Subdivision
| • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(2)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(1)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(2)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(3)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(2)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(1)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(1)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(3)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(1)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(1)
| | • | 402a |
(1)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(3)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(1)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(3)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(7)
|
| | 1 | Name: | Dr. Claude Jean Allègre | | | Institution: | Institut Physique du Globe de Paris | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 105. Physical Earth Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1937 | | | | | | |
Claude Allègre was a professor of geochemistry at the University of Paris VI (Pierre and Marie Curie) since 1970, and became professor emeritus at the Institut Physique du Globe de Paris in 2009. He is a world leader in isotope geochemistry and is responsible for bringing this research area into flower in France. His research in a wide variety of isotopic problems with particular emphasis on earth structure and earth dynamics has been of continuing excitement to the scientific community throughout the world. He has been active in unifying the earth sciences community in Europe and is a founder of the European Union of Geosciences, for which he served as president. Dr. Allègre has also been active politically, having served as Minister of Education of France from 1997 to 2000. He has been a major leader in revitalizing science education and research in France. A brilliant and stimulating speaker with wide interests, Dr. Allègre is the author of three books on the development of geosciences for a general audience. His scientific accomplishments have been recognized with many medals and honors, including the Day Medal of the Geological Society of America and the V.M. Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society. In 1986 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him the Crafoord Prize for his work in isotope geochemistry with G.J. Wasserburg. | |
| 2 | Name: | Dr. Wayne Clayson Booth | | | Institution: | University of Chicago | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | October 10, 2005 | | | | |
| 3 | Name: | Dr. Kenneth Bourne | | | Institution: | London School of Economics, University of London | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1930 | | | Death Date: | 12/13/92 | | | | |
| 4 | Name: | Mr. J. Carter Brown | | | Institution: | Ovation - The Arts Network & National Gallery of Art | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1934 | | | Death Date: | June 17, 2002 | | | | |
| 5 | Name: | Professor Alan Cameron | | | Institution: | Columbia University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1938 | | | Death Date: | July 31, 2017 | | | | | | |
Alan Cameron was a British classicist and Charles Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature at Columbia University. He taught for nearly 30 years at Columbia, before which time he served for 13 years as lecturer and reader in Latin and professor of Latin Language and Literature at Kings' College London. Dr. Cameron's areas of expertise include Hellenistic and Roman poetry; later Roman literature; Byyzantium; and the transmission of texts. He was awarded the American Philological Association's Goodwin Award of Merit in classical scholarship in 1997 and was honored with the Lionel Trilling Book Award for an outstanding book by a Columbia faculty member for his work Greek Mythography in the Roman World (2004). The latter work traces the beginnings of different versions of myths, including those fabricated in ancient times, while exploring the ways in which ancient Romans learned the myths that pervaded their culture's art. Dr. Cameron's other important works include Porphyrius the Charioteer (1973); Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium (1976); and Literature and Society in the Early Byzantine World (1985). He was a member of the British Academy and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. Alan Cameron died July 31, 2017, at the age of 79, in New York. | |
| 6 | Name: | His Majesty Juan Carlos | | | Institution: | King of Spain | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1938 | | | | | | |
Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon was born in 1938 in Rome, where the Spanish Royal Family was living at that time, having had to leave Spain when the Republic was proclaimed in 1931. He is the son of Don Juan de Borbon y Battenberg, Count of Barcelona and Head of the Spanish Royal Household ever since King Alfonso XIII had relinquished this status, and Dona Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Orleans. At the express wish of his father, he was educated in Spain, which he visited for the first time at the age of ten. In 1954 he completed his Baccalaureate at the San Isidro School in Madrid, and in 1955 began his studies at the Academies and Military Colleges of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. During this time he carried out his practice voyage as a midshipman on the training ship Juan Sebastian Elcano and qualified as a military pilot. In 1960-61 he completed his education at Madrid's Complutense University, where he studied constitutional and international law, economics and taxation. On May 14th, 1962, he married Princess Sofia of Greece, the eldest daughter of King Paul I and Queen Federika, in Athens. After their honeymoon, the Prince and Princess went to live at the Palacio de la Zarzuela, on the outskirts of Madrid, which is still their residence. In 1963 the first of their three children, Princess Elena, was born, followed, two years later, by Princess Cristina and finally, in 1968, by Prince Felipe. After his designation as future successor to the Head of State in 1969, he embarked on a series of official activities, touring Spain and visiting many foreign countries, including France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, Japan, China and India. Upon the death of the previous Head of State, Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was proclaimed King on November 22nd, 1975. In his first message to the nation he expressed the basic ideas of his reign, to restore democracy and become King of all Spaniards, without exception. The transition to democracy, under the guidance of a new Government, began with the Law on Political Reform in 1976. In May 1977, the Count of Barcelona transferred to the King his dynasty rights and his position as head of the Spanish Royal Household, at a ceremony which confirmed the fulfillment of the role incumbent on the Crown in the restoration of democracy. A month later the first democratic election since 1936 was held, and the new parliament drafted the text of the current Constitution, which was approved in a referendum on December 6th, 1978. The Constitution established as the form of government of the Spanish State that of a parliamentary monarchy, in which the King is the arbiter and overseer of the proper working of the institutions. By giving the royal assent to this Constitution, King Juan Carlos expressly proclaimed his firm intention to abide by it and serve it. In fact, it was the actions of the Monarch that saved the Constitution and democracy during the night of February 23, 1981, when the constitutional powers had been retained in the Parliament building in an attempted coup. In the course of 18 years the King has toured Europe, Latin America, the United States and Canada, the Middle East, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand and many countries in Africa. He has also addressed many international organizations: the United Nations, the institutions of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, UNESCO, the International Labour Organization and the Arab League. The King has encouraged a new style in conducting relations with Latin America, emphasizing the identifying features of a cultural community based on a common language, and pointing out the need to generate common initiatives and take part in suitable kinds of cooperative activity. The countries of that area have shown great generosity in agreeing on the need to create a permanent framework capable of expressing this new situation, setting objectives and organizing programs and specific lines of action. This is the rationale behind the Latin American Conferences, the first of which was held in Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1991. As a convinced European and a winner of the Charlemagne Award in 1982, Juan Carlos delivers insistent reminders of Spain's European calling throughout its history. The importance of the European Union in the contemporary world and in particular in the areas which are most akin to it, including Latin America, has been stressed by the King in many messages, such as the one he gave at the French National Assembly in 1993. King Juan Carlos, who pays constant attention to the world of intellectual developments and its capacity for innovation, has a special relationship with universities, both in Spain and abroad, where he has had conferred upon him honorary doctorates by the most renowned centers, including the Universities of Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard, amongst many others. He is also an associate member of the Institut de France. He also pays special attention to the future of the Spanish language and the heritage of the community of Spanish speakers. The King is honorary president of the Board of Trustees of the Cervantes Institute, which is dedicated to the dissemination of the Spanish language worldwide, and the Foundation in support of the Royal Academy, to whose setting up in 1993 he contributed out of his own personal patrimony. As a keen practitioner of several sports, such as skiing and sailing, Juan Carlos supports and appreciates sport as a formative influence of unquestionable social value. The presence of the King and Queen and their encouragement of the Spanish Olympic teams during the Games in Barcelona in 1992 attest to the importance which Juan Carlos attaches to this activity. In 2014 Juan Carlos abdicated his throne in favor of his son, Felipe. | |
| 7 | Name: | Dr. Gregory C. Chow | | | Institution: | Princeton University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1929 | | | | | | |
