APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. David Levering Lewis
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	David Levering Lewis received a Ph.D. at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1962. He spent the following year as Lecturer in European History at the University of Ghana. He was a professor of history at the University of the District of Columbia for ten years and at the University of California, San Diego, for three years before moving to Rutgers, The State University, in 1984. He became the Julius Silver University Professor and Professor of History at New York University in 2003. David Levering Lewis has published prize-winning books in European, African, and U. S. history. All of his work is marked by meticulous scholarship, elegant prose, and interpretive distinction. Few historians of his generation have ranged so broadly. His two-volume biography of DuBois is historical scholarship and biography at its best. In addition to the two Pulitzer Prizes, Dr. Lewis has received the Bancroft Prize in History and Diplomacy; the Parkman Prize in History; the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize; a MacArthur Fellowship (1999-2004); and was one of eight 2009 National Humanities Medalists. A list of his books includes Martin Luther King: A Critical Biography (1970); Prisoners of Honor: The Dreyfus Affair (1973); A Bicentenniel History of Washington, D.C. (1976); When Harlem Was in Vogue (1981); The Harlem Renaissance: The Art of Black America (1987); The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism, and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa (1988); W.E.B. DuBois: Biography of a Race (1993); The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader (1994); W.E.B. DuBois: A Reader (1994); W.E.B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century (2000); and Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215 (2008). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

22	Name:	Dr. John Lukacs
	Institution:	Chestnut Hill College
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	May 6, 2019

	John Lukacs was one of the master interpreters of the modern era, that is, of Western Civilization since 1500. His knowledge of politics and society in Europe and America was unrivalled for breadth and suffused with philosophic imagination. He at home in the wide survey (The Passing of the Modern Age), the local study (Philadelphia: Patricians & Philistines), and the cultural inquiry (Historical Consciousness), these being three of his distinctive contributions. He could conjure before us a city (Budapest: 1900) or the conflict of titans (The Duel: Churchill and Hitler, May-July 1940). By their conception and execution every one of Dr. Lukacs's works fills a gap in our intelligence of the world we live in. Born in Hungary, Dr. Lukacs was a graduate of Palatine Joseph University, Budapest (Ph.D., 1946). For over fifty years he served on the faculty of Chesnut Hill College, becoming Professor Emeritus after 1994. He remained at work into the latest year of his life, publishing his final book, "We at the Center of the Universe," in 2017. John Lukacs died on May 6, 2019 in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania at the age of 95.

23	Name:	Dr. Paul B. MacCready
	Institution:	AeroVironment, Inc.
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	August 28, 2007

24	Name:	Dr. Marcia K. McNutt
	Institution:	National Academy of Sciences
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1952

	Marcia K. McNutt received a B.A. in physics at Colorado College and a Ph.D. in Earth sciences at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1978. She was a geophysicist for the Branch of Tectonophysics of the U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park from 1979-82. In 1982 she joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, serving as the associate director of the SeaGrant College Program from 1993-95. For the next two years she directed the MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Joint Program in Oceanography. From 1997 to 2009 she directed the privately funded Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, serving as its president and chief executive officer. In 2009 President Obama nominated her to be the Director of the United States Geological Survey and her nomination was approved. She stepped down as Director of the USGS in February 2013 and returned to the west coast. In June 2013 she became Editor-in-Chief of "Science," the journals from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She was elected President of the National Academy of Sciences in 2016. In 2017 she was named the Desert Research Institute's Nevada Medalist. Marcia McNutt is an active student of the Earth's physical properties. She relies for her field and modelling work principally on geophysical data, some of which she has collected herself in the course of more than 20 oceanographic cruises using equipment she helped to design. Her studies have led to more than 90 papers in international refereed journals on such topics as convection in Earth's mantle, continental break-up, and the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. Dr. McNutt is the recipient of the Macelwane Medal and the Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the MIT School of Science Graduate Teaching Prize, and the Sanctuary Reflections Award of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. She was elected president of the American Geophysical Union in 2000-2002. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

