and technology. Investigation of the conditions that give rise to "path dependence" - the persisting influence of historical events in micro- and macro-economic phenomena - is a recurring theme in his research. Two main areas of contemporary economic policy research have emerged in his work in the past two decades: the evolution of information technology standards and network industries, and the influence of legal institutions and social norms upon the funding and conduct of scientific research in the public sector, and the interactions between that latter and private sector R&D. Dr. David currently leads an international research project on the organization, performance and viability of free and open source software. Many professional honors have been bestowed upon Dr. David in the course of his career, including election as Fellow of the International Econometrics Society (1975), Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at the University of Cambridge, as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1979), Vice-President, and President of the Economic History Association (1988-89), as Marshall Lecturer at the University of Cambridge (1992), Ordinary Fellow of the British Academy (1995), Member of Council of the Royal Economics Society (1996-2002), and Member of the American Philosophical Society (2003). He was made Professor of Economics and Economic History by the University of Oxford, "in recognition of distinction" (1997) and was awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the University of Torino (2003). He serves on the Advisory Boards of Science Commons, l'Ecole Paris de l'Economie, Alta Scuola de Politechnico Milano and Turino, and on the Executive Committee of the international organization CODATA. Dr. David's extensive service as a consultant to international organizations has included work for the World Bank, the United Nations Commission on Trade and Development, the United Nations University Institute, the OECD, several directorates of the European Commission of the EU, the European Committee for Future Accelerators, the Economic and Social Research Council (U.K.), the Treasury and the Ministry of Science and Technology of New Zealand, and the German Monopolies Commission. He also has had extensive service experience as a consultant to U.S. government agencies and foundations, including the National Academy of Sciences (National Research Council), the National Science Foundation, the Departments of Commerce and Energy, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Sloan Foundation and other public and non-profit organizations. He has been a non-executive director of La Compagnie de Saint-Gobain (2002-07).
 
11Name:  Dr. David S. Eisenberg
 Institution:  UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
David Eisenberg received his D.Phil. in theoretical chemistry at Oxford University. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is currently professor of chemistry and biochemistry, professor of biological chemistry, and director of the UCLA-DOE Center for Genomics and Proteomics. David Eisenberg's breadth and creativity have made him arguably the most influential scientist in modern structural biology. Concepts of protein structure developed by his group, such as the Hydrophobic Moment, Atomic Solvation Parameters, Sequence Profiles, and 3D-1D profiles, have been widely adopted. Their characterization of a new kind of protein interaction, Domain Swapping, has given needed insight into how amyloid proteins cause disease. New computational solutions to assignment of function from sequence, the Rosetta-Stone and Phylogenetic Profiles, helped launch the field of bioinformatics. Dr. Eisenberg also had a key role in creating the Protein Society and a new section of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Eisenberg was a Rhodes Scholar, 1961-64, and a Guggenheim Fellow, 1969-71 and 1985. He received the Stein & Moore Award from the Protein Society in 1996, the Repligen Award in Molecular Biology from the American Chemical Society in 1998, and the Amgen Award from the Protein Society in 2000. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
12Name:  Dr. Ronald D. Ekers
 Institution:  CSIRO, Australia Telescope National Facility
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Professor Ron Ekers was appointed Foundation Director of CSIRO's Australia Telescope National Facility in 1988 and he continued in this role until March 2003, when he took up his Federation Fellowship. He graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1963 and gained his Ph.D. in astronomy at the Australian National University in 1967. His professional career has taken him to the California Institute of Technology, the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in Cambridge, UK, the Kapteyn Laboratory in Groningen, The Netherlands, and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico. He was director of the VLA, the major national radio telescope in the USA, from 1980 until 1987. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Foreign Member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science and a Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society. He is the president of the International Astronomical Union. Dr. Ekers's research interests include extragalactic astronomy, especially cosmology, galactic nuclei and radio astronomical techniques.
 
13Name:  Dr. Caryl Emerson
 Institution:  Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402b
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1944
   
 
Caryl Emerson received her Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1980. She was assistant and associate professor of Russian literature at Cornell University from 1980-87. In 1988 she became the A. Watson Armour III University Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Princeton University, a position she currently holds. Caryl Emerson is widely regarded within the academic profession as the pre-eminent Slavist of her generation. She has also won a large readership outside the university as a prolific contributor to the popular press, reviewing many books for the New Republic, Opera News, New York Times Book Review, etc., and contributing program essays on Russian opera to Stagebill. Her public-spiritedness comes through in her list of conference appearances (ca. 10 a year) on Bakhtin, and she is chiefly responsible for his current vogue. In addition to the books listed below, she has published 70 articles. In 1997 she received the Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities. Dr. Emerson is the author of The Life of Musorgsky (1999); The First Hundred Years of Mikhail Bakhtin (1997); (with R.W. Oldani) Modest Musorgsky and Boris Godunov: Myths, Realities, Reconsiderations (1994); (with W. Morson) Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics (1990); Boris Godunov: Transpositions of a Russian Theme (1986); and editor of Rethinking Bakhtin: Extensions and Challenges, (1989). She has been the general editor of the monograph series "Studies in Russian Literature and Theory" at Northwestern University Press since 1992. She has served on the editorial boards of Comparative Literature; Literary Imagination; Russian Review; Slavic and East European Journal; and Tolstoy Studies Journal. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
14Name:  Dr. Gerald R. Fink
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  207. Genetics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1940
   