Gregory C. Chow has been a major figure in econometrics and applied economics. Every beginning econometrics student learns the "Chow test", a statistical test for structural change in a regression. However, Dr. Chow's work extends far beyond his eponymous test. He was a major figure in the postwar flowering of econometrics, and his applied work included important research in microeconomics, macroeconomics, and development economics (particularly in reference to Southeast Asia). He has also been a major adviser on economic policy, economic reform, and economic education in both Taiwan and mainland China. Gregory Chow grew up in Guangdong province in South China, one of seven children in a wealthy family. His father, Tin-Pong Chow, served as the chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of Guangzhou (the capital city of Guangdong, formerly Canton) for many years; his mother, Pauline Law Chow, studied in England. When the Japanese invaded China in 1937, the Chow family moved from Guangzhou to Hong Kong where Gregory attended primary school. In 1942, after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the family moved to Macao. The Chow family returned to Guangzhou in 1945, at the end of World War II. At the age of five Gregory learned swimming and the Chinese art of Taichi, both his father's hobbies, and he still practices both almost daily. Dr. Chow entered Cornell University as a sophomore in 1948, after one year at Lingnan University in Guangzhou. Being mathematically inclined, he took advantage of the strong mathematics department at Cornell. But in the economics department, mathematical economics and econometrics were largely absent from the curriculum, and Dr. Chow had to study these topics on his own. He learned enough to know that he wanted to specialize in econometrics. He went on to graduate study at the University of Chicago, entering in the fall of 1951. The 1950s were a heroic period for Chicago economics, with Milton Friedman the dominant intellectual figure. Dr. Chow was strongly influenced by Friedman's views that economic models should be kept simple and judged mainly on their ability to explain the data. At Chicago Dr. Chow took courses from other luminaries, such as the philosopher Rudoph Carnap, Henrik Houthakker, Tjalling Koopmans, William Kruskal, Jacob Marschak, L. J. Savage, and Allan Wallis. He also attended a seminar on methodology in the social sciences organized by Friedrich Hayek. The seminar's participants included the physicist Enrico Fermi, Friedman, Savage, Wallis, and fellow student Gary Becker. Dr. Chow's doctoral dissertation, which became a standard reference in empirical economics, was a study of the factors determining the demand for automobiles. After the publication of his thesis, Dr. Chow was invited by Al Harberger of Chicago to write a paper extending his work. Dr. Chow was curious to see whether the equations he had estimated in his thesis were applicable to data outside the sample period, and so he developed a statistical test for stability of the coefficients of a regression over time. This work was the origin of the Chow test. Dr. Chow's first position after receiving his Ph.D. in 1955 was at the Sloan School of Management of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which had the only economics department that rivaled Chicago in the early 1950s. At M.I.T. during those years Paul Samuelson was doing pioneering work in mathematical economics, and Robert Solow was developing the model of economic growth that remains central to current thinking on growth and business cycles. Thus, at both Chicago and M.I.T., Dr. Chow was fortunate to have been exposed to some of the most fertile thinkers in early postwar economics. From M.I.T., Dr. Chow accepted a tenured position at Cornell, his alma mater, in 1959. But he found the environment there less suitable, and so he accepted an offer from Ralph Gomory to join the IBM Thomas Watson Research Center at Yorktown Heights, New York, for a year. Dr. Chow so liked IBM that after a few months he resigned his professorship at Cornell to join the company---quite an unusual career move at the time. Dr. Chow was highly productive at IBM, doing work in econometrics, applied economics (including studies of the demand for money, the demand for computers, and the multiplier-accelerator model of Keynesian macroeconomics), and dynamic economics. While at IBM Dr. Chow also applied his economic analysis and judgment together with his econometric skills to advise on corporate planning and to solve business problems for the company. Beginning in the middle 1960s, he also visited Taiwan often and served as a major economic adviser to the Taiwanese government. In 1970 Dr. Chow accepted a professorship at Princeton University, succeeding Oskar Morgenstern as the Director of the Econometric Research Program. He remained director for almost three decades, stepping down in 1997. In 2001 Princeton University renamed the Program the Gregory C. Chow Econometric Research Program in his honor. At Princeton he continued to do innovative research in both econometrics and applied economics. His econometric research included the study of simultaneous equation systems, both linear and nonlinear; full-information maximum likelihood estimation; estimation with missing observations; estimation of