Subdivision
• | 101. Astronomy |
(3)
| • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(1)
| • | 103. Engineering |
(1)
| • | 104. Mathematics |
(1)
| • | 106. Physics |
(1)
| • | 107 |
(1)
| • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(5)
| • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(1)
| • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(1)
| • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(2)
| • | 205. Microbiology |
(1)
| • | 209. Neurobiology |
(2)
| • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(2)
| • | 302. Economics |
(3)
| • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(3)
| • | 401. Archaeology |
(1)
| • | 402b |
(1)
| • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(1)
| • | 404a |
(1)
| • | 404b |
(1)
| • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(2)
| • | 406. Linguistics |
(1)
| • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(2)
| • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(8)
|
| 41 | Name: | Dr. Kirk Varnedoe | | Institution: | Institute for Advanced Study & The Museum of Modern Art | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | Subdivision: | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences | | Residency: | Resident | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | Birth Date: | 1946 | | Death Date: | August 14, 2003 | | | |
42 | Name: | Dr. Alexander Varshavsky | | Institution: | California Institute of Technology | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | Subdivision: | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology | | Residency: | Resident | | Living? : |
Living
| | Birth Date: | 1946 | | | | | Alexander Varshavsky is the co-founder, together with Avram Hershko (Technion, Haifa, Israel), of the field of ubiquitin and regulated protein degradation. In the 1980s, Dr. Varshavsky and coworkers discovered the first physiological functions of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis (in the cell cycle, DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis and stress responses), the first degradation signals in short-lived proteins, and several crucial mechanistic attributes of the ubiquitin system. Thanks to this singularly important work, studies of the ubiquitin system have become a major arena of modern biology. Other contributions by Dr. Varshavsky include his discovery of the first exposed (nucleosome-free) regions in chromosomes, elucidation of the catenane-based mechanism for segregation of daughter DNA during chromosome replication, and several widely used biochemical and genetic methods. A graduate of the Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow (1973), Dr. Varshavsky served on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1977-92 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he is Howard and Gwen Laurie Smits Professor of Cell Biology. In 2008 he received a EUREKA grant from the National Institutes of Health and the inaugural Gotham Prize for Cancer Research, an annual million dollar award established to encourage new and innovative approaches to cancer research. He was awarded the King Faisal International Prize for Science in 2012 and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, founded by Yuri Milnor, in 2013. | |
43 | Name: | Dr. Eugen Weber | | Institution: | University of California, Los Angeles | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | Residency: | Resident | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | Birth Date: | 1925 | | Death Date: | May 17, 2007 | | | |
44 | Name: | Dr. Mark S. Wrighton | | Institution: | Washington University in St. Louis | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | Residency: | Resident | | Living? : |
Living
| | Birth Date: | 1949 | | | | | Before being named chancellor of Washington University in 1995, Mark Wrighton served for five years as provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was an assistant professor at M.I.T. at the age of 23 and, fifteen years later, became chairman of the Department of Chemistry. Dr. Wrighton's gifts as a teacher, administrator and scientist are widely recognized. For his achievements has received the Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, the Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Grant, and the American Chemist Society Award in Pure Chemistry, among other honors. From 1983-88 he was a MacArthur Fellow, and he is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences; the American Chemical Society; and the Electrochemical Society. In 2018 he was named a leader of United Way community campaigns. Mark Wrighton was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. | |
45 | Name: | Sir Anthony Wrigley | | Institution: | The British Academy; University of Cambridge; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | Subdivision: | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology | | Residency: | International | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | Birth Date: | 1931 | | Death Date: | February 24. 2022 | | | | | E.A. Wrigley (Sir Tony) was president of the British Academy from 1997-2001. Educated at Cambridge University, he was awarded a Ph.D. degree in 1957. Initially working in the field of geography, he is now best characterized as a historical demographer, a discipline that combines geography with economic history. In 1965, he co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, serving as its co-director from 1974-94. During this time, he also held single year appointments at both the Institute for Advanced Study and Johns Hopkins University. Sir Tony has held chairs in Population Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Studies and in Economic History at Cambridge. During this period, he published, along with R.S. Schofield, the exhaustive study, The Population History of England, 1541-1871 (1981). He also served as co-editor of an eight volume collection entitled The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus. From 1988-94, he served as a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and as president of Manchester College. He left both posts in 1994 to become Master of Corpus Christi College, a position he held until 2000. Sir Tony has been awarded the title of Knight Bachelor (1996) for his services to historical demography as well as the 1997 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. | |
46 | Name: | Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel | | Institution: | Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | Subdivision: | 209. Neurobiology | | Residency: | International | | Living? : |
Living
| | Birth Date: | 1944 | | | | | Rolf Zinkernagel received an M.D. in 1968 from the University of Basel and a Ph.D. in 1975 from the Australian National University. He was a professor in the Department of Pathology at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (1976-79) and a professor at the University Hospital in Zurich (1979-88). He has been a full professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zurich since 1992. Rolf Zinkernagel elucidated the biologic significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted adaptive immune response. This kind of response provides protection from a panoply of viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa that have no or low cytotoxicity and, coincidentally, is the fundamental barrier to in-species tissue and organ transplantation (e.g. human to human organ and bone marrow transplantation). Dr. Zinkernagel was awarded the Lasker Award in 1995. In 1996 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense." He was elected as an international fellow of the Royal Society and an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. | |
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