25	Name:	Dr. Richard A. Meserve
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution of Washington; International Nuclear Safety Group; Covington & Burling LLP
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Dr. Richard A. Meserve served as the ninth president of the Carnegie Institution from 2003 until 2014, after stepping down as Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). He continues to serve on the board. The Carnegie Institution conducts basic research in biology, astronomy and geophysics. As Chairman of the NRC, Meserve served as the principal executive officer of the federal agency with responsibility for ensuring public health and safety in the operation of nuclear power plants and in the usage of nuclear materials. He served as Chairman under both Presidents Clinton and Bush and lead the NRC in responding to the terrorism threat that came to the fore after the 9/11 attacks. Before joining the NRC, Meserve was a partner in the Washington, D.C., law firm of Covington & Burling, and he now serves as Senior Of Counsel to the firm. With his Harvard law degree, received in 1975, and his Ph.D. in applied physics from Stanford, awarded in 1976, he devoted his legal practice to technical issues arising at the intersection of science, law, and public policy. Early in his career, he served as legal counsel to the President’s science advisor, and was a law clerk to Justice Harry A. Blackmun of the United States Supreme Court and to Judge Benjamin Kaplan of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. He received his undergraduate degree from Tufts University in 1966. Meserve has served on numerous legal and scientific committees over the years, including many established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering. He also currently serves as Chairman of the International Nuclear Safety Group, which is chartered by the International Atomic Energy Agency, and as a member of the National Commission on Energy Policy. Among other affiliations, he is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Engineering, and Sigma Xi, and he is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Meserve serves on the Board of Directors of PG&E Corporation, Luminant Holding Company LLC, and of the Universities Research Association, Inc., on the Advisory Committee for UniStar Nuclear Energy LLC, and on the Council, Executive Committee, and Trust of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University.

26	Name:	Mr. Carl F. Miller
	Institution:	American Philosophical Society
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	For thirty years Carl Miller has been a dedicated member of the American Philosophical Society's administration. He continually demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the Society's activities and contributes to all aspects of the Society's management. In college and graduate school he studied history with a special focus on colonial America. He received an M.A. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1969. In 1971 he joined the American Philosophical Society's staff as the assistant manuscripts librarian. In 1976, he became Assistant Librarian. A year later, Miller was given additional responsibilities as Assistant to the Executive Officer, a position that grew into his current position as Financial Officer. He is responsible for preparing and supervising all facets of the budget, reviewing and authorizing expenses and deposits, administering employee benefits, and assisting accounting, actuarial, and legal consultants in preparing various federal and state documents. In short, he is a key figure in the day-to-day operations of the Society. Carl Miller has the respect and confidence of the Society staff, and has worked closely with the officers and members of the Society for thirty years. His deep commitment to the Society and the breadth of his experience and knowledge in all facets of its operations are qualities that were honored in his election to its membership in 2002.

27	Name:	Sir Peter Morris
	Institution:	The Royal College of Surgeons of England; University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1934
	Death Date:	October 29, 2022

	Sir Peter Morris supplemented his medical education in Melbourne, Australia, with training at Guy's Hospital in London and the Massachusetts General Hospital. He returned to the University of Melbourne and obtained a Ph.D. in immunology in 1972. From 1974-2001, he was the Nuffield Professor of Surgery, chairman of the Department of Surgery, and director of the Oxford Transplant Centre at the University of Oxford. In 2001 he became President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and chairman of the Council of the Institute of Health Sciences at the University of Oxford. He is also currently chairman of the British Heart Foundation and Director of the Centre for Evidence in Transplantation at the Royal College of Surgeons. His more than 700 papers deal with the entire field of clinical and experimental transplantation and immunology. He has contributed especially to the study of mechanisms of rejection, tolerance induction and pancreatic islet transplantation. He is one of the distinguished surgeon scientists of our time. In addition to his work in transplantation, in the earlier part of his career he made many contributions to knowledge of the association between HLA and disease, as well as playing a major part in the early anthropological studies of HLA around the Pacific rim. He is the editor of Kidney Transplantation: Principles and Practice, which is now in its 5th edition, and the widely acclaimed Oxford Textbook of Surgery, which is in its 2nd edition. Sir Peter Morris has received many honors, including the Medawar Medal, the Lister Medal and the Hunterian Medal. In 1996 he received knighthood from the Queen for services to medicine, and in 2004 he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia. He is a fellow of the Royal Society and a foreign member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He served as president of the International Transplantation Society, the British Transplantation Society, the European Surgical Association and the International Surgical Society. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

