APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Ralph Landau
	Institution:	Stanford University & Listowel, Inc.
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	April 6, 2004

22	Name:	Dr. Peter D. Lax
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1926

	Peter D. Lax is a most distinguished mathematician who has earned renown for his contributions in both pure and applied mathematics. One of many methods named after him is Lax pairs, which came from his analysis of fluid dynamics. His name is connected with many major mathematical results and numerical methods, including the Lax equivalence theorem, Lax-Friedrichs scheme, Lax-Wendroff scheme, Lax entropy condition, and Lax-Levermore theory. His work covers all aspects of partial differential equations. In linear theory it includes his fundamental oscillatory approximation for solving hyperbolic equations, which led to the theory of Fourier Integral Operators. His famous collaboration with R.S. Phillips involves extremely deep work in scattering theory and connects with problems on automorphic functions in hyperbolic geometry. Dr. Lax has also done basic work in numerical analysis for partial differential equations. In nonlinear theory he has done fundamental work on shock waves, and on KdV equations: completely integrable systems possessing solition solutions. A native of Hungary, Dr. Lax earned his Ph.D. from New York University in 1949 and has served at NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences since 1958. He has also directed the Courant Mathematics and Computing Lab and is currently Professor of Mathematics Emeritus. Dr. Lax has won many honors such as the Chauvenet Prize (1974), the National Medal of Science (1986), the Wolf Prize (1987), the Abel Prize (2005) and membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Lax is the author of numerous works, including textbooks on functional analysis, linear algebra, calculus and partial differential equations.

23	Name:	Dr. Nelson J. Leonard
	Institution:	University of Illinois & California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	October 9, 2006

24	Name:	Dr. Raphael David Levine
	Institution:	Hebrew University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Raphael Levine is Max Born Professor of Natural Philosophy at Hebrew University. He describes his work like so: "A central concern of Chemistry is the transformation of matter to create new materials. We call such transmutations 'chemical reactions'. I try to understand what makes chemical reactions go. I also seek to view them on the most highly resolved level, that of the actual molecules undergoing the change. As the starting materials evolve into the products, how do the atoms move, what energetic constraints operate and are there any steric requirements. I am a theorist but I do attempt to find out what are the concerns of my experimental colleagues. Currently the systems we study are larger than before and we are able to explore further away from equilibrium. One line of such activity is chemistry under extreme conditions. We are also able to take into account inherently quantum mechanical features such as when processes occur simultaneously on several electronic states (so called, the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation)." His most recent book, Molecular Reaction Dynamics (2005) provides more details. Dr. Levine's research methods include molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical methods. Often he seeks a more compact description. For this, methodologies based on information theory and on algebraic quantum mechanics are useful. In particular, they provide methods of data reduction (e.g., surprisal analysis) which can also be used in a predictive model. He prefers models that emphasize key aspects of the problem and allow for a simple conceptual picture of the dynamics as much as exact numerical simulations. He also indulges in examining more abstract issues.

25	Name:	Dr. Rodolfo R. Llinas
	Institution:	New York University School of Medicine; Warburg Pincus
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Rodolfo Llinás was born in Bogota, Colombia in 1934. He went to the Gimnasio Moderno school and received his M.D. from the Universidad Javeriana, Bogota (1959) and his Ph.D. in 1965 from the Australian National University working under Sir John Eccles. Professor Llinás is presently the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman of the Department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the NYU School of Medicine. He has published over 400 scientific articles and is especially known for his work on the physiology of the cerebellum and the thalamus as well as for his pioneering work on the inferior olive, on the squid giant synapse and on human magnetoencephalography (MEG). Dr. Llínas is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1986), the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996), the Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (Madrid) (1996) and the French Academy of Science (2002).

