American Philosophical Society
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1Name:  Dr. Julia Annas
 Institution:  University of Arizona
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Julia Annas is known for her work in ancient ethics and contemporary ethics, especially in the area of virtue ethics, where renewed interest in ancient ethics has stimulated many new developments. She studied the B.A. Literae Humaniores course at Oxford University (Greek and Latin language, literature, history and philosophy) and then received her Ph. D from Harvard University. She returned to Oxford and taught as a Lecturer and then Tutorial Fellow at St Hugh’s College for fifteen years, before becoming Professor (since 1995 Regents Professor) of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. She was the founding editor of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy and has been joint editor for many years of the Oxford Aristotle monographs series. She has been a Senior Fellow of the Center for Hellenic Studies, President of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association and a Getty Scholar. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science, an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh’s College, Oxford and an Honorary Doctor of the University of Uppsala. She has published many books and articles over a wide range of topics in ancient philosophy, with increasing focus on the areas of epistemology and ethics. Her 1993 The Morality of Happiness explored the structure of ancient ethical theories, starting from Aristotle and establishing the general outline of a kind of theory in which virtue and happiness are the central concepts (this is now often called eudaimonist virtue theory). Her 1999 Platonic Ethics Old and New carried the project backwards, looking at ethics in Plato, and forwards, to the more academic ethics of later Platonists. In the last two decades her work has integrated historical study of ancient texts and engagement with the resurgent field of virtue ethics. Her 2011 Intelligent Virtue presents an outline of a contemporary theory in which virtue and happiness are central, which can meet several different philosophical objections and serve as a promising model of ethical theory. She continues to work mainly on contemporary and historical theories of virtue and happiness. Julia Annas was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
2Name:  Dr. Carol T. Christ
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley; Smith College
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1944
   
 
Carol T. Christ is, as of July 2017, the Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley. An esteemed scholar of English literature and a recognized leader in higher education, Carol T. Christ was the 10th president of Smith College. She retired as president in June 2013. Christ came to Smith in 2002 following a 30-year career in teaching and administration at the University of California, Berkeley, which culminated in her appointment as executive vice chancellor, the university’s top academic officer. At Smith, Christ has led a comprehensive strategic planning process to identify the distinctive intellectual traditions of the Smith curriculum and to develop students’ essential capacities. The Smith Design for Learning: A Plan to Reimagine a Liberal Arts Education identifies priority areas - among them, international studies, environmental sustainability, and community engagement - for significant investment over the coming decade. The product of two years of intensive work and the engagement of thousands of alumnae, faculty, staff and students, The Smith Design underscores Smith’s mission to "educate women of promise for lives of distinction." Under Christ’s leadership, Smith undertook one of the most ambitious capital projects in the college’s history: Ford Hall, a state-of-the-art, sustainably designed classroom and laboratory facility named in recognition of its lead donor, the Ford Motor Company Fund. Opened in fall 2009, Ford Hall is home to the college’s pioneering Picker Engineering Program as well as the departments of molecular biology, chemistry, biochemistry and computer science. In 2010, Christ launched The Futures Initiative, a year-long strategic-thinking project focused on 2020 and beyond, which examined the college’s academic and financial models in the context of trends in higher education. Participants - trustees, faculty and senior campus leaders - engaged questions of demographics, globalization, pre- and post-college education, and diverse pathways toward an undergraduate degree, with the aim of positioning Smith for long-term success. Over the decade of Christ’s leadership, the student body has become notably more diverse and international, reflecting a commitment to educating students who are prepared to assume leadership roles around the world. Christ has extended Smith’s global ties, through partnerships such as Women’s Education Worldwide, an organization of women’s colleges in 20 countries, and the Women in Public Service Project, a founding partnership of the Department of State and the five leading U.S. women’s colleges to train a new generation of women to enter the public sector with the skills and passion to address global challenges. In spring 2012, Smith agreed to serve as the academic planning partner for a new liberal arts university for women, the Asian Women’s Leadership University, in Malaysia. Christ graduated with honors from Douglass College and received her doctorate from Yale University. As president, she continued to teach, offering seminars on science and literature, and on the arts. In 2004 she was named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in recognition of her accomplishments in higher education. In 2007 Yale University Graduate School presented Christ with its highest honor, the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal, in recognition of her distinguished achievements in scholarship, teaching, academic administration and public service. In 2011 she was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by the American College of Greece for her service to education and public life. Carol Christ was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
3Name:  Dr. James E. Darnell
 Institution:  Rockefeller University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1930
   
