APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. Barbara Aronstein Black
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Barbara Aronstein Black is George Welwood Murray Professor of Legal History Emerita at Columbia University. She received her B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1953, as well as an LL.B. from Columbia University in 1955 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1975. She holds honorary doctorates from Brooklyn College, Marymount Manhattan, Osgoode Hall, New Rochelle, New York Law School, Smith College, Vermont Law School and Georgetown University Law Center. Dr. Black was an editor of the Columbia Law Review and was an associate in law at Columbia from 1955-56. In 1965 she began a doctoral program in history at Yale, specializing in Anglo-American legal history. She served as an instructor and lecturer in history while completing graduate study, and, on award of the Ph.D. degree, became assistant professor of history at Yale. She was appointed associate professor of law at Yale in 1979. Dr. Black has also been a visiting lecturer at Harvard Law School and a visiting professor at Columbia Law School. She joined the Columbia faculty in 1984, retiring in 2008, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1986-91. She was president of the American Society for Legal History from 1986-87 and 1988-89 and is a member of the Selden Society; the Massachusetts Historical Society; and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She is on the Board of Directors of the Supreme Court Historical Society; the Board of Guarantors for the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University; and the Permanent Advisory Board for the Jay Papers Project at Columbia University. She was also a member of the New York State Ethics Commission from 1992-95 and served on the Board of Trustees of New York Law School from 1992-98. Dr. Black has published widely, and her principal areas of interest are legal history and contracts.

2	Name:	Mr. McGeorge Bundy
	Institution:	Carnegie Corporation of New York
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	9/16/96

3	Name:	Mr. James E. Burke
	Institution:	Partnership for a Drug-Free America & Johnson & Johnson
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	September 28, 2012

	In his nearly forty years (1953-89) with the Johnson & Johnson Corporation, James E. Burke earned much respect for the quality of his executive ability and his concern for those less fortunate in life than he. He was involved in several causes benefiting others, and he held many posts that reflect leadership and sound judgment. As chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Johnson & Johnson, he enhanced the importance of business ethics and corporate social responsibility by challenging and rededicating the principles of the Johnson & Johnson credo throughout the corporation. With primary concern for public safety, he recalled millions of bottles of Tylenol capsules during criminal tampering incidents in 1982 and 1986. Recognizing humankind's yearning for a longer and healthier life, he initiated a comprehensive program of employee wellness called "Live for Life." During a time when American industry was forsaking the research and development necessary to stay competitive, he saw the need to invest heavily, quadrupuling the corporation's R&D investment. Following his retirement, he became chairman of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, a coalition of communications professionals dedicated to persuading children to reject substance abuse. For this work he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States, by President Clinton. He became Chairman Emeritus of PDFA at the end of 2002. Mr. Burke was a member of the National Business Hall of Fame, and Fortune magazine named him one of the ten greatest CEOs of all time. James Burke died September 28, 2012, at the age of 87, near New Brunswick, New Jersey.

4	Name:	The Honorable Jimmy Carter
	Institution:	Former President of the United States & The Carter Center, Inc. & Emory University & Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1924