26	Name:	Dr. Thomas Noel Mitchell
	Institution:	Trinity College, Dublin
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	The 2002 recipient of the Society's Henry Allen Moe Prize in the Humanities is Thomas Noel Mitchell, Provost Emeritus of Trinity College, Dublin, in recognition of his paper "Roman Republicanism: The Underrated Legacy," delivered at the symposium "Rome: The Tide of Influence" on April 28, 2000, and published in our Proceedings in June 2001. Proceeding from a study of Cicero's De Republica and De Legibus, Dr. Mitchell shows that when Cicero seeks the specific principles of justice about which rightminded people could be expected to agree, he no longer looks to Greek philosophy to point the way, but focuses firmly on Roman experience. The departure from Plato and Aristotle and the dependence on Roman statutory law and custom are clearly demonstrated, as are the many ways in which the Roman system and Cicero's exposition of its theoretical foundations identified all the key ideas that later formed the heart of liberal theory from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth and helped to shape the views of the framers of the American Constitution. Dr. Mitchell received a B.A. and M.A. at University College, Galway, with First Class Honors, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1966. He was a professor of Classics at Swarthmore College until 1979 when he moved back to Ireland as professor of Latin at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1991 he was appointed Provost of Trinity College, a post he held until his retirement last year. He is the author of three major books: Cicero, the Ascending Years (1979), a study of Cicero's early life and analysis of the workings of personal relations and of factionalism in Roman politics; Cicero: Verrines II.1 (1986), a text and translation of one of Cicero's greatest speeches and an extended commentary analyzing Ciceronian prose and the rhetorical precepts and techniques that shaped his oratory; and Cicero, the Senior Statesman (1990), a study of Cicero's later life and the events that led to the dramatic collapse of the Roman Republic. Professor Mitchell is author of more than two dozen articles in international journals on various aspects of Roman political and social history and Roman constitutional law. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996.

27	Name:	Dr. Cathleen S. Morawetz
	Institution:	New York University & New York Mayor's Commission on Science & Technology
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	August 8, 2017

	Mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz was born in Toronto, Canada in 1923. She graduated from the University of Toronto in 1945 and received her master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She then earned her Ph.D. at New York University with a thesis on the stability of a spherical implosion. She became an assistant professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU in 1957 and remained at NYU throughout her career, serving as the Institute's director from 1984-88. Dr. Morawetz is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a former president of the American Mathematical Society and the recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996. Her research focused mainly on the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow, particularly those of mixed type occurring in transonic flow. She died August 8, 2017 at the age of 94 at home in Manhattan.

28	Name:	Dr. Georges Le Rider
	Institution:	Collège de France & l'Institut de France
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	July 3, 2014

	French historian Georges le Rider was a professor at the Collège de France, a member of l'Institut de France and a specialist in Greek numismatics. Born in Saint-Hernin in 1928, he became a member of the French School of Athens in 1952 and of the French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut in 1955. In 1958 he began his career at the Bibliothèque Nationale, where he would serve as conservator and director of the department of medals, currencies and antiques. In 1975 he was named General Administrator of the Bibliothèque Nationale. He served in this capacity until 1981 when he assumed direction of the French Institute of Anatolian Studies in Istanbul. Georges le Rider also served as a professor at the University of Lille and as director of the CNRS research group. At the Collège de France he focused on economic and monetary history. His published works include the three volume "Etudes d'histoire monetaire et financiere du monde grec. Ecrits 1958-1998," (with François de Callatay) "Séleucides and Ptolémées: The Monetary and Financial Heritage of Alexander the Great" (2006), and Alexander the Great: Coinage, Finance and Policy (2007). Georges Le Rider died on July 3, 2014 at the age of 86 in Givors, Rhône, France.

29	Name:	Dr. Malvin A. Ruderman
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1927

	Malvin A. Ruderman is Centennial Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Columbia University. His main research interests in recent years have been the structure of neutron stars and how these objects convert so much of the spin-energy which they have when they are formed into beams of high energy radiation. Dr. Ruderman holds a B.A. from Columbia (1945) and a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology (1951). Among his recent publications is "A Biography of the Magnetic Field of a Neutron Star" (2004).

