APS Member History

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41	Name:	Dr. Robert J. Shiller
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Robert J. Shiller is the Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, and Professor of Finance at the International Center for Finance, Yale School of Management. He received his B. A. from the University of Michigan in 1967 and his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972. He has written on financial markets, financial innovation, behavioral economics, macroeconomics, real estate, statistical methods, and on public attitudes, opinions, and moral judgments regarding markets. His 1989 book Market Volatility (MIT Press) is a mathematical and behavioral analysis of price fluctuations in speculative markets. His 1993 book Macro Markets: Creating Institutions for Managing Society's Largest Economic Risks proposes a variety of new risk-management contracts, such as futures contracts in national incomes or in real estate that would permit the management of risks to standards of living. His book Irrational Exuberance (2000) is an analysis and explication of speculative bubbles, with special reference to the stock market and real estate. His book The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (2003) is an analysis of an expanding role of finance, insurance, and public finance in our future. He was vice president of the American Economic Association (2005) and a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research. He writes a column "Finance in the 21st Century" for Project Syndicate, which publishes around the world. He is co-founder of Case Shiller Weiss, Inc., an economics research and information firm, which was sold in 2002 and renamed Fiserv CSW, Inc. He is also co-founder and principal of MacroMarkets, LLC, a firm devoted to the securitization of new risks, and of Macro Financial, LLC, a boutique investment bank. His book Subprime Solution: How Today's Financial Crisis Happened and What to Do About It (2008) outlines important new economic measures. He recently wrote (with George A. Akerlof) Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism (2009) and Finance and the Good Society (2012). In 2013 he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science with Eugene Fama.

42	Name:	Dr. Frank H. Shu
	Institution:	National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	In 2003 Frank Shu left his University Professor position at the University of California, Berkeley to become president of "Taiwan's MIT," National Tsing Hua University. In 2007, he returned to the University of California - this time UC San Diego. He initially made his reputation with the density wave theory of spiral arms in spiral galaxies (with C.C. Lin) and has developed a picture of how stars are formed in pressure waves in these gas clouds. His work on star formation today provides the basic framework guiding both theory and observation. More recently he has turned to the distribution of chondrules in meteorites to help understand the formation of planets from stellar disks. A particularly lucid lecturer, his text, The Physical Universe, is considered "the Feynman Lectures of astronomy." Dr. Shu was awarded the Shaw Prize in Astrophysics in 2009. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1987); the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1992); the Academia Sinica; and the American Astronomical Society (president, 1994-96).

43	Name:	Ms. Mitsuko Uchida
	Institution:	Marlboro Music Festival, Vermont
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Mitsuko Uchida is one of the world's most renowned pianists. Born to a family of Japanese diplomats, she spent most of her life in various European capitals. At the age of 15, she gave her first public recital in the Brahms Hall in Vienna. Her recordings of Mozart's complete piano sonatas and concertos in the 1980s rank among the most sensitive and profound interpretations of Mozart's keyboard music. She has since set similar milestones for the piano music of Schubert and Schoenberg. Ms. Uchida has been an inspired artistic director at the Marlboro Festival since 2000 and at the Ojai Festival in California in earlier years. She lectures frequently on music and performing arts. She is deeply interested in musical history and musicology, and that interest is integrated in her performances. In 2015 she was awarded the Praemium Imperiale, Japan's highest cultural honor. She has won two Grammy awards: one for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance in 2011 and one for Best Classical Solo Vocal Album in 2017.

44	Name:	Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Laurel Thatcher Ulrich received her Ph.D. at the University of New Hampshire in 1980, then joined the UNH faculty, remaining until 1995. She then moved to Harvard University where she is currently the 300th Anniversary University Professor, having previously been the James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History. She is the author of Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1982); A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard Based on Her Diary, 1785-1820 (1990); and The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Making of an American Myth (2001). Her latest work is entitled "We're No Angels: Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History" (2007). Dr. Ulrich is one of the finest, most innovative historians working today. Her three books are compelling. A Midwife's Tale is a trail-blazing book that has had an extraordinary impact on the history profession because of its innovative shift in the angle from which local history is viewed. It has won the most distinguished prizes in American history. Dr. Ulrich is credited with having made a major breakthrough in the history of women in the colonial era, as she found ways to make them real instead of abstractions from statistics or representatives of an elite class. Her use of material objects as evidence has changed the way we think about early American domestic life and work and has reconstructed an important dimension of eighteenth-century culture. She is a wonderful stylist, and her works are widely read. Dr. Ulrich received the Best Book Award from the Society for History of the Early Republic in 1990; the Best Book Award from the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians in 1990; the John Dunning Prize and Joan Kelly Prize from the American Historical Association in 1990; the Bancroft Prize for American History in 1991; and the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1991. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