	Jimmy Carter (James Earl Carter, Jr.), thirty-ninth president of the United States, was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a B.S. degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. In the Navy he became a submariner, serving in both the Atlantic and Pacific fleets and rising to the rank of lieutenant. Chosen by Admiral Hyman Rickover for the nuclear submarine program, he was assigned to Schenectady, N.Y., where he took graduate work at Union College in reactor technology and nuclear physics, and served as senior officer of the pre-commissioning crew of the Seawolf. When his father died in 1953, he resigned his naval commission and took his family back to Plains. He took over the Carter farms, and he and and his wife Rosalynn operated Carter's Warehouse, a general-purpose seed and farm supply company. He quickly became a leader of the community, serving on county boards supervising education, the hospital authority, and the library. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966 but won the next election, becoming Georgia's 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections. On December 12, 1974, he announced his candidacy for president of the United States. He won his party's nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected president on November 2, 1976. Jimmy Carter served as president from January 20, 1977 to January 20, 1981. Significant foreign policy accomplishments of his administration included the Panama Canal treaties, the Camp David Accords, the treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel, the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union, and the establishment of U.S. diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. He championed human rights throughout the world. On the domestic side, the administration's achievements included a comprehensive energy program conducted by a new Department of Energy; deregulation in energy, transportation, communications, and finance; major educational programs under a new Department of Education; and major environmental protection legislation, including the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. Mr. Carter is the author of a long list of books, many of which are now in revised editions: Why Not the Best? (1975, 1996); A Government as Good as Its People (1977, 1996); Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (1982, 1995); Negotiation: The Alternative to Hostility (1984); The Blood of Abraham (1985, 1993); Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life, written with Rosalynn Carter (1987, 1995); An Outdoor Journal (1988, 1994); Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age (1992); Talking Peace: A Vision for the Next Generation (1993, 1995); Always a Reckoning (1995); The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer, illustrated by Amy Carter (1995); Living Faith (1996); Sources of Strength: Meditations on Scripture for a Living Faith (1997); The Virtues of Aging (1998); An Hour before Daylight: Memoirs of a Rural Boyhood (2001); Christmas in Plains: Memories (2001); The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture (2002); The Hornet's Nest: A Novel of the Revolutionary War (2003); Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006); and White House Diary (2010). His most recent books are Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease and Building Hope (2007); A Remarkable Mother (2008); We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land: A Plan That Will Work (2009); and A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence and Power (2014). In 1982, he became University Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and founded the Carter Center in Atlanta. Actively guided by President Carter, the nonpartisan and nonprofit center addresses national and international issues of public policy. Carter Center fellows, associates and staff join with President Carter in efforts to resolve conflict, promote democracy, protect human rights, and prevent disease and other afflictions. Through the Global 2000 program, the Center advances health and agriculture in the developing world. President Carter and The Carter Center have engaged in conflict mediation in Ethiopia and Eritrea (1989), North Korea (1994), Liberia (1994), Haiti (1994), Bosnia (1994), Sudan (1995), the Great Lakes region of Africa (1995-96), Sudan and Uganda (1999), and Venezuela (2002-2003). Under his leadership The Carter Center has sent forty-seven international election-monitoring delegations to elections in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. These include Panama (1989), Nicaragua (1990), Guyana (1992), Venezuela (1998), Nigeria (1999), Indonesia (1999), East Timor (1999), Mexico (2000), China (2001), Jamaica (2002), and Guatemala (2003).The permanent facilities of The Carter Presidential Center were dedicated in October, 1986, and include the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter volunteer one week a year for Habitat for Humanity, a nonprofit organization that helps needy people in the United States and in other countries renovate and build homes for themselves. He also teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church of Plains. For recreation, he enjoys fly-fishing, woodworking, jogging, cycling, tennis, and skiing. The Carters have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, and three granddaughters. On December 10, 2002, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2002 to Mr. Carter "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." To this day, he continues to work for these goals and against the world's most intractable problems. In 2007 he joined the Elders, a freelance global diplomatic team dedicated to working for the common good. The alliance also includes former South African president Nelson Mandela, former Irish president Mary Robinson and the retired Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu. In 2017 he was honored by the Ford Foundation with the Gerald R. Ford Medal for Distinguished Public Service as well as the O'Connor Justice Prize.

5	Name:	Prof. Edward Toner Cone
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	October 23, 2004

6	Name:	Mrs. Gladys Krieble Delmas
	Institution:	Philanthropist
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	500
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	11/20/91

7	Name:	Dr. Peter R. Grant
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	A key figure in modern evolutionary biology, Peter R. Grant is most interested in ecology, evolution and behavior. He specializes in the finches of the Galapagos Islands that were originally studied by Charles Darwin and has conducted long-term studies of individual finch populations on some of the smaller islands. He has been able to show that, even over a space of time as short as 15 years, there have been numerous climate changes which have led to clear evidence of natural selection influencing and modifying the genetically determined physical characteristics of the indiviudal finches within a population. With numerous publications to his credit, Dr. Grant has been a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Princeton University since 1985. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, the University of British Columbia and Yale University and previously taught at McGill University and the University of Michigan. He has received awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship (1985-86), an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (1996) and the American Ornithologists' Union's Brewster Medal (1983). He is a fellow of the Royal Society of London (1987), the Royal Society of Canada and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1997) and a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (2007). He has also shared numerous awards with his wife, fellow evolutionary ecologist Rosemary Grant. These include the Academy of Natural Science's Leidy Medal (1994), the E.O. Wilson Prize of the American Society of Naturalists (1998), the Darwin Medal for Evolutionary Biology (2003), the A.I.B.S. Outstanding Scientist Award (2005), the Balzan Prize in Population Biology (2005), the Linnean Society of London's Darwin-Wallace Medal (2008), the Kyoto Prize from the Inamori Foundation (2009), the Royal Medal in Biology from the Royal Society of London (2017), and the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2017)