large macroeconomic models; and modeling and forecasting with time series methods. Combining econometrics, economic theory, and macroeconomics, Dr. Chow did path-breaking work on optimal control theory and its application to stochastic economic systems. In more recent years he developed and championed a solution approach for dynamic optimization problems using Lagrange multiplier methods. Dr. Chow also published a number of monographs and popular textbooks (his econometrics textbook has been translated into Chinese and Polish). Among his eleven books are: Demand for Automobiles for the United States (1957); Analysis and Control of Dynamic Economic Systems (1975); Econometrics (1983); The Chinese Economy (1985); Dynamic Economics (1997); China's Economic Transformation (2002) and Knowing China (2004). From the middle 1960s Dr. Chow became increasingly interested in the economies of Taiwan and later China and Hong Kong, an interest that would result in many scholarly books and articles. Dr. Chow visited East Asia many times, establishing contacts with policy-makers and businesspeople. He observed and influenced the remarkable growth of Taiwan and Hong Kong and played a role in the transformation of the economy of mainland China from a centrally planned economy to one with a large and robust market sector. In the process Dr. Chow has become a well-known figure in China. He also did a great deal for ties between China and the United States, including supporting education programs for Chinese students in both countries. His experiences and writings on China were the basis for a popular undergraduate course on the Chinese economy that Dr. Chow taught regularly at Princeton for many years. What may yet become his most influential book, China's Economic Transformation, was published by Blackwell in early 2002. In this book Dr. Chow studied the process of Chinese economic transformation, as influenced by a combination of historical-institutional factors, government policy choices, and market-based incentives. Dr. Chow is a member of Academia Sinica and a fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the Econometric Society. He was chairman of the American Economic Association's Committee on Exchanges in Economics with the People's Republic of China from 1981-94 and co-chairman of the U.S. Committee on Economics Education and Research in China from 1985-94. He served as adviser to the Premier and the Commission on Restructuring the Economic System of the PRC on the reform of China's economy. He has been appointed Honorary Professor at Fudan, Hainan, Nankai, Shandong, the People's and Zhongshan Universities and the City University of Hong Kong, and has received honorary doctorate degrees from Zhongzhan University and Lingnan University in Hong Kong. Dr. Chow's wife, Paula K. Chow, is the director of Princeton's International Center. She co-founded the center in 1974, with Louise Sayen, as a volunteer organization. With the help of over one hundred volunteers, friends and students, the center serves the needs of Princeton's international and internationally-minded students and scholars. It also has initiated many intercultural programs on and off campus. Paula Chow is a popular figure in the Princeton community, and Gregory often jokes that he is best known in Princeton as Paula's husband. The couple has two sons, John and James, both engineers, and a daughter, Meimei, a radiologist. | |
| 8 | Name: | Dr. F. Albert Cotton | | | Institution: | Texas A & M University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1930 | | | Death Date: | February 20, 2007 | | | | |
| 9 | Name: | The Honorable Sandra Day O'Connor | | | Institution: | United States Supreme Court | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1930 | | | | | | |
Sandra Day O'Connor received her B.A. and LL.B. from Stanford University. She served as Deputy County Attorney of San Mateo County, California, from 1952-53, and as a civilian attorney for Quartermaster Market Center, Frankfurt, Germany, from 1954-57. From 1958-60 she practiced law in Arizona and served as Assistant Attorney General of Arizona from 1965-69. She was appointed to the Arizona State Senate in 1969 and was subsequently reelected to two two-year terms. In 1975 she was elected Judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court and served until 1979, when she was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals. President Reagan nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and she took her seat in 1981, the first woman to sit on the Court. She retired from the Court in 2006.
Justice O'Connor is the author of two books. Her first book, Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest, written with her brother H. Alan Day and released in 2002, is described by the New York Times Book Review as "a loving but clear-eyed portrait of a distinctive and vanished American way of life." Her book In the Majesty of the Law explores the law, her life as a Justice, and how the Court has evolved as an American institution. In 2013 she wrote Out of Order: Stories from the History of the Supreme Court. In cooperation wtih Georgetown University Law Center and Arizona State University, Justice O'Connor is also currently helping to develop Our Courts, a Web site and interactive civics curriculum for seventh, eighth and ninth grade students.