28	Name:	Dr. John A. Orcutt
	Institution:	Center for Earth Observations and Applications, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	John A. Orcutt received a B.S. at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1966, graduating 3rd in Class. He went to the University of Liverpool as a Fulbright Scholar and received an M.Sc. in 1968. He was the chief engineer of the nuclear submarine USS Kamehameha for the U.S. Navy, 1967-73. In 1976 he earned a Ph.D. at the University of California, San Diego, and joined the faculty at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography as an assistant research geophysicist in 1977. Subsequently he became professor of geophysics and the director of the Cecil and Ida Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. He was the director of the UCSD Center for Earth Observations & Applications and deputy director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and is currently Professor of Geophysics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Distinguished Researcher at the San Diego Supercomputer. John Orcutt has made major contributions in marine geophysics and particularly the elucidation of the volcanic mid-ocean ridges. He was the first to discover an active magma body beneath these ridges and his work led to the initiation of a major, continuing research program called RIDGE. He has taught an exceptional number of students in geophysics, and they have now assumed important leadership roles in the study of the oceans and the continents. He has played an important role monitoring the Earth for nuclear tests and is currently leading a new program to establish a permanent presence in the oceans for detecting changes in Earth systems. Dr. Orcutt has served as president of the American Geophysical Union and has received numerous awards, including the Newcomb-Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1980) and the Maurice Ewing Medal from the American Geophysical Union and U.S. Navy (1994). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002 and a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2011.

29	Name:	Dr. Manuel Peimbert
	Institution:	Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Manuel Peimbert is an outstanding research worker on gaseous nebulae and the abundances of the elements in the universe. An expert theorist and a practiced observer, he has combined his skills to analyze the structure, densities, temperatures, abundances, and other physical properties of nebulae. Dr. Peimbert has traced the effects of stellar evolution on the abundances of the elements in interstellar matter from which new stars are formed today. His careful studies of the He/H abundance ratio have helped to set narrower constraints on physical conditions for the "big bang." Dr. Peimbert is considered a world expert in his field and one of the most productive scientists in Mexico. His papers are widely quoted. He has been a professor at the Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, since 1970.

30	Name:	Dr. Dwight Heald Perkins
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Dwight Perkins received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1964 and went on to spend his entire career there, serving as professor of Modern China Studies, professor of economics, and director of the Harvard Institute for International Development. Currently the Harold Hitchings Burbank Research Professor of Political Economy, Dr. Perkins is a leading scholar on the economics of China. He also deals often with Vietnam, Korea, and other Asian economies. He has served as advisor on Asian Affairs (especially China) to U.S. political leaders and has developed a deep appreciation of economic and broader social issues throughout Asia. Possessing Chinese language skills, he is also a fine analytical economist and has a keen sense of Asian culture and history. The period in which he directed Harvard's well known Institute for International Development is recognized as a highly successful one. Dr. Perkins is the author of Market Control and Planning in Communist China (1966); Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1968 (1969); China: Asia's Next Economic Giant? (1986); "Completing China's Move to the Market," Journal of Economic Perspectives (1994); "Reforming the Economic Systems of Vietnam and Laos," The Challenge of Reform in Indochina (editor Borjie Ljungren, 1993); (with J. Stern, et al) Industrialization and the State: Korea's Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive (1995); (with Li-Min Hsueh and Chen-Kuo Hsu) Industrialization and the State: Taiwan's Development Experience, 1950-1998 (2001); and (with David Lindauer and Steven Radelet) Economics of Development (6th edition, 2006). He is a trustee of the China Medical Board, New York, and director of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Dr. Perkins was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