8	Name:	Hon. Henry John Heinz
	Institution:	U.S. Senate
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1938
	Death Date:	4/4/91

9	Name:	Dr. Paul M. Kennedy
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Internationally known for his writings and commentaries on global political, economic and strategic issues, Paul M. Kennedy is currently J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History at Yale University. Dr. Kennedy earned his B.S. at Newcastle University and his doctorate at the University of Oxford and is a former fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton University and the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Bonn. Books such as The Samoan Tangle (1974), The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (1976) and The Realities Behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy (1981) reveal his mastery of diplomatic and military history, as well as his analytical precision, narrative skill, and courage in dealing with large subjects. Furthermore, he has employed comparative techniques to study the relationship between economic and military power in The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1988). Dr. Kennedy has the rare ability to use history to illuminate contemporary problems. He is on the editorial board of numerous scholarly journals and writes for The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic Monthly, and many foreign-language newspapers and magazines. Dr. Kennedy also helped draft a report for an international commission on "The United Nations in its Second Half-Century," which was prepared for the 50th anniversary United Nations debate on how to improve the world organization, and he has co-edited two large collections of papers relating to contemporary strategic issues: The Pivotal States: A New Framework for U.S. Policy in the Developing World and From War to Peace: Altered Strategic Landscapes in the Twentieth Century. His latest book is entitled Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. In 2014 he was awarded the Hattendorf Prize for Distinguished Original Research in Maritime History by the US Naval War College.

10	Name:	Dr. Alfred G. Knudson
	Institution:	Fox Chase Cancer Center
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	July 10, 2016

	Alfred G. Knudson was a senior member at the Fox Chase Cancer Center's Institute for Cancer Research since 1976. He earned his M.D. from Columbia University in 1947 and his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1956. Prior to joining Fox Chase as scientific director (1976-83) and president (1980-82), he served as chairman of the City of Hope Medical Center's department of pediatrics (1956-62) and department of biology (1962-66); as professor and associate dean at State University of New York, Stony Brook (1966-69); and as professor and dean of the University of Texas, Houston's Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and professor at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (1970-76). Having advanced his two-hit hypothesis that hereditary cancers are due to the somatic loss or mutation of the second allele of a gene responsible for regulating cell growth and development, Dr. Knudson was known for having made the first rational explanation, in modern genetic terms, for the relationship between hereditary and non-hereditary cancers. His breakthrough led to a great surge of productivity in many laboratories and an advanced understanding of errors in the genetic program that turn normal cells into cancer cells. Dr. Knudson was the recipient of many distinguished awards, including the Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award (1998), the Gairdner Award (1997) and the Kyoto Prize (2004). Alfred Knudson died July 10, 2016, at the age of 93, at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

11	Name:	Dr. Ludwig Koenen
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	May 9, 2023

	Ludwig Koenen has taught at the University of Michigan since 1975. As Herbert C. Youtie Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Papyrology, he is regarded as one of the world's most renowned papyrologists. His research has centered primarily on the religious history of the Roman Empire, especially the period in which Orthodox Christianity became established as a state religion. He has served as chair of the university's Department of Classical Studies and has overseen the organization, cataloguing and preparation for publication of its papyri collection, the largest in the Western Hemisphere. Dr. Koenen received his Ph.D. from the University of Cologne in 1957 and taught there from that time until his tenure at Michigan. He has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and, since 1975, has been a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute. He has also served as president of the American Philological Association.

