American Philosophical Society
Member History

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1Name:  Dr. Daron Acemoglu
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2021
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1967
   
 
Daron Acemoglu is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He earned his Ph.D. from the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1992. He was previously a Lecturer in economics at the LSE from 1992-1993. Since arriving at MIT, Acemoglu has served as an Assistant Professor of Economics (1993-1997), the Pentti Kouri Associate Professor of Economics (1997-2000), Professor of Economics (2000-2004), the Charles P. Kindleberger Professor of Applied Economics (2004-2010), and the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics (2010-2019). He also served as Co-Editor, and later, Editor-in-Chief of Econometrica. Acemoglu has contributed to economics in an astonishing variety of areas. Many of his papers—not just one or two—have fundamentally changed the fields in which they were published. He has made seminal contributions to development economics, where he has been the leader in the argument that institutions are the crucial determinants of whether countries develop or fail. He has done so with a mixture of deep historical analysis, research into politics, and a range of imaginative econometric investigations, often based on historical data. Through his work, these arguments have won broad acceptance in the economics profession. He is a leader in tackling questions of directed technical progress, its determinants, and its consequences. His work is framing research being carried out throughout the profession, and it thoughtfully informs what we are witnessing in developed and developing countries today. Acemoglu's bibliography includes: (with J. Robinson) Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, 2006; (with J. Robinson) Why Nations Fail: Origins of Power, Poverty and Prosperity, 2012; (with P. Restrepo) "The Race Between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment," American Economic Review, 2018; (with J. Robinson) The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies and the Fate of Liberty, 2019. He received the inaugural T. W. Shultz Prize from the University of Chicago in 2004, the Society of Labor Economics's 2004 Sherwin Rosen Award, the American Economic Association's 2005 John Bates Clark Medal, the Turkish Sciences Association's 2006 Distinguished Science Award, the Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in 2012, the 2012 Inaugural Galasaray Prize For Contribution to Science, Technology, and Culture, the 2016 BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award, the John von Neumann Award, a Carnegie Fellowship, the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2018, the Global Economy Prize in 2019, and the CME Mathematical and Statistical Research Institute prize in 2021. He is a member of the British Academy of Sciences, the Turkish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Econometric Society, the European Economic Association, and the Society of Labor Economists. Acemoglu was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2021.
 
2Name:  Dr. Gardner Ackley
 Institution:  Michigan University
 Year Elected:  1972
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1915
 Death Date:  2/12/98
   
3Name:  James T. Adams
 Year Elected:  1938
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1879
 Death Date:  5/18/49
   
4Name:  Dr. Frederick B. Adams
 Institution:  Pierpont Morgan Library
 Year Elected:  1965
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1910
 Death Date:  January 7, 2001
   
5Name:  Dr. Danielle S. Allen
 Institution:  Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics, Professor, Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2015
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1971
   
 
Danielle S. Allen received her Ph.D. in Classics from the University of Cambridge and her Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University. She served as the UPS Foundation Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study 2007 to 2015. In 2015 she moved to Harvard University to take up the Directorship of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics and a professorship in the Department of Government and Graduate School of Education. She was named James Bryant Conant University Professor in 2017. Dr. Allen is a political theorist who has published broadly in democratic theory, political sociology and the history of political thought. Widely known for her work on justice and citizenship in both ancient Athens and modern America, she is the author of The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens (2000), Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown vs. the Board of Education (2004), Why Plato Wrote (2010), Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in the Defense of Equality (2014) Education and Equality (2016). And Cuz: The Life and Times of Michael A. (2017). Additionally, Dr. Allen is the co-editor of the award-winning Education, Justice and Democracy (2013, with Robert Reich) and From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in the Digital Age (forthcoming, with Jennifer Light). Dr. Allen is a member American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2015.
 
6Name:  Dr. Anita L. Allen
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania Carey School of Law
 Year Elected:  2022
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1953
   