45	Name:	Dr. Sidney Verba
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	March 4, 2019

	Sidney Verba was one of the most prominent political scientists of his time. His books explored the many dimensions of political participation, and he is credited with profoundly changing the field of political behavior and the political science profession. When he won the Warren E. Miller prize, the citation asserted that he was "unsurpassed in the quality of his research, in his devotion to social science standards, and his concern with improving society through social science research." The Skytte Foundation, whose prize is one of the world's largest and most prestigious in the social sciences, said that Dr. Verba was chosen "for his penetrating empirical analysis of political participation and its significance for the functioning of democracy." In addition, he was a brilliant leader of the Harvard University Library, having brought the many libraries in that system into a collaborative working relationship. The Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor and Director of the University Library at Harvard for 23 years, Dr. Verba retired from these posts in 2007. A former president of the American Political Science Association, he published such works as Small Groups and Political Behavior (1961); The Civic Culture (1963); Caste, Race and Politics (1969); Participation in America (1972); Vietnam and the Silent Majority (1972); The Changing American Voter (1976); Participation and Political Equality (1978); Injury to Insult (1979); Equality in America (1985); Elites and the Idea of Equality (1987); Designing Social Inquiry (1994); Voice and Equality (1995); and The Private Roots of Public Action (2001). Sidney Verba died on March 4, 2019 in Cambridge, Massachusetts at the age of 86.

46	Name:	Dr. Christopher Walsh
	Institution:	Harvard Medical School
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1944
	Death Date:	January 10, 2023

	Christopher Walsh is a great enzymologist, a worldwide leader in studies of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis, with an emphasis on enzymes that are the targets of antibiotics. The Hamilton Kuhn Professor at Harvard University Medical School, he is also the author of major monographs in his field, including the classic "Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms". Dr. Walsh's exceptionally wide-ranging oeuvre includes the dissection of enzymes that mediate the synthesis of antibiotics; the resistance to antibiotics; cell wall biosynthesis; detoxification of mercury-containing compounds; methanogenesis; and other processes. His work has also encompassed the design of mechanism-based inhibitors of medically important enzymes, the enzymatic synthesis of natural products such as antibiotic rifamycin and antitumor agent epothilone, and the understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort. In 2014 he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry from the Franklin Institute.

47	Name:	Dr. Warren M. Washington
	Institution:	National Center for Atmospheric Research
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Warren Washington is a consultant and advisor to a number of government officials and committees on climate system modeling. From 1978 to 1984, he served on the President's National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. He participated in several panels of the National Research Council and chaired its Advisory Panel for Climate Puzzle, a film produced for the 1986 PBS television series Planet Earth. Washington was a member of the Secretary of Energy's Advisory Board from 1990 to 1993 and has been on the Secretary of Energy's Biological and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (BERAC) since 1990. Washington was elected President of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1994 and was Past President in 1995. Washington received the Charles Franklin Brooks Award from the AMS for outstanding services to the Society in January 2007. He served on the Modernization Transition Committee and the National Centers for Environment Prediction Advisory Committee of the U.S. National Weather Service. In 1998, he was appointed to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency Science Advisory Board. In May of 1995, he was appointed by President Clinton to a six-year term on the National Science Board, which helps oversee the National Science Foundation and advises the Executive Branch and Congress on science related matters. In March 2000 he was nominated by President Clinton for a second six-year term and was confirmed by the Senate in September 2000. In May 2002, The National Science Board (NSB) elected Washington as its new Chair. He was re-elected to a second term two year term in May of 2004. The National Science Board has dual responsibilities as national science policy adviser to the president and Congress and as governing board for the National Science Foundation, an independent federal agency. Washington's term ended on 10 May 2006. He is a Fellow of the AMS and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and from 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the AAAS Board of Directors. Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Pennsylvania State University and Oregon State University, an Alumni Fellow of Pennsylvania State University and Oregon State University, a Fellow of the African Scientific Institute, and a member of the American Geophysical Union, In 1995 Washington received the Le Verrier Medal of the Societe Meteorologique de France. In February 1997, he was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences Portrait Collection of African Americans in Science, Engineering, and Medicine and in May 1997, he was awarded the Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research Program Exceptional Service Award for Atmospheric Sciences in the development and application of advanced coupled atmospheric-ocean general circulation models to study the impacts of anthropogenic activities on future climate. Also, in 1998 he delivered the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Walter Orr Roberts Distinguished Lecture and a Rice University Computer and Information Technology Institute Distinguished Lecture. In 1999, Washington received the National Weather Service Modernization Award and the American Meteorological Society's Dr. Charles Anderson Award "for pioneering efforts as a mentor and passionate support of individuals, educational programs, and outreach initiatives designed to foster a diverse population of atmospheric scientists." In March 2000, Washington received the Celebrating 20th Century Pioneers in Atmospheric Sciences Award at Howard University and in April 2000, the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Award "in recognition of significant and unique contributions in the field of science." In 2001, he gave the first Ralph W. Bromery lecture at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. In February 2002, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) announced that it had elected Washington to its membership "for pioneering the development of coupled climate models, their use on parallel supercomputing architectures, and their interpretation." That same year, he was appointed to the Science Advisory Panel of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy and the National Academies of Science Coordinating Committee on Global Change. On April 26, 2003 Washington was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In August 2004 Washington received the Vollum Award for Distinguished Accomplishment in Science and Technology from Reed College in Portland, Oregon. The Vollum Award winners are selected for the perseverance, fresh approach to problems and solutions, and creative imagination. In June 2006, Washington was the commencement speaker and recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Science at Oregon State University. In 2010, he was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Obama and in 2019 was awarded the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, often referred to as the 'Nobel Prize for the environment'. In honor of his immense achievements a building in Penn State's Innovation Park was named the Warren M. Washington Building. In 2020 the American Meteorological Society created the Warren Washington Medal, to be awarded to individuals recorgnized for highly significant research and distinguished scientific leadership. He received the NCSE Lifetime Achievement Award for Science, Service, and Leadership in 2021. His current research involves the use of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) for studies of future climate change. He currently serves as a co-chair of the Climate Change Working Group within CCSM. His research is supported by NSF and the DOE.