 
Gerald Fink received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1965. In 1967 he joined the faculty of Cornell University where he was professor of genetics and professor of biochemistry. He became professor of molecular genetics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 and is currently the American Cancer Society Professor. He has been a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1982 and served as its director from 1990-2001. Gerald Fink is internationally recognized for his contributions in genetics, and is considered a preeminent figure in the field of yeast genetics. His work with yeast yielded deep insights into human genetics, and his long-time teaching commitment to the Cold Spring Harbor Yeast Genetics course has initiated many new researchers into the field. As Whitehead director, he developed and supported nationally-renowned education and public policy programs that continue to exert a profound impact on public understanding of research and biomedicine. Fink's service to the scientific community includes mentorship that will inform the professional practice of generations of researchers to come. Dr. Fink is the recipient of the Award in Molecular Biology from the National Academy of Sciences (1981); the Genetics Society of America Medal (1982); the Yale Science and Engineering Award (1984); the Emil Christian Hansen Foundation Award of Microbiology (1986); the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal from Yale University (1992); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Infectious Disease Research Award (1993); the Senior Scholar Award from the Ellison Medical Foundation (2001); the George W. Beadle Award from the Genetics Society of America (2001); the Yeast, Genetics and Molecular Biology Lifetime Achievement Award (2002); and the James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award [2018]. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
15Name:  Dr. Gerald D. Fischbach
 Institution:  Columbia University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  208. Plant Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
Gerald Fischbach received an M.D. at Cornell University Medical School in 1965. Dr. Fischbach was Edison Professor of Neurobiology at the Washington University School of Medicine from 1981-90 and served as chief of the Neurobiology Department of Massachusetts General Hospital and Nathan Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School from 1990-98. In 1998 he was appointed Director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2001 and served as Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Harold and Margaret Hatch Professor of the University before assuming his current role as John E. Borne Professor of Medical and Surgical Research. In 2006 he joined the Simons Foundation as their Scientific Director. Gerald Fischbach pioneered the field of synapse formation with the dramatic discovery that motor neurons form functional synapses with muscle cells in dissociated cell culture. This brilliant advance revolutionized the study of neuronal development in general, and synapse formation in particular, permitting Dr. Fischbach to solve many key problems about the synaptic organization of CNS neurons. Dr. Fischbach showed that motor nerves induce Adh receptor expression at sites of neurotransmitter release, through the release of a diffusible factor, cloned the gene encoding this factor, and identified it as Neuregulin. This discovery represented a landmark in the neurosciences: the delineation of a molecule that directs synapse organization. Dr. Fischbach's studies have transformed the study of synapse formation from a purely physiological field to one that is now in the mainstream of cell and molecular biology. His visionary use of neuronal cell culture has served as a prototype for studies of how synapses form between CNS neurons, and how synaptic plasticity is regulated. Dr. Fischbach received the Foundation Ipsen Neuronal Plasticity Prize in 1998, the Nathan Davis Award in 2000, and the Parkinson's Disease Foundation Honor for Contributions in 2003. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Society of Neuroscience, where he served as president from 1983-84. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Web Link 1: simonsfoundation.org
 