 
Anita LaFrance Allen (aka Allen-Castellitto) is the Henry R. Silverman Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. A graduate of New College, Florida and Harvard Law School with a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Michigan, Allen is an expert on privacy and data protection law, bioethics and public philosophy. She holds an honorary doctorate from Tilburg University and the College of Wooster. She is a member of the Pennsylvania and New York state bars, and briefly practiced law with Cravath, Swaine & Moore. Allen began writing about privacy and data protection in the 1980’s and has remained a distinctive voice in defense of ethical, liberal, egalitarian and inclusive approaches to privacy regulation in the digital age. In 2022 Allen was presented the Privacy Award of the Berkeley Law and Technology Center and holds a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Electronic Privacy Information Center. Allen has lectured on privacy and ethics in Europe, Japan, Taiwan, and Israel. She has published five books (including Uneasy Access, Why Privacy Isn’t Everything, and Unpopular Privacy), several textbooks (including Privacy Law and Society), and over 120 scholarly articles and chapters; contributed to and been featured in popular newspapers, magazines, podcasts and blogs; and appeared on numerous television and radio programs. Allen has been a visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University, Harvard Law, Yale Law, Villanova Law, Fordham Law, Tel Aviv Law, Waseda Law, and the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford. In 2024 Allen will be the Hart Fellow at University College, Oxford, and also give the H.L. A. Hart Memorial Lecture at Oxford. At Penn she is a faculty affiliate of the Center for Technology, Innovation and Competition, the Warren Center for Network & Data Sciences and a Senior Fellow of the Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics. She formerly served for seven years as Penn’s Vice Provost for Faculty and chaired the Provost’s Arts Advisory Council. In 2019 Allen was the elected President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association (APA). In 2021 she was awarded the Philip Quinn Prize by the APA for service to philosophy and philosophers. She is an elected member of the American Law Institute, the National Academy of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Allen was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2022. Allen served under President Barack Obama as a member of the National Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. Allen has advised the School for Criticism and Theory at Cornell and has served on the executive committees of the Association of American Law School and Association for Practical and Applied Ethics. Allen’s scholarly journal editorial board service has included Ethics, Hypatia, and the Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics and the American Journal of Bioethics. Allen has a deep history of non-profit Board of Directors leadership with the National Constitution Center, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the Future of Privacy Forum, the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington, and, local to Philadelphia, the Maternity Care Coalition, and the West Philadelphia Alliance for Children. Born in Port Townsend, Washington, Allen is the daughter of Grover C. Allen and Carrye M. Cloud Allen of Atlanta, one of six children. She is married to retired attorney Paul V. Castellitto of Mt. Vernon and New Rochelle, New York, and has two children. She is a member of the Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church and enjoys gardening, travel and the visual arts. Allen is the first African American woman to hold both a PhD in philosophy and a law degree, and the first to be a president of the American Philosophical Association.
 
7Name:  Dr. Gabriel A. Almond
 Institution:  Stanford University
 Year Elected:  1966
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1911
 Death Date:  December 25, 2002
   
8Name:  Dr. Joyce Appleby
 Institution:  University of California, Los Angeles
 Year Elected:  1994
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1929
 Death Date:  December 23, 2016
   
 
One of the most important historians of early America of her generation, Joyce Appleby was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1929 and taught at the University of California, Los Angeles for twenty years. After graduating from Stanford University in 1950, she worked in the field of newspaper and magazine writing, including a stint for Mademoiselle magazine in New York City. She later returned to California, where she raised her family while earning a Ph.D. in history from Claremont Graduate School. Despite a late career start, Dr. Appleby has, through her books and about 25 important articles, reshaped perspectives on the ideological dimensions of early American life. She published a presidential biography of Thomas Jefferson in 2003, a collection of her essays, A Restless Past: History and the American Public, in 2005, and also recently edited a volume of the writings of Thomas Paine. Her latest book, The Relentless Revolution (2010), traces Capitalism through its various twists and turns and analyses its function as an extension of culture. She has served as president of the Organization of American Historians and as Harmsworth Professor at Oxford University. Dr. Appleby co-directed the History News Service, wrote op-ed essays and worked on the living wage movement in Los Angeles. She died December 23, 2016, at the age of 87.
 
9Name:  Hamilton F. Armstrong
 Year Elected:  1940
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1893
 Death Date:  4/24/73
   
10Name:  Dr. Kenneth J. Arrow
 Institution:  Stanford University
 Year Elected:  1968
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1921
 Death Date:  February 21, 2017
   