 
Born in Columbus, MS in 1930 Darnell attended local schools and the University of Mississippi, graduating in January 1951. He entered Washington University St. Louis School of Medicine, a "science-based" medical school in 1951, and by 1952 was engaged in microbiological research. After a one year internship he joined the laboratory of Harry Eagle, a pioneer in culturing human cells in culture at the National Institutes of Heath. At NIH he began an early career in animal virology, using cultured cells. An interlude of 11 months with Francois Jacob in 1960-61 taught him about the maturing state of molecular biology, especially the importance of the new discovery of messenger RNA. On returning to his first independent position at MIT in June 1961, he began the study of human (mammalian) cell RNA which he has continued for over 50 years. His research discovered the first cases of RNA processing in ribosomal and transfer RNA. First, a longer primary transcript is copied from DNA and then processed into shorter molecules that function in the cell cytoplasm to direct the synthesis of specific proteins. Studies on the primary nuclear transcript of precursor mRNAs produced during adenovirus infection supplied much of the original evidence that in the nucleus cells process adenovirus pre-mRNA into mRNA paving the way for the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of RNA splicing by Phillip Sharp, Richard Roberts and their colleagues. In the 1980s he began the study of DNA binding transcriptional factors including those activated by reception of signals from cell surface proteins. The far-reaching results from these later experiments culminated in the description of the first complete cell surface to nucleus signal transduction pathway: the JAK-STAT pathway. Dr. Darnell has had academic appointments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Columbia University. In 1974 Dr. Darnell joined Rockefeller as Vincent Astor Professor, and from 1990 to 1991 he was vice president for academic affairs. He was instrumental in the 1980s and 1990s in establishing a new focus in hiring young independent faculty, a now accepted mechanism in university practice. Dr. Darnell has received numerous awards, including the 2012 Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, the 2003 National Medal of Science, the 2002 Albert Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science, the 1997 Passano Award, the 1994 Paul Janssen Prize in Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and the 1986 Gairdner Foundation International Award. He has received honorary degrees from Washington University (1996), Albany Medical College (2000) and The Rockefeller University (2012) He is the author of the recently published RNA: Life’s Indispensable Molecule. He is also coauthor, with S.E. Luria, of General Virology, and a founding author of Molecular Cell Biology, now in its seventh edition. Dr. Darnell is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1973), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1973), a foreign member of The Royal Society of London (1986), and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2004). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
4Name:  Mr. Roberto Diaz
 Institution:  The Curtis Institute of Music
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1961
   