16Name:  Dr. Michael Fried
 Institution:  Johns Hopkins University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
Michael Fried received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1969 and continued at Harvard as assistant and associate professor of fine arts. In 1975 he joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins University and is currently the J.R. Herbert Boone Professor of Humanities. Michael Fried has combined pioneering work in the history of art with groundbreaking art criticism. He is also a poet. His early criticism of the work of Jules Olitski, Frank Stella, and Anthony Caro, among others, helped to define modernist art of the 1960s in ways that are still influential. His Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot revolutionized the study of 18th century French art. Through close, extensive analysis of both paintings and literary and dramatic texts, Dr. Fried came to a new understanding of the painting as tableau, and of the role of the beholder, thereby changing an entire field of inquiry. There followed a series of closely argued monographs around the theme of realism, which were devoted to the work of Courbet, Eakins, and Manet. Dr. Fried's sustained critical thinking about realism has now extended to German 19th century painting with the publication of his book on Adolf Menzel. Dr. Fried's A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts at the National Gallery of Art on the subject of Caravaggio inspired both the scholarly audience and the more general public. Today, he is one of a handful of historians working successfully across national and chronological boundaries. Michael Fried is the author of Morris Louis (1971); Powers (poems, 1973); Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot (1980, awarded 1980 Gottschalk Prize); Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane (1987, awarded 1990 Charles C. Eldredge Prize); Courbet's Realism (1993); To the Center of the Earth (poems, 1994); Manet's Modernism or The Face of Painting in the 1860s (1996); Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews (1998); Menzel's Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin (2002); The Next Bend in the Road (poems, 2004); and Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before (2008). He was awarded the 2000 Prix Littéraire Etats-Unis/France, given to a book that contributes to mutual understanding between the two cultures. In 2004 he received a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
17Name:  Mr. Thomas L. Friedman
 Institution:  The New York Times
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1953
   
 
For 20 years, sophisticated readers have turned to Thomas Friedman's reporting and commentary for guidance on major world events. As foreign affairs columnist for The New York Times since 1995, he has won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for international reporting (from Lebanon, 1983, and from Israel, 1988) and one for distinguished commentary, the latter of which, in 2002, commended his "clarity of vision based on extensive reporting." His From Beirut to Jerusalem has become a standard text on the Middle East. Mr. Friedman earned an M.A. in Modern Middle East Studies from Oxford University (1978) and has been a foreign correspondent and bureau chief in Beirut (1979-81, 1982-84) for United Press International and Jerusalem bureau chief (1984-88) and chief White House correspondent (1992-94) for The New York Times, among other positions. His most recent books are Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution - and How It Can Renew America (2008) and That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back (2011).
 
18Name:  Dr. Bruce W. Frier
 Institution:  University of Michigan Law School
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Bruce Frier is the leading scholar of Roman law in the U.S. today. In a fashion unique among Roman historians, he combines deep traditional philological skills with command of a wide array of methods from the social sciences. His innovative studies have shown how legal developments served the interests of a broad spectrum of propertied Romans and how law became a profession for the first time in history. His casebook on delicts has educated a generation of American students. The foremost demographer of antiquity in this country and the first to bring sophisticated quantitative methods to this subject, Dr. Frier has been a professor of classics at the University of Michigan since 1983.
 
19Name:  Dr. Carol Gluck
 Institution:  Columbia University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Carol Gluck received her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1977. She began as an assistant professor in the departments of history and East Asian languages and cultures, and is currently the George Sansom Professor of History. Carol Gluck is a brilliant intellectual historian of modern Japan whose writings have focused on Japanese historians' portrayal of their recent past. Her work has been published in Japan and Europe, and her leadership in both scholarship and education won her election to the presidency of the Association for Asian Studies (1996-1997) - the leading professional organization in the Asian field - and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1991. She lectures in the United States and abroad to university, corporate, and public audiences, and is active in efforts to develop East Asian studies in undergraduate education and in promoting the teaching of Asian and world history in the schools. Dr. Gluck is the author of Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (1985) and Past Obsessions: War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (2006). She is the co-editor of Showa: The Japan of Hirohito (1992) and Asia in Western and World History (1997). She is the recipient of the Mark Van Doren Award for Columbia University (1982), the John King Fairbank Prize (1986) and the Lionel Trilling Award (1987) for Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period; the Great Teacher Award from Columbia University (1989); the Fulbright 50th Anniversary Distinguished Scholar Award (2002); and the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, the second highest honor awarded by the Japanese government. Dr. Gluck was elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
20Name:  Dr. Barbara J. Grosz
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  107
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1948
   
 
Barbara Grosz is Higgins Professor of Natural Sciences in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University and former Dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Educated at Cornell University and at the University of California, Berkeley, she is known for her seminal contributions to the fields of natural-language processing and multi-agent systems. Dr. Grosz developed some of the earliest and most influential computational models of discourse, dialogue systems, and models of collaboration. Her work helped establish these fields of inquiry and provides the framework for several collaborative multi-agent systems and human-computer interface systems. Dr. Grosz was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008. She is a Fellow and past President of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. She serves on the executive committee and is a former trustee of the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence. She is the recipient of the 2015 IJCAI Research Excellence Award, the ACM/AAAI Allen Newell Award for her groundbreaking research that crosses disciplines and for her role in the establishment and leadership of interdisciplinary institutions, the Berkeley Computer Science and Engineering Distinguished Alumna Award, as well as numerous awards from major computer science societies. In 2017 she received the Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award from the Graduate Student Council at Harvard University as well as the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics Dr. Grosz was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003 and was elected Vice President of the Society in 2011.
 
Election Year
2003[X]
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