31	Name:	Dr. Don Michael Randel
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Don Michael Randel received a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1967. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1968 and served as chair of the department of music (1971-76), vice-provost (1978-79), associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1989-91), the Harold Tanner Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1991-2000) Given Foundation Professor of Music (1990-2000) and provost (1995-2000). He became the president of the University of Chicago in 2000, serving until 2006. In July 2006 he became president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and he retired in May 2013. A musical scholar of major stature, Dr. Randel has a record of original contributions on matters as diverse as Mozarabic plainchant, Arabic music theory, the polyphony of early modern Europe, and the popular music of contemporary Central America in its encounter with the African- and Anglo-American musical scenes. At home in ethnomusicology, traditional musicology, modern literary theory, and medieval liturgy, Dr. Randel has long been a preeminent figure among musicologists and a favored mentor at Cornell. He has earned further esteem for his gentle, genial effectiveness as a high-level university administrator, bringing his powerful commitment to scholarship, to liberal education, and to realizing the ideals of an academic community to the service of the University of Chicago and now to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Dr. Randel is the author of The Responsorial Psalm Tones for the Mozarabic Office (1969); An Index to the Chant of the Mozarabic Rite (1973); Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music (1978); and The New Harvard Dictionary of Music (1986). He is a member of the American Musicological Society, where he was editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Musicological Society and served as its vice president (1977-78). In 2007 he was named a member of the Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Randel was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

32	Name:	Dr. David M. Raup
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	July 9, 2015

	David Raup was a paleontologist specializing in synoptic studies of fossil marine invertebrate animals. His research included biocyrstallography of echinoderm skeletons, modeling and simulation of growth and form in mollusks, and analysis of large data bases from the Phanerozoic fossil record with emphasis on the role of extinction in the history of life. His honors and awards included the Paleontological Society Medal and Schuchert Award and membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He had approximately 200 research papers to his credit as well as a textbook, Principles of Paleontology (with S.M. Stanley), and two trade books: The Nemesis Affair and Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck? Dr. Raup held a B.Sc. from the University of Chicago and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. He was Sewell L. Avery Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University of Chicago. Before joining the University of Chicago faculty, he taught at Caltech, Johns Hopkins and the University of Rochester and served as curator and Dean of Science at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. David Raup died July 9, 2015, at age 82 in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.