 
A violist of international reputation, Roberto Díaz is President and CEO of the Curtis Institute of Music, following in the footsteps of renowned soloist/directors such as Josef Hofmann, Efrem Zimbalist, and Rudolf Serkin. As a teacher of viola at Curtis and former principal viola of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Mr. Díaz has already had a significant impact on American musical life and continues to do so in his dual roles as performer and educator. As a soloist, Mr. Díaz collaborates with leading conductors of our time on stages throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia. He has also worked directly with important 20th- and 21st-century composers, including Krzysztof Penderecki, whose viola concerto he has performed many times with the composer on the podium and whose double concerto he will premiere in the United States during the 13-14 season; and Edison Denisov who invited Mr. Díaz to Moscow to work on his viola concerto. Ricardo Lorenz and Roberto Sierra have written concerti for Mr. Díaz, and he will premiere a concerto by Jennifer Higdon in 2015. As a frequent recitalist, Mr. Díaz enjoys collaborating with young pianists, bringing a fresh approach to the repertoire and providing invaluable opportunities to artists at the beginnings of their careers. In addition to performing with major string quartets and pianists in chamber music series and festivals worldwide, Mr. Díaz has toured Europe, Asia, and the Americas a member of the Díaz Trio with violinist Andrés Cárdenes and cellist Andrés Díaz. The Díaz Trio has recorded for the Artek and Dorian labels. Mr. Díaz’s recordings on the Naxos label with pianist Robert Koenig include the complete works for viola and piano by Henri Vieuxtemps and a Grammy-nominated disc of viola transcriptions by William Primrose. Also on Naxos are Brahms sonatas with Jeremy Denk and Jonathan Leshnoff’s Double Concerto with violinist Charles Wetherbee and the Iris Chamber Orchestra led by Michael Stern. On the New World Records label is a live recording of Mr. Díaz’s performance of Jacob Druckman's Viola Concerto with Wolfgang Sawallisch and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Upcoming releases include the Walton Viola Concerto with the New Haven Symphony and William Boughton (Nimbus) and works for viola and orchestra by Peter Lieberson with the Odense Symphony Orchestra and Scott Yoo (Bridge Records). Since founding Curtis On Tour six seasons ago, Mr. Díaz has taken the hugely successful program to North and South America, Europe, and Asia, performing chamber music side-by-side with Curtis students and other faculty and alumni of the school. In addition to Curtis On Tour, his tenure as president of Curtis has seen the construction of a significant new building which doubled the size of the school’s campus, the introduction of a classical guitar department, the launch of summer courses open to the public, and the debut of an online stage called Curtis Performs. In the fall of 2013 Curtis will become the first classical music conservatory to offer free online classes through Coursera. Also under Mr. Díaz’s leadership, the school has developed lasting collaborations with other music and arts institutions in Philadelphia and throughout the world and has established the Community Artists Program (CAP) to develop the entrepreneurial and advocacy skills of young musicians. Mr. Díaz received an honorary doctorate from Bowdoin College and was awarded an honorary membership by the National Board of the American Viola Society. In the fall of 2013 Mr. Díaz will become a member of the prestigious American Philosophical Society founded by Benjamin Franklin. As a member of the Philadelphia Orchestra, he was selected by Music Director Christoph Eschenbach to receive the C. Hartman Kuhn Award, given annually to "the member of the Philadelphia Orchestra who has shown ability and enterprise of such character as to enhance the standards and the reputation of the Philadelphia Orchestra." Mr. Díaz received a bachelor’s degree from the New England Conservatory of Music where he studied with Burton Fine, and a diploma from the Curtis Institute of Music where his teacher was his predecessor at the Philadelphia Orchestra, Joseph de Pasquale. Mr. Díaz also has a degree in industrial design. In addition to his decade-long tenure as principal viola of the Philadelphia Orchestra, where he performed the entire standard viola concerto repertoire and gave a number of Philadelphia Orchestra premieres, Mr. Díaz was principal viola of the National Symphony under Mstislav Rostropovich, a member of the Boston Symphony under Seiji Ozawa, and a member of the Minnesota Orchestra under Sir Neville Marriner. Mr. Díaz plays the ex-Primrose Amati viola.
 
5Name:  Dr. Robbert Dijkgraaf
 Institution:  Government of The Netherlands
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1960
   
 
Robbert Dijkgraaf, Director of the Institute for Advanced Study and Leon Levy Professor since July 2012, is a mathematical physicist who has made significant contributions to string theory and the advancement of science education. His research focuses on the interface between mathematics and particle physics. In addition to finding surprising and deep connections between matrix models, topological string theory, and supersymmetric quantum field theory, Dijkgraaf has developed precise formulas for the counting of bound states that explain the entropy of certain black holes. For his contributions to science, Dijkgraaf was awarded the Spinoza Prize, the highest scientific award in the Netherlands, in 2003, and was named a Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2012. Past President (2008-12) of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Co-Chair of the InterAcademy Council (since 2009), Dijkgraaf is a distinguished public policy adviser and passionate advocate for science and the arts. Many of his activities - which have included frequent appearances on Dutch television, a monthly newspaper column in NRC Handelsblad, several books for general audiences, and the launch of the science education website Proefjes.nl - are at the interface between science and society.
 