She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Justice O'Connor was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. She was awarded the Society's Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 2003. The citation reads, "In recognition of her lifelong commitment to public service, including service in all three branches of State government in her native Arizona and, now for nearly twenty-two years, membership on the Supreme Court of the United States, and in recognition of the trailblazing example she has set for others as the first woman Majority Leader of a State Senate and as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court, and in recognition of her contributions to the work of the Court in thoughtful and well-written opinions, and in recognition of her valuable participation in the efforts of American lawyers and judges to promote the rule of law in Central and Eastern Europe." | |
| 10 | Name: | Dr. Russell F. Doolittle | | | Institution: | University of California, San Diego | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | Death Date: | October 11, 2019 | | | | | | |
Russell Doolittle was a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego. An insightful and articulate scientist, he was an expert on the structure and evolution of proteins. Having worked out the covalent structure of fibrinogen and its role in blood clot formation, he became interested in the molecular evolution of this protein and contributed to the molecular analysis of its evolution as well as those of other proteins. Drawing on his personal computerized file of protein and DNA sequences, Dr. Doolittle discovered the remarkable similarity between the cancer-producing gene of a virus and a normal gene that encodes a growth factor from blood platelets. The recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship and the National Institutes of Health Career Development Award, Dr. Doolittle was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Russell Doolittle died October 11, 2019 in La Jolla, California at the age of 88. | |
| 11 | Name: | Dr. John E. Dowling | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 208. Plant Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1935 | | | | | | |
John E. Dowling received his A.B. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He taught in the Biology Department at Harvard from 1961 to 1964, first as an Instructor, then as Assistant Professor. In 1964 he moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he held an appointment as Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Biophysics. He returned to Harvard as Professor of Biology in 1971, was the Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Natural Sciences from 1971-2001, Harvard College Professor from 1999-2004 and is presently the Gordon and Llura Gund Professor of Neurosciences. He was Chairman of the Biology Department at Harvard from 1975 to 1978 and served as Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1980 to 1984. He was Master of Leverett House at Harvard from 1981-1998 and served as President of the Corporation of The Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole from 1998-2008.
He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society. He received the Friedenwald Medal from the Association of Research in Ophthalmology and Vision in 1970, the Annual Award of the New England Ophthalmological Society in 1979, the Retinal Research Foundation Award for Retinal Research in 1981, an Alcon Vision Research Recognition Award in 1986, a National Eye Institute’s MERIT award in 1987, the Von Sallman Prize in 1992, The Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research in 2000, the Llura Ligget Gund Award for Lifetime Achievement and Recognition of Contribution to the Foundation Fighting Blindness in 2001 and the Paul Kayser International Award in Retina Research in 2008.. He was granted an honorary M.D. degree by the University of Lund (Sweden) in 1982.