33	Name:	Professor Judith Resnik
	Institution:	Yale Law School
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Judith Resnik is the Arthur Liman Professor of Law at Yale Law School, where she teaches courses on procedure, large-scale litigation, federal courts and federalism, feminist theory and transnational equality laws. Prior to joining Yale, she was the Orrin B. Evans Professor of Law at the University of Southern California Law Center. She has also been a visiting professor at New York University, Harvard University, the University of Toronto, and the University of Chicago Law Schools. Professor Resnik is a graduate of Bryn Mawr College and New York University School of Law, where she held an Arthur Garfield Hays Fellowship. Throughout her career, Judith Resnik has helped to shape understandings of how the federal judiciary increasingly functions as a corporate body, with multiple tiers and kinds of judges who are often managerial in their efforts to encourage settlement in lieu of adjudication. Her work in this field demonstrates the increasing privatization of courts, analyzes the forces producing this trend, and proposes interventions to preserve the public dimension of adjudicatory processes. In addition to books for students such as Adjudication and its Alternatives: An Introduction to Procedures (co-authored with Owen Fiss, 2003) and Processes of the Law: An Introduction to Courts and Their Alternatives (2003), she is the author of the chapter Civil Processes in The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (eds. Peter Cane & Mark Tushnet, 2003). She recently coauthored a book for the general public with Dennis Curtis entitled Representing Justice (2010), which gives an overview of the historical representations of justice. Representing Justice won the Scribes 2012 Book Award, two PROSE Awards for Excellence, and was named an Outstanding Academic Title by Choice Magazine. Her articles include Trial as Error, Jurisdiction as Injury: Transforming the Meaning Article III , 113 Harvard Law Review 924 (2000); and Managerial Judges, 96 Harvard Law Review 374 (1982). Her work has also prompted her to become one of a few American scholars thinking about the cultural import of government construction of courthouses and about the iconography of justice. Professor Resnik also brings her interest in feminist theory to discussions of federalism. She has helped to illuminate how assumptions about the roles of women and men have influenced the allocation of authority to state and federal systems in the United States (e.g. her essay Categorical Federalism: Jurisdiction, Gender and the Globe, 111 Yale Law Journal 619 (2001) and have affected the openness of American law to transnational equality movements. Professor Resnik pursues her projects in both their theoretical and their practical dimensions. She has chaired the Section on Procedure, the Section of Federal Courts, and the Section on Women in Legal Education of the American Association of Law Schools, has served on committees of the American Bar Association, and was a consultant to the Institute for Civil Justice of RAND. She was instrumental in persuading members of the federal judiciary to undertake studies of the effects of gender, and she served as a member of the Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force which, in 1994, was the first in the federal system to report on data collected by judges and lawyers in the nine states comprising the circuit. Professor Resnik has testified many times before congressional and judicial committees, including before the subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding the Senate's role in the nomination process and before a committee of the Canadian House of Commons about how to select Supreme Court justices. She is also an occasional litigator and court-appointed expert. Currently, she is a member of the American Law Institute's project on Aggregate Litigation and a managerial trustee of the International Association of Women Judges. At Yale, Professor Resnik organized a conference on Women, Justice, and Authority. She is a co-chair of the Women's Faculty Forum, a university-wide group aimed at fostering scholarship about gender and community for women at Yale. She is also the founding director of the Arthur Liman Public Interest Program and Fund, which provides fellowships to Yale Law School graduates and summer stipends to undergraduates at Yale, Brown, and Harvard, and which supports seminars and programs on public interest law for law students. Professor Resnik has been honored by the National Association of Women Judges, and she has received the Margaret Brent Women Lawyers of Achievement Award from the American Bar Association. The American Bar Foundation named her its Outstanding Scholar of the Year in 2008. She is a member of the American Law Institute and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

34	Name:	Dr. John B. Robbins
	Institution:	National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	November 27, 2019

	John B. Robbins received an M.D. from New York University in 1959. He was a guest scientist at the Weizmann Institute for Science, Israel (1965-66), then became assistant to associate professor of pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (1967-70). In 1970 he became the clinical director, then chief, of the Developmental Immunology Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health. From 1974-83 he was director of the Bacterial Products Division, Bureau of Biologics, at the Federal Drug Administration. He returned to the National Institutes of Health in 1983 to serve as Chief of the Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, where he is currently Senior Investigator. John Robbins made the most important advance in the past half century in preventing diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria such as the influenza bacillus and pneumococcus, among others. By chemically coupling to protein the capsular polysaccharides of pathogenic bacteria, which are poor antigens in infancy, he developed conjugate vaccines, one of which has all but eliminated infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in childhood. Similar conjugate vaccines for preventing pneumoccocal infections in infancy and typhoid fever show promise of comparable efficacy. Robbins has also made fundamental contributions to the understanding of so-called "natural immunity." Dr. Robbins is the recipient of the E. Mead Johnson Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics (1975), the Albert Lasker Clinical Research Award (1996), and the Albert Sabin Gold Medal (2001). He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002. John Robbins died November 27, 2019 in New York, New York at the age of 86.