12	Name:	Dr. Anthony J. Leggett
	Institution:	University of Illinois
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Anthony J. Leggett is the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Professor and Center for Advanced Study Professor of Physics. He has been a faculty member at the University of Illinois since 1983 and in 2020 donated his papers to the University of Illinois Archives. He is widely recognized as a world leader in the theory of low-temperature physics, and his pioneering work on superfluidity was recognized by the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (foreign member) and is a Fellow of the Royal Society (U.K.), the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics (U.K.) and was knighted (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 "for services to physics." Professor Leggett has shaped the theoretical understanding of normal and superfluid helium liquids and other strongly coupled superfluids. He set directions for research in the quantum physics of macroscopic dissipative systems and use of condensed systems to test the foundations of quantum mechanics. His research interests lie mainly within the fields of theoretical condensed matter physics and the foundations of quantum mechanics. He has been particularly interested in the possibility of using special condensed-matter systems, such as Josephson devices, to test the validity of the extrapolation of the quantum formalism to the macroscopic level; this interest has led to a considerable amount of technical work on the application of quantum mechanics to collective variables and in particular on ways of incorporating dissipation into the calculations. He is also interested in the theory of superfluid liquid 3He, especially under extreme nonequilibrium conditions, in high-temperature superconductivity, and in the newly realized system of Bose-condensed atomic gases.

13	Name:	Dr. A. Walton Litz
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	June 4, 2014

	Arthur Walton Litz was Holmes Professor of English Emeritus at Princeton University, on whose faculty he served since 1958. One of the foremost scholars and critics of modern English and American literature, especially the novels and poems of James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens and Jane Austen, Dr. Litz authored a number of essays, articles and books, including The Art of James Joyce (1961), Modern Literary Criticism (1972) and Introspective Voyager: The Poetic Development of Wallace Stevens (1972). He held a D. Phil. degree from Oxford University and also taught at Bryn Mawr College, Swarthmore College, Temple University and Bread Loaf School. A Rhodes Scholar and Guggenheim Fellow, Dr. Litz also served as associate editor of the 63-volume Joyce Archive as well as on the editorial boards of the Princeton University Press and Oxford University Press. He was honored with awards including the Harbison Award for Gifted Teaching (1972) and Princeton's Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities (1981). He died June 4, 2014, at the age of 84 in Princeton.

14	Name:	Dr. Walter Eugene Massey
	Institution:	School of the Art Institute of Chicago; City Colleges of Chicago; Morehouse College
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Dr. Walter E. Massey is currently president of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He served as president of Morehouse College, the nation's largest liberal arts institution for men, from 1995 to 2007. Dr. Massey is a former provost and senior vice president of the University of California system, former director of the National Science Foundation and founding director of the Argonne National Laboratory at the University of Chicago. He received a B.S. in physics and mathematics from Morehouse, and a master's and doctorate in physics from Washington University, St. Louis. Dr. Massey is chairman of Great Schools Atlanta and a member of the Atlanta University Center Council for Presidents, the Atlanta Committee for Progress the Atlanta Regional Commission for Higher Education and the Rotary Club of Atlanta. He is also a member of the board of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and has been a member of the President's council of Advisors on Science and Technology, a position he held previously from 1990-1992, and the board of the Marine Biological Laboratory. Dr. Massey serves on the boards of the Gates Millennium Senior Advisory Council, the Mellon Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, Motorola, Inc., Bank of America, McDonald's Corporation, BP, p.l.c., and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. In 2016 he was awarded the Public Humanities Award of Illinois Humanities.

15	Name:	Dr. James M. McPherson
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	James M. McPherson was born in North Dakota but grew up in Minnesota from the age of six to twenty-one. He graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College in 1958 and pursued graduate study at the Johns Hopkins University from 1958-62, receiving his Ph.D. in history in 1963. From 1962-2004, he taught in the Department of History at Princeton University, working his way up from instructor to George Henry Davis '86 Professor of American History from 1991-2004, when he retired and became Davis Professor Emeritus. In the year 2000, he served as president of the Society of American Historians and in 2003-04 he was president of the American Historical Association. He has also served, and continues to serve on several historical advisory boards and preservation organizations, mostly concerned with Civil War museums and/or the preservation of Civil War battlefields and other sites. He is the author of some fifteen books, mostly about the era of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and editor of almost another dozen books on a variety of historical subjects. His most recent works are Embattled Rebel: Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief (2014) and Tried By War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (2008), which won Gettysburg College's 2009 Lincoln Prize for scholarship. A number of his books have won prizes, most notably the Pulitzer Prize in History for Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1989) and the Gettysburg Lincoln Prize for his book, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998). In 2007 he was named the first recipient of the Pritzker Military Library Literature Award for lifetime achievement in writing. In 2018 he was presented with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis Who's Who. Dr. McPherson lives in Princeton with his wife, Patricia. His daughter Jenny Long, her husband and three children live nearby.

