APS Member History

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121	Name:	John J. Audubon
	Year Elected:	1831
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1/7/1851

122	Name:	Mr. Norman R. Augustine
	Institution:	Lockheed Martin Corporation
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Norman R. Augustine was raised in Colorado and attended Princeton University where he graduated with a BSE in Aeronautical Engineering, magna cum laude, and MSE and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. In 1958, he joined the Douglas Aircraft Company in California where he held titles of Program Manager and Chief Engineer. Beginning in 1965, he served in the Pentagon in the Office of Secretary of Defense as an Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering. Joining the LTV Missiles and Space Company in 1970, he served as Vice President, Advanced Programs and Marketing. In 1973, he returned to government as Assistant Secretary of the Army and in 1975 as Under Secretary of the Army and later as Acting Secretary of the Army. Joining Martin Marietta Corporation in 1977, he served as Chairman and CEO from 1988 and 1987, respectively, until 1995, having previously been President and Chief Operating Officer. He served as President of Lockheed Martin Corporation upon the formation of that company in 1995, and became its Chief Executive Officer on January 1, 1996, and later Chairman. Retiring as an employee of Lockheed Martin in August 1997, he joined the faculty of the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science where he served as Lecturer with the Rank of Professor until July 1999. In 2019 he and his wife endowed three Professorships in Princeton's School of Engineering with the goal of addressing global challenges and creating the next generation of scientific leaders. Mr. Augustine served as Chairman and Principal Officer of the American Red Cross for nine years and as Chairman of the National Academy of Engineering, the Association for the United States Army, the Aerospace Industry Association, and the Defense Science Board. He is a former President of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Boy Scouts of America. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of ConocoPhillips, Black & Decker, Procter & Gamble and Lockheed Martin and a member of the Board of Trustees of Colonial Williamsburg, Johns Hopkins, Princeton University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently a Regent of the University System of Maryland. He is a 16-year member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and serves on the Department of Homeland Security Advisory Board and was a member of the Hart/Rudman Commission on National Security. Mr. Augustine has been presented the National Medal of Technology by the President of the United States, has five times been awarded the Department of Defense's highest civilian decoration, the Distinguished Service Medal, and has received the Joint Chiefs of Staff Distinguished Public Service Award. He recently received the 2013 CRDF Global George Brown Award for International Scientific Cooperation. He is co-author of The Defense Revolution and Shakespeare in Charge and author of Augustine's Laws and Augustine's Travels. He holds twenty-three honorary degrees and was selected by Who's Who in America and the Library of Congress as one of the Fifty Great Americans on the occasion of Who's Who's fiftieth anniversary. He has traveled in over 100 countries and stood on both the North and South Poles.

123	Name:	Dr. Robert Austrian
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	March 25, 2007

124	Name:	Dr. John C. Avise
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine; University of Georgia
	Year Elected:	2011
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	John C. Avise I am a naturalist at heart, a geneticist by training, and my career has been devoted to wedding these two arenas. After obtaining a B.S. degree in Fish Biology at the University of Michigan, I went on to earn a M.A. in Zoology from the University of Texas and a Ph.D. in Genetics from the University of California at Davis. My graduate training came at a time when molecular approaches were being introduced to population genetics, and I began to see that molecular markers could open the entire biological world for genetic scrutiny. Ever since then my students and I have used molecular markers to analyze the natural histories and evolution of wild animals. Topics that we have studied range from micro-evolutionary to macro-evolutionary: genetic parentage and mating systems, geographic population structure, gene flow, hybridization, biogeography, speciation, systematics, and phylogenetics. We have conducted research on diverse vertebrate and invertebrate animals from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Our typical goal is to unveil behavioral or evolutionary features of organisms, but we also aim to elucidate genetic and evolutionary properties of protein and DNA molecules. The theory and practice of evolutionary genetics are relevant to ecological issues and conservation biology, two areas that provide themes for much of our research. Although I am the acknowledged 'father of phylogeography', I like to think of myself as a broader pioneer in molecular ecology, molecular evolution, and conservation genetics. In addition to hundreds of scientific articles, I have published 20 books on subjects ranging from the science-religion interface to genetic engineering, natural history, molecular ecology, evolution, biogeography, phylogenetics, reproductive modes, educational outreach, and roles for humor in science.

125	Name:	Mr. Emanuel Ax
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Emanuel Ax is considered to be in the front rank of today’s pianists and has been widely recognized for both solo and chamber work as well as for chamber performance. He has won many awards, including seven Grammy Awards, five of which were for his chamber music (1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1996) and the other two were for his solo performances of Haydn (1995, 2004). In 1974, he won the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Competition in Tel-Aviv and in 1979 he was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize. More recently, Columbia University presented him with the Alexander Hamilton Medal for Distinguished Service and Accomplishment (2003) and he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2007). Ax has performed frequently with APS member Yo-Yo Ma and regularly plays at music festivals such as Mainly Mozart, Ravinia, and Tanglewood. They (Ax and Ma) released Hope Amid Tears in 2021.