6Name:  Dr. Andrew Delbanco
 Institution:  Teagle Foundation; Columbia University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1952
   
 
Andrew Delbanco is Alexander Hamilton Professor of American Studies at Columbia University. He was awarded the 2011 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama "for his writing that spans the literature of Melville and Emerson to contemporary issues in higher education." In 2001, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and named by Time Magazine as "America’s Best Social Critic." In 2003, he was named New York State Scholar of the Year by the New York Council for the Humanities. In 2006, he received the "Great Teacher Award" from the Society of Columbia Graduates. Professor Delbanco is the author of many books, including, recently, College: What it Was, Is, and Should Be (Princeton University Press, 2012), and The Abolitionist Imagination (Harvard University Press, 2012). Melville: His World and Work (2005) was published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, in Britain under the Picador imprint, and has appeared in German and Spanish translation. Melville was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in Biography, and appeared on "best books" lists in the Washington Post, Independent (London), Dallas Morning News, and TLS. It was awarded the Lionel Trilling Award by Columbia University. Other books include The Death of Satan (1995), Required Reading: Why Our American Classics Matter Now (1997), and The Real American Dream (1999), which were named notable books by the editors of The New York Times Book Review. The Puritan Ordeal (1989) also won the Lionel Trilling Award. He has edited Writing New England (2001), The Portable Abraham Lincoln (1992, 2009), volume two of The Sermons of Ralph Waldo Emerson (with Teresa Toulouse), and, with Alan Heimert, The Puritans in America (1985). His most recent book is The War Before the War: Fugitive Slaves and the Struggle for American's Soul from the Revolution to the Civil War (2018). Andrew Delbanco’s essays appear regularly in The New York Review of Books, New Republic, New York Times Magazine, and other journals, on topics ranging from. American literary and religious history to contemporary issues in higher education. Mr. Delbanco has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and was a member of the inaugural class of fellows at the New York Public Library Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers. He is a trustee of the Library of America and trustee emeritus of the National Humanities Center. He has served as Vice President of PEN American Center, and as a trustee of the Association of American Colleges and Universities. He became President of the Teagle Foundation in 2018. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
7Name:  Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg
 Institution:  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Harvey V. Fineberg began serving as President of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation in 2014. He served as President of the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) from 2002 to 2014. He served as Provost of Harvard University from 1997 to 2001, following thirteen years as Dean of the Harvard School of Public Health. He has devoted most of his academic career to the fields of health policy and medical decision making, including assessment of medical technology, evaluation and use of vaccines, and dissemination of medical innovations. In March of 2020 he was named chair of the Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. The standing committee was requested by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in response to the COVID-19 outbreak and will provide a neutral forum for experts to rapidly engage with the federal government. Dr. Fineberg helped found and served as president of the Society for Medical Decision Making and has been a consultant to the World Health Organization. He serves on the boards of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, The China Medical Board, and the Association François-Xavier Bagnoud (USA). Dr. Fineberg is co-author of the books Clinical Decision Analysis, Innovators in Physician Education, and The Epidemic that Never Was, an analysis of the controversial federal immunization program against swine flu in 1976. He has co-edited books on such diverse topics as AIDS prevention, vaccine safety, and understanding risk in society. He has also authored numerous articles published in professional journals. Dr. Fineberg received the Stephen Smith Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Public Health from the New York Academy of Medicine, the Frank A. Calderone Prize in Public Health, awarded by the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, the Henry G. Friesen International Prize in Health Research, awarded by Friends of Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Harvard Medal from the Harvard Alumni Association, and a number of honorary degrees. He earned his bachelor's and doctoral degrees from Harvard University.
 