30	Name:	Dr. Jeremy A. Sabloff
	Institution:	Santa Fe Institute; University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Jeremy A. Sabloff served as President of the Santa Fe Institute from 2009 to 2015 and continues as an external faculty fellow. He also is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Pennsylvania and held the position of Williams Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology from 1994 to 2004. Dr. Sabloff's research centers on archaeological theory and method and the history of American archaeology as well as the nature of ancient civilizations. More specifically, he studies pre-industrial urbanism and the use of settlement pattern studies to illuminate the development of urban organization. His field research has focused on the Maya lowlands and the study of the transition from Classic to Postclassic Maya civilization. Dr. Sabloff is the former president of the Society for American Archaeology and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1969 and has previously held positions at Harvard and the Universities of New Mexico, Utah and Pittsburgh. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996. In 2016 he received the Kidder Award from the American Anthropological Association.

31	Name:	Dr. Elwyn LaVerne Simons
	Institution:	Duke University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	March 6, 2016

	Dr. Elwyn L. Simons is primarily interested in the history, general biology, and behavior of living and extinct primates. His research concerns focus on the early evolution of anthropoids in the late Eocene and early Oligocene of the Fayum Depression, Egypt; the paleoecology, dating, taphonomy, anatomy, and relationships of extinct placentals from these sites; dating, extinctions, anatomy, and relationships of giant subfossil lemurs of Madagascar; behavioral and conservation studies of extant Malagasy lemurs; and the evolutionary history and relationships of middle and late Tertiary apes, as well as Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Dr. Simons has led over 70 field expeditions to Egypt, Madagascar, India, Iran, Nepal, and Wyoming. He has held professional appointments at Yale (1960-77) and Duke Universities (1977-) and was the Director (1977-91) and Scientific Director (1991-2001) of the Duke Primate Center. He has authored nearly 300 scientific publications and is the holder of many high honors. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences as well as many other professional associations. He was elected a "Knight of the National Order" by the government of Madagascar and has been the recipient of awards including the Charles R. Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.

32	Name:	Dr. John A. Simpson
	Institution:	Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	August 31, 2000

33	Name:	Dr. Theodore R. Sizer
	Institution:	Coalition of Essential Schools, Brown University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	October 21, 2009

	Among America's leading educational reformers, Theodore R. Sizer is currently Professor Emeritus in Education at Brown University. He is the founder of the Coalition of Essential Schools (CES), an organization dedicated to creating and sustaining equitable, intellectually vibrant, personalized schools and to making such schools the norm of American public education. From 1964-72, Dr. Sizer was dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Later, he was headmaster of Phillips Academy (Andover, MA) from 1972-81. In 1983, he joined the faculty of Brown University, where he served as founding director of the Annenberg Institute for School Reform and founded CES. Later, Dr. Sizer served with his wife, Nancy Faust Sizer, as co-principal of the Francis W. Parker Charter Essential School in Devens, MA. Among Dr. Sizer's several books, those of his "Horace" series (e.g., Horace's Compromise) on school reform are classics in the field. They center on the professional challenges of a fictional high-school English teacher named Horace Smith. His most recent book is The Red Pencil: Convictions from Experience in Education (2004). A historian by training, he was educated at Yale (B.A.) and Harvard (M.A.T., Ph.D.) Universities. He is the recipient of numerous honorary degrees.

34	Name:	Dr. Patricia Meyer Spacks
	Institution:	University of Virginia
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1929

	Combining groundbreaking feminist theory with historical research, Patricia Meyer Spacks has published some 20 highly regarded books and 60 scholarly essays. Her works include "The Female Imagination", for which she received a National Book Award nomination; "Poetry of Vision," "Imagining a Self," "Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth Century Novels," "Gossip" and "Boredom: The Literary History of a State of Mind." Dr. Spacks is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, of which she was president from 2000 to 2006, and the American Society for 18th Century Studies. Since 1976 she has held numerous positions in the Modern Language Association, including president in 1994. She is Edgar F. Shannon, Jr. Professor of English Emerita at the University of Virginia. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996. She won Phi Beta Kappa's Award for Distinguished Serivce to the Humanities in 2012.