35	Name:	Dr. Charles E. Rosenberg
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Charles Rosenberg received a Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1961. He was a professor of history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania for thirty-five years, and is currently the Ernest E. Monrad Professor in the Social Sciences at Harvard University. Charles Rosenberg is the leading historian of medicine in the United States. His classic book on The Cholera Years shows how New Yorkers responded to three terrifying nineteenth-century cholera epidemics. His riveting account of The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau illuminates the murder trial of the man who killed President Garfield. And his chief book to date, The Care of Strangers, traces the evolution of the American hospital system into the institution that we know today. In all his work, Rosenberg demonstrates a total mastery of his subject, and he always places medical developments within the broader context of economic, scientific, intellectual, and social change. His other works include The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and Law in the Gilded Age (1968); No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1976); Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine, 1992; and among numerous articles, "Meanings, Policies, and Medicine: On the Bioethical Enterprise and History" (1999). Dr. Rosenberg is the recipient of the William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine and the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society. He serves on the board of directors for the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Antiquarian Society, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Association for the History of Medicine, of which he was president from 1992-94. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

36	Name:	Dr. Emma Rothschild
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Emma Rothschild received an M.A. at Oxford University in 1967 and was associate professor of humanities and associate professor of science, technology and society at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for ten years. She was a Fellow of King's College in Cambridge and the director of its Centre for History and Economics 1991-2007. She moved to Harvard University in the summer of 2007 where she is now a professor of history. Among the leading historians of the Enlightenment, Dr. Rothschild's scholarly work focuses on the history of European economic ideas. She established herself as one of the most important writers on economics and technology when she published her first book, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age (1973), in which she foretold the decline of the American auto industry by tracking the history of its rise and fall. Dr. Rothschild's other books include Science and Technology in the New Socio-Economic Context (1981) and Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment (2001). In the latter, which established her as one of the leading historians of the Enlightenment period, Dr. Rothschild explored misunderstandings of early and modern theorists of free trade with regard to the belief that economic order would arise out of an unregulated environment. More than many other scholars of economic thought, she has shown the wide range of ideas that Smith produced, revealing the many sides of his analysis of the world economy. Over the last 25 years Dr. Rothschild has served on numerous boards and committees in academia, research, and public policy in the United Kingdom and the world at large. She is also co-editor of The Rise and Fall of Historical Political Economy. Her current projects include a short book on anxiety and colonial administration in France; "The Inner Life of Empires," about an adventurous family in 18th-century Scotland; and a book about the East India Company and the American Revolution. Emma Rothschild was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

37	Name:	Dr. Eric M. Shooter
	Institution:	Stanford University School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	March 21, 2018

	Eric M. Shooter received a Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1950. He worked at the Stanford University School of Medicine starting in 1968, serving as professor of genetics and professor of biochemistry (1968-75), chairman of the neurosciences Ph.D. program (1972-82) and chairman of neurobiology (1975-87). Dr. Shooter was known for his research on the isolation, characterization, and mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF) and his identification and study of the gene responsible for the major inherited disease of the human peripheral nervous system, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 1A disease. He was the first to show that NGF and the neurotrophins mediate their actions through two distinct receptors and how these receptors cooperate in these processes, as well as identifying key genes, induced by NGF, that are important regulators of axonal growth. Dr. Shooter showed that the gene mediating CMT1A disease codes for a new myelin protein, PMP22, and that demyelination of peripheral nerves occurs because mutations in, or duplications of, this gene lead to aberrant trafficking of PMP22 in the Schwann cell. His discovery of this gene has led to the identification of other myelin genes involved in CMT diseases and laid the groundwork for understanding both the genetic basis of these diseases and their underlying mechanisms. Dr. Shooter received the Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award in 1992, the Ralph W. Gerard Prize of the Society for Neuroscience in 1995, and the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research in 1997. He was a member of the Royal Society of London and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002. Eric M. Shooter died March 21, 2018 at the age of 93.