8Name:  Professor Jane C. Ginsburg
 Institution:  Columbia Law School
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1955
   
 
Jane C. Ginsburg is the Morton L. Janklow Professor of Literary and Artistic Property Law at Columbia University School of Law, and Faculty Director of its Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts. She teaches Legal Methods, Copyright Law, and Trademarks Law, and is the author or co-author of casebooks in all three subjects. With Professor Sam Ricketson, she is the co-author of INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS: THE BERNE CONVENTION AND BEYOND (Oxford University Press 2006). Other books include INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AT THE EDGE: THE CONTESTED CONTOURS OF IP (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2013), co-editor with Prof. Rochelle Dreyfuss; COPYRIGHT: CONCEPTS & INSIGHTS (Foundation Press 2012), co-author with Prof. Robert A. Gorman; COPYRIGHT AND PIRACY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2010), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; TRADE MARKS AND BRANDS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2008), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; and INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STORIES (Foundation Press 2005), co-editor with Professor Rochelle Dreyfuss. With Professor Dreyfuss and Professor François Dessemontet, she was a Co-Reporter for the American Law Institute project on INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: PRINCIPLES GOVERNING JURISDICTION, CHOICE OF LAW AND JUDGMENTS IN TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTES (2008). Professor Ginsburg has taught French and U.S. copyright law and U.S. legal methods and contracts law at the University of Paris and other French universities. In 2004-05 she held the Arthur L. Goodhart Visiting Chair of Legal Science at the law faculty of the University of Cambridge, UK, where in Fall 2008 she was a Herbert Smith Fellow. In Spring 2009 she was an Affiliated Fellow at the American Academy in Rome. In 2009 she was also an Order of the Coif Distinguished Visitor, and the NZ Legal Research Foundation’s Visiting Scholar at the University of Auckland, and in 2010-11 she was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar. In 2012 she inaugurated the Martin and Susan Adelman Visiting Professorship in Intellectual Property Law at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of the University of Chicago (BA 1976, MA 1977), Professor Ginsburg received a JD in 1980 from Harvard, and a Diplôme d'études approfondies in 1985 and a Doctorate of Law in 1995 from the University of Paris II. She is a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. Jane Ginsburg was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
9Name:  Dr. Eric J. Heller
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
10Name:  Dr. Susan Band Horwitz
 Institution:  Albert Einstein College of Medicine
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
Dr. Susan Band Horwitz was born in Boston where she grew up and attended public high school. After graduating from Bryn Mawr College, she attended Brandeis University where she received her Ph.D. in Biochemistry. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the Departments of Pharmacology at Tufts University Medical School, Emory University Medical School and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. She joined the faculty at Albert Einstein in 1970 and is presently the Falkenstein Professor of Cancer Research, Co-Chair of the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and the Associate Director for Therapeutics at the Albert Einstein Cancer Center. Dr. Horwitz has had a continuing interest in natural products as a source of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Her contributions span several decades of research and encompass agents which have served as prototypes for some of our most important drugs that are currently in clinical use. She made major contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of camptothecin, the epipodophyllotoxins and bleomycin. However, Dr. Horwitz’ most seminal research contribution has been in the development of Taxol, a drug isolated from the yew plant, Taxus brevifolia. Although no one was interested in Taxol when she began her studies, today it is an important antitumor drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of ovarian, breast and lung carcinomas. The drug has been given to over a million patients. Dr. Horwitz' research played an important role in encouraging the development of Taxol by the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Horwitz is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has received numerous honors and awards including the Cain Memorial Award of the AACR, the ASPET Award for Experimental Therapeutics, the C. Chester Stock Award from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize from Harvard Medical School, The American Cancer Society’s Medal of Honor -Clinical Research Award, The Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology, the Barnard Medal of Distinction, and the 2014 John Scott Science Award. In 2011, Dr. Horwitz received the AACR Lifetime Achievement Award in Cancer Research and The New York Academy Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Biomedical Science. She served as president (2002-2003) of the American Association of Cancer Research. Susan Horwitz was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
11Name:  Dr. Irwin Mark Jacobs
 Institution:  Qualcomm Inc.; Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  103. Engineering
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1933
   