His research interests have focused on the vertebrate retina as a model piece of the brain. He and his collaborators have long been interested in the functional organization of the retina, studying its synaptic organization, the electrical responses of the retinal neurons, and the mechanisms underlying neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the retina. He became interested in zebrafish as a system in which one could explore the development and genetics of the vertebrate retina about 15 years ago. Part of his research team has focused on retinal development in zebrafish and the role of retinoic acid in early eye and photoreceptor development. A second group has developed behavioral tests to isolate mutations, both recessive and dominant, specific to the visual system. | |
| 12 | Name: | Dr. Wen C. Fong | | | Institution: | Princeton University & Metropolitan Museum of Art | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1930 | | | Death Date: | October 3, 2018 | | | | | | |
A scholar of Chinese art history, Wen Fong was born in Shanghai and received a classical Chinese education, including training as a painter and calligrapher. In 1948 he went to Princeton University, where he earned his A.B. in 1951, joined the faculty as instructor after receiving his M.F.A. in 1954 and earned his Ph.D. in 1958. He was named the Edwards S. Sanford Professor of Art History in 1971 and transferred to emeritus status in 1999. He was the author of works including The Problem of Forgeries in Chinese Paintings (1963), Summer Mountains: The Timeless Landscape (1975) and The Great Bronze Age of China (1980) and became widely recognized in both China and Japan through his many books and articles and frequent visits to the Far East. Dr. Fong also served as faculty curator of Asian art at the Princeton University Art Museum and helped strengthen the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Asian collection as a special consultant for Asian affairs and head of the Asian art department. After transferring to emeritus status at Princeton he was a professor at Tsinghua University from 2004-07 and Zheijang University 2009-12. Wen Fong died on October 3, 2018 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 88. | |
| 13 | Name: | Mr. Kent Greenawalt | | | Institution: | Columbia University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1936 | | | Death Date: | January 27, 2023 | | | | | | |
R. Kent Greenawalt is Affiliated Professor of Law at Columbia University. The university conferred its topmost academic rank, "University Professor," on Dr. Greenawalt in 1990, a distinction borne simultaneously by no more than four professors throughout the university. A jurisprudential scholar who has thought freshly about vexing problems of our era, Dr. Greenawalt has long studied constitutional law and jurisprudence, with special emphasis on church and state, freedom of speech, civil disobedience, and criminal responsibility. Before joining the Columbia faculty in 1965, Dr. Greenawalt served as law clerk to Supreme Court Justice John Harlan. He has also been involved with organizations such as the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union. Dr. Greenawalt's many publications include Conflicts of Law and Morality (1987), Speech, Crime, and the Uses of Language (1989), and Private Consciences and Public Reasons (1995). He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and has served as Deputy U.S. Solicitor General (1971-72) and as president of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy (1991-93). | |
| 14 | Name: | Dr. Jack P. Greene | | | Institution: | Johns Hopkins University | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | | | | |
Jack P. Greene is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities Emeritus at Johns Hopkins University and the author and editor of 16 books and many articles on early modern colonial British America and the American Revolution. Among his works are Peripheries and Center (1986), which examines the foundations of governance in British America; Pursuits of Happiness (1988), which challenges the notion that American culture was largely a derivative of New England culture; and The Intellectual Construction of America (1993), which investigates the roots of the idea of America as an exceptional place. Dr. Greene's other major works include Imperatives, Behaviors, and Identities: Essays in Early American Cultural History (1992); Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (1994); Understanding the American Revolution: Issues and Actors (1995); and Interpreting Early America: Historiographical Essays (1996). | |
| 15 | Name: | Dr. Phillip A. Griffiths | | | Institution: | Institute for Advanced Study;
University of Miami | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 104. Mathematics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1938 | | | | | | |
Phillip A. Griffiths is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study's School of Mathematics. He holds a Ph.D. from Princeton University and has served on the faculties of the University of California, Berkeley (1964-67), Harvard University (1967-83)and Duke University (1983-91). Dr. Griffiths's mathematical research is in geometry. He and his collaborators initiated the theory of variation of Hodge structure, which has come to play a central role in many aspects of algebraic geometry and the uses of that subject in modern theoretical physics. In addition to algebraic geometry, Dr. Griffiths has made contributions to differential and integral geometry, geometric function theory and the geometry of partial differential equations. Past Director of the Institute for Advanced Study (1991-2003), Dr. Griffiths leads the Millennium Science Initiative (MSI) whose primary goal is to create and nurture world-class science and scientific talent in the developing world. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the recipient of numerous awards, including the American Mathematical Society's LeRoy P. Steele Prize (1972, 2013), the Gottingen Academy of Sciences's Dannie Heineman Prize (1979); the Wolf Prize (jointly with Pierre Deligne and David Mumford, 2008); the Royal Dutch Mathematical Society's Brouwer Prize (2008); and the Chern Medal (2014). | |
| 16 | Name: | Dr. Marianne Grunberg-Manago | | | Institution: | Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | January 4, 2013 | | | | | | |