 
Kenneth Arrow was born in 1921 and brought up in New York City and its surroundings. He graduated from City College of New York in 1940 and went for graduate study in mathematics and economics at Columbia University, receiving an M.A. in mathematics in 1941 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1951. He served as a weather officer in the United States Army Air Forces (1942-46), retiring with the rank of captain. Dr. Arrow's academic career started as Research Associate at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics (1947-49) and continued as Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago (1948-49). In 1949 he moved to Stanford University, serving as Assistant, Associate and full Professor of Economics, Statistics, and Operations Research through 1968 when he joined the Harvard University faculty as Professor of Economics and then James Bryant Conant University Professor (1968-79). In 1979 Dr. Arrow returned to Stanford as Professor of Economics and Operations Research at Stanford University (1979-91) and, subsequently, Emeritus Professor (1991- ). He had written, alone or with collaborators, 22 books, 254 technical papers, and 31 non-technical articles, edited or co-edited 22 books, and participated in 11 collective studies on policy issues. His particular interests included the theory of social choice and justice, general equilibrium theory, medical economics, the economics of individual choice, risk-bearing, the economics of information, inventory analysis, capital and growth theory, economics of social interaction, environmental economics, sequential statistical analysis, and the use of winds in flight planning. Dr. Arrow received several honors, including the John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association (1957), the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science (1972), the von Neumann Prize (1986), the 2nd Class Order of the Rising Sun (1984), the National Medal of Science (2004), and a number of honorary degrees. He had also been president of several learned societies and served as member and Chair of the Stanford University Senate and the Stanford Faculty Advisory Board. Kenneth Arrow died February 21, 2017, at age 95 at home in Palo Alto, California.
 
11Name:  Dr. Orley Ashenfelter
 Institution:  Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2017
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1942
   
 
Orley Ashenfelter's areas of specialization include labor economics, econometrics, and law and economics. His current research includes the cross-country measurement of wage rates, and many other issues related to the economics of labor markets. Professor Ashenfelter has been the director of the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton University, director of the Office of Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Labor, a Guggenheim Fellow, and the Benjamin Meeker Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. He is a recipient of the IZA Prize in Labor Economics, the Mincer Award for Lifetime Achievement of the Society of Labor Economists, and the Karel Englis Medal awarded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society of Labor Economics, and a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He edited the Handbook of Labor Economics, was editor of the American Economic Review, and the co-editor of the American Law and Economics Review. In 2018 he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He is a past president of the American Economics Association, the American Law and Economic Association, and the Society of Labor Economics. Orley Ashenfelter was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2017.
 
12Name:  Dr. Richard C. Atkinson
 Institution:  University of California
 Year Elected:  1980
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  305
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1929
   
 
Richard C. Atkinson served from 1995-2003 as the seventeenth president of the University of California system. His eight-year tenure was marked by innovative approaches to admissions and outreach, research initiatives to accelerate the University’s contributions to the state’s economy, and a challenge to the country’s most widely used admissions examination "the SAT 1" that paved the way to major changes in the way millions of America’s youth now are tested for college admissions. Before becoming president of the UC System he served for fifteen years as chancellor of UC San Diego, where he led that campus’s emergence as one of the leading research universities in the nation. He is a former director of the National Science Foundation, past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a long-term member of the faculty at Stanford University. His research in the field of cognitive science and psychology has been concerned with problems of memory and cognition. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Education, the American Philosophical Society, and a mountain in Antarctica has been named in his honor.
 
13Name:  Dr. Robert Axelrod
 Institution:  University of Michigan
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
First trained in mathematics, Robert Axelrod shifted to political science to study conflicts of interest. His path-breaking work on the elusive optimal strategy for the famous "Prisoner's Dilemma" problem in Game Theory attracted the collaboration of noted biologist William D. Hamilton in a landmark paper. It was also a central ingredient, much expanded, in his book The Evolution of Cooperation, a classic which has stimulated an international cottage industry under the rubric "Cooperation Theory." Further contributions have involved work on coalitions in electoral politics and papers in international relations, involving both formal theory and such applications as a recent proposal for practical reform of the United Nations Security Council, taking account of the welter of strong conflicts of interest present. Dr. Axelrod is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He has been a professor at the University of Michigan since 1980. In 2014 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
 
14Name:  Dr. Bernard Bailyn
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1971
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1922
 Death Date:  August 7, 2020
   
 
American historian Bernard Bailyn received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1953 and taught history there, becoming full professor in 1961, University Professor in 1980, and professor emeritus in 1993. He won the Pulitzer Prize twice: first for his book The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967) which also won the Bancroft Prize, in which he challenged long-standing interpretations of the causes of the American Revolution, and then for Voyagers to the West (1986), a study of Anglo-American migration patterns on the eve of the Revolution. Dr. Bailyn's other books include The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (1955); Education in the Forming of American Society (1960); The Origins of American Politics (1968); The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (1974), which won the National Book Award; The Peopling of British North America (1986); On the Teaching and Writing of History (1994); To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Founders (2003); Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (2005); and The Barbarous Years (2013). One of the wisest scholars on the colonial and Revolutionary period, Dr. Bailyn has also worked on economic, social and intellectual history. Since 1995 he has concentrated on Atlantic history, the interactions among the peoples of the four continents that border the Atlantic basin. Other posts he has held include editor-in-chief of the John Harvard Library, co-editor of the journal Perspectives in American History and Director of the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. Professor bailyn was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the British Academy, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Mexican Academy of History and Geography. He was awarded the 2010 National Humanities Medal by President Obama.
 