126	Name:	Dr. Richard Axel
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Richard Axel is University Professor at Columbia University and an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He has pioneered the application of the techniques of molecular genetics to the analysis of cell function eukaryotic organisms. Toward that goal, he first developed techniques for integrating virtually any gene into any mammalian cell in such a way that the genes are stably integrated within the chromosome of the recipient cell, function normally, and are appropriately regulated. The gene transfer techniques developed by Dr. Axel have revolutionized molecular structure and function. Dr. Axel has now gone on to apply the power of molecular genetics to the study of cellular function in the nervous system. This work led to the cloning by Drs. Axel and Buck of the olfactory receptors, and to a mapping of the distribution of these receptors, first on the olfactory epithelium and then on the olfactory bulb. Dr. Axel next extended this approach to a second olfactory system, the vomeronasal organ, and found a second novel family of genes which encode the presumed receptors for pheromones. Finally he is exploring the behavioral function of these receptors in mice and flies. This brilliant series of studies has revolutionized the study of the sense of smell. In 2009 he won the Tower of Hope Excellence in Science Award from the Israel Cancer Research Fund.

127	Name:	Dr. Julius Axelrod
	Institution:	National Institute of Mental Health
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	December 29, 2004

128	Name:	Dr. Robert Axelrod
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	2004
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	First trained in mathematics, Robert Axelrod shifted to political science to study conflicts of interest. His path-breaking work on the elusive optimal strategy for the famous "Prisoner's Dilemma" problem in Game Theory attracted the collaboration of noted biologist William D. Hamilton in a landmark paper. It was also a central ingredient, much expanded, in his book The Evolution of Cooperation, a classic which has stimulated an international cottage industry under the rubric "Cooperation Theory." Further contributions have involved work on coalitions in electoral politics and papers in international relations, involving both formal theory and such applications as a recent proposal for practical reform of the United Nations Security Council, taking account of the welter of strong conflicts of interest present. Dr. Axelrod is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He has been a professor at the University of Michigan since 1980. In 2014 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

129	Name:	Dr. Francisco José Ayala
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	1984
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1934
	Death Date:	March 3, 2023

	Francisco J. Ayala is a retired Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Irvine. On June 12, 2002, President George W. Bush awarded him the National Medal of Science at the White House, and in 2010, Dr. Ayala won the Templeton prize. From 1994-2001, Dr. Ayala was a member of the U.S. President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology. He has been president and chairman of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1993-96) and of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society of the U.S (2004-05). Dr. Ayala is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and numerous foreign academies and has received many prizes and honorary degrees. Born in Madrid, Spain, he has lived in the United States since 1961 and became a U.S. citizen in 1971. He has published more than 1,000 articles and is author or editor of 37 books. His scientific research focuses on population and evolutionary genetics, including the origin of species, genetic diversity of populations, the origin of malaria, the population structure of parasitic protozoa, and the molecular clock of evolution. He also writes about the interface between religion and science and on philosophical issues concerning epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy of biology.

130	Name:	Frank Aydelotte
	Year Elected:	1923
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1880
	Death Date:	12/17/56

131	Name:	Walter Baade
	Year Elected:	1953
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1893
	Death Date:	6/25/60

132	Name:	Dr. Horace W. Babcock
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution of Washington
	Year Elected:	1966
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	August 29, 2003

133	Name:	William Bache
	Year Elected:	1797
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	11/20/1820

134	Name:	Franklin Bache
	Year Elected:	1820
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	3/19/1864

135	Name:	Alexander D. Bache
	Year Elected:	1829
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	2/17/1867

136	Name:	Hartman Bache
	Year Elected:	1831
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	10/8/1872

137	Name:	Thomas H. Bache
	Year Elected:	1877
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	7/8/12

138	Name:	R. Meade Bache
	Year Elected:	1884
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	7/17/07

139	Name:	Dr. Robert Fox Bacher
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1948
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	November 18, 2004

140	Name:	Thomas Bacon
	Year Elected:	1768
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1700
	Death Date:	5/24/1768

	Thomas Bacon (c. 1700–24 May 1768) was a customs manager, printer, and Anglican priest, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election. Bacon was probably born on the Isle of Man, and little is known of his life before his employ first managing a coal depot and then the Dublin Customs House in the 1730s. He found his greatest success as a printer publishing the semi-weekly Dublin Mercury and then the official records of the Irish government (as the Dublin Gazette) during the early 1740s. After the loss of that contract, Bacon read theology, became a priest in 1745, and sailed for Maryland, landing at St. Peter’s in White Marsh. Erudite and affable, Bacon won quick acceptance to Annapolis’s literary Tuesday Club, in the Masonic lodge, and as a clever and talented poet, violinist and cellist, offering verse and minuets in small venues and grander concerts for charitable benefit. His concern for Maryland’s enslaved population was both genuine but also emblematic for its limits. Sermons to masters and slaves highlighted mutual obligations: masters and mistresses should encourage Christianity among their enslaved and treat them humanely; the enslaved should remain obedient. He founded a short-lived charity school for the orphaned, poor, and enslaved, which would instruct them in preparation for apprenticeship, but construction costs and the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War shortened its life. He labored a decade on a six-volume abridged collection of the laws of Maryland. His 1758 appointment to All Saints in Frederick sustained these labors with an annual income of £400, a quarter of which he used to hire a curate to lighten his pastoral load. Problems in his personal life, including being libeled for the rape of a mixed-race woman (victor in the suit) and a strangely lax attitude for canon rules when it came to his own remarriage (quietly forgotten) damaged his political connections, but he was broadly respected as a pastor until the end of his days. (PI)

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