16	Name:	Dr. Helen F. North
	Institution:	Swarthmore College
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	January 21, 2012

	Helen North was the Centennial Professor of Classics Emerita at Swarthmore College at the time of her death January 21, 2012. She had taught at Swarthmore 1948-91. She began studying Latin at Utica Free Academy and Greek at Cornell University, where she received an A.B. in 1942 and a Ph.D. in 1945. In addition to Swarthmore, she taught at Rosary College, Barnard College and Columbia University, LaSalle College, Vassar College, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and the American Academy in Rome. Her publications included Sophrosyne: Self-Knowledge and Self-Restraint in Greek Literature, which received the Goodwin Award of the American Philological Association in 1969, and From Myth to Icon: Reflections of Greek Ethical Doctrine in Literature and Art (Martin Classical Lecture, 1972). Dr. North edited Interpretations of Plato: A Swarthmore Symposium (1977) and co-edited Of Eloquence: Studies in Ancient and Mediaeval Rhetoric by Harry Caplan (1969) and (with Mary C. North) The West of Ireland: A Megalithic Primer (1999) and Cork and the Rest of Ireland: A Megalithic Primer II (2003). She also translated Milton's Second Defense of the English People in the Yale Complete Works (1966). Recent articles and lectures dealt with Plato's rhetoric, Cicero's oratory and rhetoric, and Hestia and Vesta in Greek and Roman cult. Helen North chaired the Phi Beta Kappa Committee on Visiting Scholars and was an editor of the Journal of the History of Ideas. In 1995, she received the Centennial Medal of the American Academy in Rome, on whose Board she served from 1972 to 1991. In 1996 she was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Service from the American Philological Association, of which she was President in 1976. Dr. North was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1991. She died in Swarthmore at the age of 90.

17	Name:	Dr. Fernando Nottebohm
	Institution:	Rockefeller University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Argentine biologist Fernando Nottebohm has been at Rockefeller University since 1967 and a professor since 1976. He became director of the Rockefeller University Field Research Center for Ethology and Ecology in 1981. His investigations focused on diverse aspects of vocal learning in birds, from the ecological correlates of song dialect boundaries to neuronal replacement in adult brain. He described central pathways for the acquisition and production of learned song, then showed that several of the song nuclei were much larger in males than in females. These same nuclei also showed seasonal changes in size, as the levels of gonadal hormones changed cyclically and, in some species left side dominance which, however, could be reversed. Perhaps his most surprising finding was that some classes of song system neurons continued to be produced in adult brain, replacing, numerically, others that had died. Nottebohm and his colleagues described where these new neurons were born, the neurogenic stem cells and how the daughter cells migrated and eventually joined existing circuits. Dr. Nottebohm has received many awards for his work and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

18	Name:	Dr. Heiko A. Oberman
	Institution:	University of Arizona
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	April 22, 2001

19	Name:	Dr. Donald E. Osterbrock
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Cruz
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	January 11, 2007

20	Name:	Dr. Philip W. Anderson
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	March 29, 2020

	One of the giants of the theory of condensed matter physics, Philip W. Anderson was born in Indiana in 1923. He went to Harvard University for his undergraduate and graduate work, where he studied under John Hausbrouck van Vleck. In 35 years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, Dr. Anderson worked on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics. He was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers. Dr. Anderson was a pioneer in the study of "Anderson localization" of electrons in disordered solids, the transitions between metallic and insulating states, and the concept of spin glasses. A theorist who always maintained close contact with experimentalists, he ranged from physics, through chemistry, to biology. Dr. Anderson was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982. He served as Joseph Henry Professor of Physics at Princeton University. Philip W. Anderson died March 29, 2020 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 96.

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