48	Name:	Dr. Garry Wills
	Institution:	Northwestern University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Garry Wills is an author and historian and a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books. He is Professor Emeritus of History at Northwestern University and received his Ph.D. in classics from Yale University in 1961. In 1993, Dr. Wills won a Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America, which describes the background and effect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Dr. Wills' many other books include penetrating studies of George Washington, Richard Nixon, the Kennedy family, Ronald Reagan, and religion in America. His book, "What Paul Meant" (2006), makes the argument for Paul as the most reliable guide to Jesus' teachings. Dr. Wills' numerous honors and prizes include the Merle Curti Award of the American Historical Association, the National Book Critics Award, the Presidential Medal of the Endowment for the Humanities, and honorary doctorates from nineteen colleges. His recent publications include "Head and Heart: American Christianities" (2007); "What the Gospels Meant" (2008); "Martial's Epigrams", a collection of translations of the verse of Marcus Valerius Martialis; and "Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State" (2010). In 2011 he published both Rome and Rhetoric; Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" and Verdi's Shakespeare: Men of the Theater and in 2013 he released Why Priests? A Failed Tradition.

49	Name:	Dr. Carl Wunsch
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Carl Wunsch received his Ph.D. in geophysics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. He joined the faculty that same year as assistant professor of oceanography and has remained at M.I.T. throughout his distinguished career. He is currently the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physical Oceanography. Dr. Wunsch is the author of (with W. Munk, P. Worcester) Ocean Acoustic Tomography (1995), The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem (1996), and Discrete Inverse and State Estimation Problems (2006). Carl Wunsch has probably worked on as broad a set of problems in physical oceanography as anyone now active, from seagoing to theory to data analysis to instrument development. He brought inverse methods to solving the ancient oceanographic problem of determining the general circulation. Walter Munk and Carl Wunsch invented ocean acoustic tomography. Dr. Wunsch proposed and helped organize the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, the largest and probably most successful of all oceanographic experiments. It included the remarkably successful use of altimetric satellites, which owes something to Wunsch for seeing what they could do. In recent years, Dr. Wunsch has begun trying to use what was learned about the modern ocean to bear on the interpretation of the paleoceanographic record. Dr. Wunsch received the Founder's Prize of the Texas Instruments Foundation in 1975, the A.G. Huntsman Prize from the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and Government of Nova Scotia in 1988, the Maurice Ewing Medal from the American Geophysical Union and U.S. Navy in 1990, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Public Service Medal in 1993, and the Henry Stommel Research Prize from the American Meteorological Society in 2000. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Royal Society of London. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

50	Name:	Dr. Jacob Ziv
	Institution:	Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	Jacob Ziv has made important theoretical and practical contributions to information theory. On the theoretical side, he developed techniques for estimating the capacity of various channels and showed the centrality of the Rate-distortion function. On the practical side, he (with A. Lempel) developed a compression algorithm for data compression which is widely used for efficient storage of large data bases. Jacob Ziv has also contributed to the well being of science in Israel both in his capacity as the Chair of the Planning and Grants Committee (which looks after the quality and funding of the Israeli universities), and as the president of the Israel National Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Since 1983 Dr. Ziv has been Technion Distinguished Professor and Herman Gross Professor of Communications at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. He has an extensive technical knowledge and deep concern for the well being of science.

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