French biologist Marianne Grunberg-Manago had a profound effect on the development of molecular biology. She discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase, the first enzyme capable of synthesizing macromolecules with nucleic acid-like structures, which was subsequently used to elucidate the genetic code. In extending this work, Dr. Grunberg-Manago contributed to the understanding of the translation of the genetic code in the synthesis of protein, in particular as pertains to the role of initiation factors and the dynamic role of ribosomes. She opened a new field of investigation concerning the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of protein synthesis, eludicating the role of several essential protein factors involved in selection of initiation codons. Not only was her research of international stature, but her activities were international in scope as president of the International Union of Biochemistry, president of the French delegation of the French-Soviet Exchanges, a member of the A.S.I. committee of NATO and a Fogarty scholar at the National Institutes of Health, to name a few. Dr. Grunberg-Manago was the first woman to direct the International Union of Biochemistry and was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. She had been Emeritus Director of Research at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the time of her death on January 4, 2013, at age 91. | |
| 17 | Name: | Mr. John C. Haas | | | Institution: | Historical Society of Pennsylvania & Temple University Health System & Boys & Girls Clubs of Philadelphia & Chemical Heritage Foundation | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1918 | | | Death Date: | April 2, 2011 | | | | | | |
John C. Haas spent his professional career with the Rohm and Haas Company (except for service in the Navy Reserve during World War II). He began his career at the company in 1942 and retired from the Board in 1988. Mr. Haas received an A.B. degree from Amherst College in 1940 and his M.S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1942. Mr. Haas served on the board of Temple University Health System and chaired the Temple University Health System Board of Overseers. He was a trustee emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Boys and Girls Clubs of Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Chemical Heritage Foundation. Mr. Haas was a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. John C. Haas died on April 2, 2011, at the age of 92, at home in Villanova, Pennsylvania. | |
| 18 | Name: | Dr. Isabella L. Karle | | | Institution: | Naval Research Laboratory | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | October 3, 2017 | | | | | | |
Isabella Karle (née Lugoski) was born in Detroit, Michigan. She was the daughter of Zygmunt and Elizabeth Lugoski who had emigrated from Poland. After attending the public schools in Detroit, she was awarded a scholarship to the University of Michigan where she earned the B.S. Chem, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees with a speciality in physical chemistry. After serving as a chemist on the atomic bomb project at the University of Chicago (1944), she was an Instructor in Chemistry at the University of Michigan. After World War II, she joined the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington where she maintained an active research program as a member of the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter until July 2010. Dr. Isabella Karle's early research concerned the structure analysis of molecules in the vapor state by electron diffraction. She was instrumental in the development of a quantitative procedure by which vibrational motion as well as bond lengths and bond angles in molecules can be determined accurately. In the fifties, her research was directed toward crystal structure analysis. She developed practical procedures based on the theoretical work developed in the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter at NRL for the determination of phases directly from the measured intensities of x-ray reflections. These practical procedures have become adopted world-wide and have been essential to the explosive output of crystal structure determinations that are indispensable to the solution of problems in a number of scientific disciplines: chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, mineralogy, material science, pharmaceuticals, drug design and medicinal chemistry, for example. There are now in excess of 20,000 published analyses per year, as compared to about 150 per year in the early 1960s. Isabella Karle personally had applied the direct method of phase determination to the early elucidation of molecular formulae and determination of conformations of steroids, alkaloids, frog toxins, photorearrangement products caused by radiation, nanotubes and particularly peptides. This type of structural information has provided the basis for computational chemistry, conformational analyses and the prediction of folding for new substances. She published more than 350 papers. The work of Dr. Karle was recognized by a number of awards and honors. Among them have been election to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. She received the Garvan Award of the American Chemical Society, the Hillebrand Award, the WISE Lifetime Achievement Award, the Gregori Aminoff Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Bijvoet Medal from the Netherlands, Robert Dexter Conrad Award (ONR), the Department of Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award, and eight honorary doctorate degrees, the most recent from the Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland). Her first award, however, was presented by the Society of Women Engineers. She had served as President of the American Crystallographic Association, on several editorial boards of journals and a number of national committees concerned with various aspects of chemistry and crystallography. In 1993, Dr. Karle was awarded the prestigious Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (Franklin Institute), and in 1995 she received the National Academy of Sciences Award in Chemical Sciences and the National Medal of Science from President Clinton. Other recognitions include her biography in "Women in Chemistry and Physics" and in "The Door in the Dream," a symposium in her honor at an American Chemical Society meeting, and honors at the New York Academy of Sciences. She received the 2007 Bruce Merrifield Award for Peptide Science. Isabella Karle died on October 2, 2017 at the age of 95. | |
| 19 | Name: | Mr. Nicholas deB. Katzenbach | | | Institution: | Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Hyland & Perretti | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1922 | | | Death Date: | May 8, 2012 | | | | | | |
Nicholas Katzenbach was born in Philadelphia on January 17, 1922. After graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy he joined the United States Air Force. During World War II he was captured by enemy troops and spent two years as a prisoner of war in Italy.