 
Irwin Mark Jacobs is Founding Chairman and CEO Emeritus of Qualcomm, a company he co-founded in 1985. As CEO through 2005 and Chairman through 2009, he led the growth from startup to Fortune 500 Company, now with over 28,000 employees worldwide. Qualcomm pioneered the development and commercialization of CDMA wireless technology, the basis for all third-generation cellular networks which now provide voice and broadband Internet access for over 1.6 billion customers. Qualcomm is the world’s largest semiconductor supplier for wireless products and a leader in introducing fourth-generation technology. For 15 consecutive years, QUALCOMM has been named to Fortune’s list of The 100 Best Companies To Work For. Dr. Jacobs previously served as co-founder, CEO and chairman of LINKABIT Corporation, leading the development of Very Small Aperture Earth Terminals (VSATs) and the VideoCipher® satellite-to-home TV system. LINKABIT merged with M/A-COM in August 1980, and Dr. Jacobs served as executive vice president and a member of the board of directors until his resignation in April 1985. Over 100 San Diego communications companies trace their roots to LINKABIT. From 1959 to 1966, Dr. Jacobs was an assistant, then associate professor of electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From 1966 to 1972 he served as professor of computer science and engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). While at MIT, Dr. Jacobs co-authored with Jack Wozencraft a textbook in digital communications Principles of Communication Engineering. First published in 1965, the book remains in use today. Dr. Jacobs received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1956 from Cornell University and Master of Science and Doctor of Science degrees in electrical engineering from MIT in 1957 and 1959, respectively. He holds fourteen CDMA patents. Dr. Jacobs was named Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Salk Institute In November 2006 and served as Chair of the National Academy of Engineering from 2008 to 2012. He serves on the UCSD Foundation Board of Trustees in addition to the UC San Diego Health System Advisory Board and is past chairman of the University of California President’s Engineering Advisory Council. In June 2011, he was appointed by The Secretary of Education to serve on the Board of the National Center for Research in Advanced Information and Digital Technologies (aka, Digital Promise). Additionally, Dr. Jacobs is a board member of the Lang Lang Foundation, the Technion Board of Governors, the International Innovation and Entrepreneurship Board of Overseers of KACST in Saudi Arabia, the Pacific Council on International Policy, and has served on the Advisory Board of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management since its formation in 2000. He is the recipient of numerous industry, education and business awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1994 and the IEEE Medal of Honor in 2013. Irwin Jacobs was elected a member of the American Philosophical Socity in 2013. In 2015 he was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy.
 
12Name:  Dr. Michael B. Katz
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1939
 Death Date:  August 23, 2014
   
 
Michael B. Katz is Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History and Research Associate in the Population Studies Center at the History Department at the University of Pennsylvania. Educated at Harvard, he has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a resident fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies (Princeton), the Russell Sage Foundation, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; he also has held a fellowship from the Open Society Institute. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Education, National Academy of Social Insurance, and the Society of American Historians. In 1999, he received a Senior Scholar Award - a lifetime achievement award - from the Spencer Foundation. From 1989-1995, he served as archivist to the Social Science Research Council's Committee for Research on the Urban Underclass and in 1992 was a member of the Task Force to Reduce Welfare Dependency appointed by the Governor of Pennsylvania. From 1991-1995 and 2011-2012, he was Chair of the History Department at the University of Pennsylvania; from 1983-1996 he directed or co-directed the University’s undergraduate Urban Studies Program; in 1994, he founded the graduate certificate program in Urban Studies, which he co-directs. He is a past-president of the History of Education Society and of the Urban History Association. In 2007, he was given the Provost’s Award for Distinguished Graduate Student Teaching and Mentoring. His work has focused on three major areas: the history of American education (The Irony of Early School Reform [1968, reprinted with a new introduction, 2001]; Class, Bureaucracy, and Schools: The Illusion of Educational Change in America [1971, expanded edition 1975]; Reconstructing American Education [1987]); the history of urban social structure and family organization (The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth Century City [1975, winner Albert C. Corey Prize, American and Canadian Historical Associations]; The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism [1981]); and with Mark J. Stern, One Nation Divisible: What America Was and What It Is Becoming (2006; paperback, 2008); and the history of social welfare and poverty (Poverty and Policy in American History [1983]; In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America [1986, expanded edition 1996]; The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare [1990, a finalist for the American Sociological Association's Distinguished Book Award]; The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History [1993]; Improving Poor People: the Welfare State, the "Underclass," and Urban Schools as History [1995]); and The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State (Metropolitan/Holt, 2001; Owl Books, 2002; updated edition, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); and with Christoph Sachsse, he has edited The Mixed Economy of Social Welfare: England, Germany, and the United States from the 1870s to the 1930s (1996). With Michelle Fine and Elaine Simon, he is author of the essay, "Poking Around: Outsiders View Chicago School Reform" - based on five years of periodic interviews and observations (Teachers College Record, Fall 1997). With Thomas Sugrue, he edited, W.E.B. Du Bois, Race, and the City: "The Philadelphia Negro" And Its Legacy (1998. An article co-authored with Mark J. Stern and Jamie J. Fader, "The New African American Inequality," appeared in the June 2005 Journal of American History and was awarded the Binkley-Stephenson Prize from the Organization of American Historians for the best article published in the journal in 2005. His presidential address to the Urban History Association, "Why Don’t American Cities Burn Very Often?" was published in the January 2008 Journal of Urban History. He currently works on immigration and has co-authored a report on immigration to Greater Philadelphia with the Brookings Institution. His co-authored article, "Immigration and the New Metropolitan Geography" won the prize for the best article in the Journal of Urban Affairs in 2010. His most recent book, Why Don’t American Cities Burn? (2012) was published by Penn Press in fall 2011. With Mike Rose, he is the author of the forthcoming [June 2013] Public Education Under Siege. Also forthcoming is, The Underserving Poor: America’s Enduring Confrontation with Poverty [October 2013]. His research has been supported by the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Canada Council, Behavioral Science Research Institute York University, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Education, National Endowment for the Humanities, Social Sciences Research Council, Rockefeller Foundation, Spencer Foundation, the Research Foundation University of Pennsylvania, the Penn Institute for Urban Research, and the Russell Sage Foundation. Michael Katz was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
13Name:  Mr. Tony Kushner
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1956
   