15Name:  Dr. Keith Michael Baker
 Institution:  Stanford University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
Keith Baker is the J. E. Wallace Sterling Professor in Humanities; a professor of history; and director of the France-Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of London in 1964 and taught at Reed College and the University of Chicago before joining the Stanford faculty in 1988. At Stanford, he has served as Chair of the Department of History (1994-95), Director of the Stanford Humanites (1995-2000) and Cognizant Dean for the Humanities in the School of Humanities and Sciences. One of the world's foremost historians of 18th-century France, Dr. Baker also served for almost a decade as co-editor of the Journal of Modern History, the leading English-language quarterly for research in modern European history. Dr. Baker's own research has focused on problems of intellectual history and the history of political culture. He is the author of what is widely considered to be the definitive study of the Marquis de Condorcet, the philosopher of progress and social science who was one of the great figures of the French Enlightenment and Revolution. More recently, Dr. Baker has studied the cultural and political origins of the French Revolution and has made important contributions to the development of a new understanding of that event and of its significance for the creation of modern politics. Among his many honors and awards, he has held a Guggenheim Fellowship, has been named Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes Academiques and is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
 
16Name:  Chester I. Barnard
 Year Elected:  1943
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1887
 Death Date:  6/7/61
   
17Name:  Dr. Larry M. Bartels
 Institution:  Vanderbilt University
 Year Elected:  2019
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1956
   
 
Larry M. Bartels is Professor of Political Science, May Werthan Shayne Chair of Public Policy and Social Science, and Co-director of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions at Vanderbilt University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1983. He started his career at the University of Rochester, then moved to Princeton University as Stuart Professor of Communications and Public Affairs of the Woodrow Wilson School, followed by the Donald E. Stokes Professor of Public and International Affairs. Larry Bartels is a leading scholar of US politics, having made landmark contributions to the study of public opinion, electoral politics, public policy, and political representation. His recent books include Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age and Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government (with Christopher Achen). Unequal Democracy demonstrates with great care the emergence of a partisan political pattern to the size of the gap between the rich and the poor. Republican presidents have allowed income inequality to expand, while Democratic presidents generally have not. In Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government, Bartels challenges the popular version of democracy that presumes that voting is undertaken by the omnipotent, sovereign citizens. Instead, he argues that voters tend to base their decision-making on partisan loyalties, leaving the current democratic system open to exploitation by powerful, unscrupulous actors. He has won the Gladys M. Kammerer Award in 2009 and the Warren E. Miller Prize in 2014, both from the American Political Science Association, the David O. Sears Award of the International Society of Political Psychology in 2017, and the Earl Sutherland Prize for Career Achievement in Research from Vanderbilt University in 2017. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1995), the American Academy of Political and Social Science (2010), and the National Academy of Sciences (2012). In addition to the above, he is the author of Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice (1988) and editor of (with L. Vavreck) Campaign Reform: Insights and Evidence. Larry Bartels was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.
 
18Name:  Dr. William J. Baumol
 Institution:  New York University & Princeton University
 Year Elected:  1977
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1922
 Death Date:  May 3, 2017?
   
 
Economist William J. Baumol was born in 1922 in New York City. He received his B.S. from the College of the City of New York in 1942 and his Ph.D. from the University of London in 1949. Dr. Baumol was affiliated with Princeton University since 1949 as an assistant professor, associate professor, full professor and, senior economist and professor emeritus. He was also Harold Price Professor of Entrepreneurship and Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at New York University's Stern School of Business. The author of more than 35 books and over 500 articles, Dr. Baumol was celebrated as an economic theorist, constructor of econometric models and business consultant. His honors and awards include eleven honorary degrees and membership in the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1977. The eleventh edition of his book (with A. Blinder) Economics: Principles and Policy was published in 2011. His book The Cost Disease: Why Computers Get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn't was published in 2012. Dr. Baumol died May 3, 2017, at the age of 95.
 
19Name:  Charles A. Beard
 Year Elected:  1936
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1875
 Death Date:  9/1/48
   
20Name:  Carl L. Becker
 Year Elected:  1936
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1874
 Death Date:  4/10/45
   
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