35	Name:	Dr. Phillip V. Tobias
	Institution:	University of Witwatersrand
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	June 7, 2012

	Phillip Tobias was one of South Africa's most honoured and decorated scientists and a leading expert on human prehistoric ancestors. His research was mainly in the fields of paleoanthropology and the human biology of African people. He studied the Kalahari San, the Tonga peoples of Zambia and numerous races of Southern Africa. Phillip Tobias was best known for his research on hominid fossils and human evolution, having studied and described hominid fossils from Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Zambia. His best known work was on the hominids of East Africa, particularly those of the Olduvai Gorge. Collaborating with Louis Leakey, he identified, described and named the new species Homo habilis. Cambridge University Press published two volumes on the fossils of Homo habilis from the Olduvai Gorge. Dr. Tobias is also closely linked with the archaeological excavation at the Sterkfontein site, a research programme he initiated in 1966. Dr. Tobias holds B.Sc. (Hons), MBBCh, Ph.D. and D.Sc. Degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand, where he spent his entire student and working career. He chaired the Department of Anatomy and Human Biology for 32 years and served as Professor and Head of Anatomy and Human Biology until his retirement in 1993. He is believed to have taught over 10,000 students during his 50 years at the medical school. Dr. Tobias published over 600 journal articles and authored or co-authored 33 books and edited or co-edited eight others. He has received honorary degrees from seventeen universities and other academic institutions in South Africa, the United States of America, Canada and Europe. He was elected as a fellow, associate or honorary member of over 28 learned societies. These include being elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996. Among the many medals, awards and prizes he has received are the Balzan International Prize for Physical Anthropology, the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1997) and the Walter Sisulu Special Contribution Award (2007) in recognition of his efforts to promote the ideals of the City of Johannesburg. Because of his renown, Dr. Tobias could have worked just about anywhere, but he chose to stay in South Africa even though he and other researchers there were sometimes shunned by scientists from other countries and barred from international conferences as a show of condemnation of South Africa's apartheid policy, which he, too, opposed. He made fiery anti-apartheid speeches to academic audiences and crowds of demonstrators at the university and said that scientists in particular had to speak out against segregationist policies based on false ideas about racial differences. Phillip V. Tobias died on June 7, 2012, at the age of 86 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

36	Name:	Dr. David B. Wake
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	April 29, 2021

	David B. Wake had been at Berkeley since 1969, and since July, 2003, was Professor Emeritus of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught evolutionary biology and conducted research in that field. He was recalled for research duty as Professor of the Graduate School. He spent the first 17 years of his life in rural South Dakota, graduated from Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington, and received his doctoral education at the University of Southern California under the sponsorship of Jay M. Savage. Dr. Wake was on the faculty of the University of Chicago before moving to Berkeley. His initial appointments at Berkeley were in the Department of Zoology and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he continues to serve as a curator of Herpetology. In 1972 he became director of the museum, serving continuously until 1999, when he resumed his position as Curator of Herpetology. From 1998-2002 Dr. Wake was Chairman of the Faculty Advisory Committee for the Systemwide University of California Natural Reserve system. He was the first holder of the John and Margaret Gompertz Chair in Integrative Biology (1991-97) and was the Faculty Research Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2004. Dr. Wake's research career has been driven by the general question of how lineages diversify at different hierarchical levels during their evolution. He uses molecular, cellular, tissue, whole organismal and populational approaches to study development, functional morphology, neuroanatomy, population biology, geographical ecology, phylogeography, systematics, and conservation biology. The research focus is amphibians, especially salamanders. Special attention has been given to the largest family, the lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae), the only salamander lineage that has occupied tropical environments, all in the New World. Explanations for the tropical invasion have led to generalizations about the nature of lineage diversification, factors responsible for structural and functional innovation, and adaptive radiations. In his systematic research more than 50 new species have been discovered and described, including ten from California alone. Dr. Wake has authored more than 340 scientific papers and books. The plight of amphibians around the world and implications of their decline and disappearance were first highlighted by Wake at a National Research Council workshop in 1990. He was a co-founder and first director of the international Task Force on Declining Amphibian Populations of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and was an active participant in the recently concluded Global Amphibian Assessment. A successful website, AmphibiaWeb, was launched in 2000 under his leadership, and he continues to direct it. His interests in this area and as a curator led to new developments in the field of biodiversity informatics and he was Principal Investigator for HerpNET, a recently concluded five year, NSF sponsored program in which a consortium of 36 institutions is developing a distributed database for more than 5 million specimens of amphibians and reptiles around the world. He is also a Principal Investigator of a five-year project in NSF's Annotated Tree of Life Program, AmphibiaTree, being conducted by scientists at four major universities. More than 40 graduate students have received doctoral degrees under Dr. Wake's guidance, and he has sponsored many postdoctoral scholars as well. He was elected president of the American Society of Zoologists, the Society for the Study of Evolution, and the American Society of Naturalists, and served as editor of the journal Evolution. At the University of Chicago he won the Quantrell Award for excellence in teaching. In 2002-03 he was Alexander Agassiz Visiting Professor at Harvard University. A former Guggenheim Fellow, Dr. Wake also was the recipient of the Outstanding Herpetologist award (Herpetologists League), the Joseph Grinnell Medal (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), the Henry S. Fitch Award (American Society of Ichythyologists and Herpetologists) and the Joseph Leidy Medal (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia) for his scientific work. He was awarded the Berkeley Citation in 2006. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences and the California Academy of Sciences. Dr. Wake is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Science, and the National Academy of Sciences. He died on April 29, 2021.