After the war Katzenbach attended Princeton University and Yale Law School. While at Yale he was editor-in-chief of the Yale Law Journal. Katzenbach also received a Rhodes scholarship and studied at Oxford University for two years. In 1950 he became a lawyer in New Jersey.
In 1952 he became Associate Professor of Law at Yale University. He was also Professor of Law at the University of Chicago (1956-1960). He was also the co-author of The Political Foundations of International Law (1961).
Katzenbach joined the justice department's Office of Legal Counsel and in April 1962, was promoted to deputy attorney general, the second highest position in the department. Katzenbach worked closely with President John F. Kennedy and was given the task of securing the release of prisoners captured during the Bay of Pigs raid on Cuba.
A supporter of civil rights Katzenbach oversaw departmental operations in desegregating the University of Mississippi in September 1962 and the University of Alabama in June 1963. He also worked with Congress to ensure the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
On the advice of Robert Kennedy, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Katzenbach as Attorney General of the United States. In this post he helped draft the Voting Rights Act. Katzenbach clashed with J. Edgar Hoover over his policy of ordering unauthorized wiretaps of people such as Martin Luther King. Katzenbach resigned in 1966, stating "he could no longer effectively serve as attorney general because of Mr. Hoover's obvious resentment of me."
President Johnson then appointed him Under Secretary of State on September 21, 1966. Johnson also appointed Katzenbach to a three-member commission charged with reviewing Central Intelligence Agency activities. After Johnson resigned Katzenbach returned to private law practice in Princeton, New Jersey. He is formerly of Counsel with the firm of Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Hyland & Perretti. His memoir, Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ, was published by Norton in December 2008.
He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. Nicholas Katzenbach died on May 8, 2012, at age 90, at his home in Skillman, New Jersey. | |
| 20 | Name: | Dr. Leon Knopoff | | | Institution: | University of California, Los Angeles | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 105. Physical Earth Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1925 | | | Death Date: | January 20, 2011 | | | | | | |
A pioneer in the study of the scattering and diffraction of elastic waves in the earth, Leon Knopoff was Professor Emeritus of Physics and Geophysics at the University of California, Los Angeles. He had been associated with UCLA since 1950 and since 1959 as professor of geophysics and physics and as a research musicologist. During a distinguished career that had also taken him to Miami University and the California Institute of Technology, Dr. Knopoff delineated the major differences in the structure of the earth's mantle beneath the continents and oceans and made significant contributions toward establishing relationships between the physics of fracture and clustering of earthquakes with special attention to the problems of earthquake prediction. For such accomplishments he was awarded the Emil Wiechert Medal of the German Geophysical Society (1978), the H.F. Reid Medal of the Seismological Society of America (1990) and the Royal Astronomical Society's Gold Medal (1979) and had been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He received his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1949 and was also Docteur honoris causa, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg (2004) and Honorary Professor, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing (2004). Leon Knopoff died at home in Sherman Oaks, California, on January 20, 2011, at the age of 85. | |
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