APS Member History

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81	Name:	Dr. Donald D. Brown
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	More than a brilliant investigator, Donald Brown has been one of the central figures in the reshaping of the field of developmental biology. As professor and director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Embryology, he has for decades studied amphibian metamorphosis and, in conjunction, complex developmental programs such as vertebrate organogenesis. In addition to his work at the Carnegie Institution, with which he has been affiliated since 1963, Dr. Brown has served as professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University since 1968. Both his degrees were awarded by the University of Chicago. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Brown is a rare individual whose capacity for communication and synthesis equals his ability in the laboratory. In 2012 he was given the Lasker Special Achievement Award in Medical Science by the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation.

82	Name:	Dr. Michael S. Brown
	Institution:	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Michael S. Brown received a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1962 and an M.D. degree in 1966 from the University of Pennsylvania. He was an intern and resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital and a post doctoral fellow with Dr. Earl Stadtman at the National Institutes of Health. In 1971, he moved to the University of Texas in Dallas, where he rose through the ranks to become a professor in 1976. He is currently Paul J. Thomas Professor of Molecular Genetics and Director of the Jonsson Center for Molecular Genetics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas. Dr. Brown and his long-time colleague, Dr. Joseph L. Goldstein, together discovered the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, which controls the level of cholesterol in blood and in cells. They showed that mutations in this receptor cause Familial Hypercholesterolemia, a disorder that leads to premature heart attacks in one out of every 500 people in most populations. They have received many awards for this work, including the U.S. National Medal of Science and the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology.

83	Name:	Albert P. Brubaker
	Year Elected:	1895
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1853
	Death Date:	4/29/43

84	Name:	William L. Bryant
	Year Elected:	1935
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1877
	Death Date:	6/9/47

85	Name:	Dr. Theodore H. Bullock
	Institution:	University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	1970
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	December 20, 2005

86	Name:	Hermon C. Bumpus
	Year Elected:	1909
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1862
	Death Date:	6/21/43

87	Name:	Prof. Erwin Bünning
	Institution:	University of Tübingen
	Year Elected:	1977
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	10/4/1990

88	Name:	F. Macfarlane Burnet
	Year Elected:	1960
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	8/31/85

89	Name:	Dr. Robert H. Burris
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	May 11, 2010

	For forty years Robert H. Burris was a professor in the University of Wisconsin's department of biochemistry. After receiving his B.S. in Chemistry from South Dakota State University, he arrived at Wisconsin in 1936 and completed a Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1940. He conducted penicillin studies and taught plant biochemistry prior to joining the biochemistry department as an assistant professor in 1944. Around this time he began his research on biological nitrogen fixation, work which would be of great importance to agriculture and humankind. Marked by imagination, painstaking analysis and innovative use of methodologies, many of which were of his own devising, Dr. Burris conducted studies using radioactive isotopes and mass spectrometers, working primarily on photosynthesis and respiratory enzymes in addition to biological nitrogen fixation. Between 1958 and 1970 Dr. Burris was chair of the department, training many doctoral and post-doctoral students and authoring hundreds of research papers. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, and former president of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, Dr. Burris retired from the University of Wisconsin in 1984. He continued to conduct research and publish scientific papers long past his retirement. He died on May 11, 2010, at age 96.

90	Name:	Elmer G. Butler
	Year Elected:	1948
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1900
	Death Date:	2/23/72

91	Name:	Richard E. Byrd
	Year Elected:	1930
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1889
	Death Date:	3/11/57

92	Name:	Dr. John Cairns
	Institution:	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	November 5, 2017

	John Cairns spent his research life studying natural ecosystems and how perturbations of various types affect them. His most widely acclaimed publications discussed factors causing stressed ecosystems and their restoration. He made extensive use of statistics and validation predictive models. For decades he used complex multivariant systems in his studies of microcosms and mesacosms. His work on reestablishment of damaged habitats is particularly important today because of the damage done to our planet. Dr. Cairns received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and completed a postdoctoral course in isotope methodology at Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia. He was Curator of Limnology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 18 years and has taught at various universities and field stations, including Virginia Polytechnic University, where was Professor Emeritus beginning in 1995. Dr. Cairns' professional certifications included Qualified Fishery Administrator by the American Fisheries Society, Senior Ecologist by the Ecological Society of America, and the Academy of Board Certified Environmental Professionals. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences; the American Academy of Arts & Sciences; the Linnean Society of London; and the American Microscopical Society, of which he was president. He has over 1,500 publications to his credit. John Cairns died on November 5, 2017 at age 94, in Blacksburg, Virginia.

93	Name:	Santiago Ramon y Cajal
	Year Elected:	1932
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1852
	Death Date:	10/17/34

94	Name:	Philip P. Calvert
	Year Elected:	1918
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1871
	Death Date:	8/23/61

95	Name:	Douglass H. Campbell
	Year Elected:	1910
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1860
	Death Date:	2/23/53

96	Name:	Walter B. Cannon
	Year Elected:	1908
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1871
	Death Date:	10/1/45

97	Name:	Anton J. Carlson
	Year Elected:	1928
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1875
	Death Date:	9/2/56

98	Name:	Leonard Carmichael
	Year Elected:	1942
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	9/16/73

99	Name:	Alexis Carrel
	Year Elected:	1909
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1873
	Death Date:	11/5/44

100	Name:	Dr. Sean B. Carroll
	Institution:	University of Maryland; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2017
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Sean B. Carroll is a scientist, writer, educator, and film producer. His laboratory research has centered on the genes that control animal body patterns and play major roles in the evolution of animal diversity. He has received the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Sciences, been elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the European Molecular Biology Organization, as well as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2017. Sean is the author of several books for general audiences, including A Series of Fortunate Events: Chance and the Making of the Planet, Life, and You (2020), The Serengeti Rules, Brave Genius, The Making of the Fittest, Endless Forms Most Beautiful and Remarkable Creatures which was a finalist for the National Book Award for non-fiction. In 2016, Sean received the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science. Sean is currently Vice President for Science Education of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the largest private supporter of science education activities in the US. The architect of HHMI’s documentary film initiative, Sean has served as executive producer and/or on-screen presenter of more than a dozen films that have appeared on PBS, NOVA, the Smithsonian Channel as well as IMAX screens, and he has earned two Emmy nominations. In June 2018 he also joined the University of Maryland's Department of Biology as the Andrew and Mary Balo and Nicholas and Susan Simon Endowed Chair.

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