37	Name:	Dr. Don Craig Wiley
	Institution:	Harvard & Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1944
	Death Date:	November 16, 2001

38	Name:	Sir Robert Wilson
	Institution:	University College of London
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1938
	Death Date:	September 2, 2002

39	Name:	Mr. Edgar S. Woolard
	Institution:	DuPont
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Edgar S. Woolard, Jr. was born in North Carolina in 1934. He graduated from North Carolina State University in 1956 with an industrial engineering degree and took a job at DuPont's Kinston, North Carolina plant the next year. He quickly demonstrated an aptitude for management, and during the 1960s he held supervisory positions at Kinston, Wilmington and Old Hickory. As managing director of the Textile Marketing Division during the economic downturn of the mid-1970s, Woolard took a hard look at DuPont's corporate performance. His conclusion was that the company could no longer depend on big scientific breakthroughs and huge manufacturing facilities. Instead he focused on lowering costs and streamlining the production process. In the late 1970s, as general manager of Textile Fibers, Woolard worked closely with customers and suppliers in pursuit of more efficient textile manufacturing. After he was elected executive vice president and appointed to the Board of Directors in 1983, Woolard streamlined management and production in three other departments: Agricultural Chemicals, Photo Products and the Medical Division. Woolard was elected president and chief operating officer in 1987 and chief executive officer two years later, a period when DuPont faced economic recession, the loss of important markets to competitors, and a possible takeover. To streamline corporate decision making, Woolard eliminated the Executive Committee and directed department managers to report directly to the CEO. These measures cut corporate costs $3 billion between 1991 and 1994. Woolard also initiated DuPont's joint venture with Merck Pharmaceutical and major investments in new agricultural chemicals. Woolard retired from DuPont in December 1995.

40	Name:	Dr. Harriet Zuckerman
	Institution:	Andrew W. Mellon Foundation & Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Harriet Zuckerman was Professor of Sociology at Columbia University and chaired the department 1978-1982. She became Professor Emerita in 1991. She was a Senior Vice President and a Senior Fellow of the the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1991 to 2013. She received her A.B. from Vassar College and Ph.D. from Columbia University. Dr. Zuckerman's research has focused on the social organization of science and scholarship. The author of Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, among other volumes, she is also a co-author of Educating Scholars: Doctoral Education in the Humanities and co- editor of The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. She has also published papers in scholarly journals on such subjects as the reward system in science, scientific misconduct, intellectual property rights in science and scholarship, the history and operation of the refereeing in scientific journals, the emergence of scientific specialties, the careers of men and women scientists, the diffusion of concepts and terms in science and scholarship and the financing of humanistic research and inquiry. She has served on the editorial boards of a number of journals, including the American Sociological Review and the American Journal of Sociology, and is on the board of reviewing editors of Science. Currently a member of the board of directors of Annual Reviews, Inc., a scholarly publisher, Dr. Zuckerman has also served on the committee on selection of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation as well as its educational advisory board, on the boards of directors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Social Science Research Council, as a trustee of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and as President of the Society for Social Studies of Science. Dr. Zuckerman has held a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship and fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and the Russell Sage Foundation. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1996 and served as its Vice President 2006-2012.

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