38	Name:	Professor Erika Simon
	Institution:	University of Würzburg
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	February 15, 2019

	Erika Simon was born in Ludwigshafen (then in the suburb Rheingönheim), and from 1930 she lived in Aschaffenburg/Main (not far from Frankfurt) where she attended high school. Then from 1947 on she was a student at Heidelberg University and Munich University. From 1953-59 she was an assistant at Mainz University, and from 1959-63 she was a Docent at Heidelberg University. She had a visiting position from 1961-62 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. From 1964-94 she was Professor of Classical Archaeology at Würzburg University and Director of the Antiquities in Martin-von-Wagner Museum. She has been professor emerita since 1994. Dr. Simon is the author of Die Götter der Griechen (1969); Das antike Theater (1972); Pergamon und Hesiod (1975); Festivals of Attica, An Archaeological Commentary (1983); Die konstantinischen Deckengemälde in Trier (1986); Die Götter der Römer (1990); and Ausgewahlte Schriften I/II (1998). She is a member of the German Archaeological Institute and has honorary doctorates at Athens and Thessaloniki Universities.

39	Name:	The Honorable Sonia Sotomayor
	Institution:	United States Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Sonia Sotomayor received a B.A.. summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1976 and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1979. She was an assistant district attorney for New York County until 1984 when she joined the law firm Pavia & Harcourt, becoming a partner in 1988. She was a member of the board of directors of the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1980-92, and she became the U.S. District Judge of the Southern District of New York in 1992. She served as a U.S. Court of Appeals Judge, 2nd Circuit, 1998 to 2009, and she was also a lecturer at Columbia Law School and a former adjunct professor at New York University School of Law. President Barack Obama nominated her for the Supreme Court seat left vacant when Justice Souter announced his retirement. She was confirmed and on August 8, 2009, she was sworn in as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Sotomayor has been widely recognized as one of the ablest federal judges. Her opinions are exceptionally thoughtful, courageous, and clear headed. She showed these qualities as a trial judge in her powerful and controversial opinion during the baseball strike and continued to do so on the Court of Appeals. Before becoming a judge she was a distinguished international lawyer and is viewed on the court as one of the leading experts on comparative and international legal problems. Justice Sotomayor has been honored with the M. Taylor Pyne Honor Prize from Princeton University, the Charles W. Froessel Award of the New York Law School Law Review, the Distinguished Lawyers Award from Lawyers College of Puerto Rico, the Lance Liebman Nice Guys/Gals Do Not Necessarily Finish Last Award from the Columbia Law School Center for Public Interest Law, the Katharine Hepburn Medal (2015), the John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service (2015), the Hispanic Heritage Foundation's Leadership Award, and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Law (2020). Justice Sotomayor has received honorary degrees from Brooklyn Law School, Princeton University, Herbert H. Lehman College, Pace University and Northeastern University. Additionally, Bryn Mawr College awarded her the 2015 Katherine Hepburn Medal. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002. She is the author of My Beloved World, 2013; The Beloved World of Sonia Sotomayor, 2018; and Turning Pages: My Life Story, 2018. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2018.

40	Name:	Dr. Joan E. Spero
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Joan E. Spero is an expert in international political economy. Her book The Politics of International Economic Relations is currently in its 7th edition and has been translated into numerous languages. From 2011-2018, Ms Spero was a Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, and from 2009-2010 was a Visiting Scholar at the Foundation Center. Ms Spero served as Founding President of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation from its inception in 1997 until 2008. From 1993 to 1997, Ms. Spero served in the U.S. Department of State as Undersecretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, and from 1981 to 1993 held several positions at American Express Company, the last being Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and Communications. Joan was Ambassador to the United Nations for Economic and Social Affairs from 1980 to 1981 and an Assistant Professor at Columbia University from 1973 to 1979. Currently, Ms. Spero is a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy, the American Philosophical Society, the Century Association, the Council of American Ambassadors, the Council of Chief Executives and the Council on Foreign Relations where she served on the Board of Directors from 2001 to 2011. She recently concluded her tenure as a Trustee of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and is a Trustee Emeritus of Columbia University, Amherst College, and the Brookings Institution. Ms. Spero previously served as a director of Citigroup, IBM, International Paper, ING, First Data Corporation, Delta Airlines, and Hercules. She is married to C. Michael Spero. They have two sons and four grandchildren.

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