 
Tony Kushner's plays include A Bright Room Called Day; Angels in America, Parts One and Two; Slavs!; Homebody/Kabul; the musical Caroline, or Change and the opera A Blizzard on Marblehead Neck, both with composer Jeanine Tesori; and The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide To Capitalism And Socialism With A Key To The Scriptures. He has adapted and translated Pierre Corneille's The Illusion, S.Y. Ansky's The Dybbuk, Bertolt Brecht's The Good Person of Sezuan and Mother Courage and Her Children; and the English-language libretto for the opera Brundibár by Hans Krasa. He wrote the screenplays for Mike Nichols' film of Angels In America, and for Steven Spielberg's Munich and Lincoln. His books include Brundibar, with illustrations by Maurice Sendak; The Art of Maurice Sendak, 1980 to the Present; and Wrestling With Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict, co-edited with Alisa Solomon. Kushner is the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, two Tony Awards, three Obie Awards, two Evening Standard Awards, an Olivier Award, an Emmy Award, two Oscar nominations, and the Steinberg Distinguished Playwright Award, among other honors. He was presented the 2012 National Medal of Arts by President Obama. He lives in Manhattan with his husband, Mark Harris.
 
14Name:  Dr. Judith L. Lean
 Institution:  Naval Research Laboratory
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1953
   
 
Judith Lean is Senior Scientist for Sun-Earth System Research in the Space Science Division of the Naval Research Laboratory where she studies the integrated extended environment of the Earth, from its surface to the Sun. A U.S. citizen since 1992, she earned a Ph.D. in atmospheric physics from the University of Adelaide, Australia (1982) and a Bachelor of Science (Hons) from the Australian National University (1975). She has worked at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC since 1986, following an initial appointment as a research assistant at the University of Colorado at Boulder (from 1981 to 1986). Her research focuses on the mechanisms and measurements of variation in the Sun's radiative output at all wavelengths, and the effects of this variability on Earth, including space weather, climate change and the ozone layer. She has testified to the U.S. Congress on the role of solar output variations in climate change, and chaired the National Research Council’s (NRC) Working Group on Solar Influences on Global Change. She has served on a number of NSF, NOAA, NRC and NASA advisory committees, including the NRC Decadal Survey on Earth Science and Applications, the NRC Decadal Survey on Solar and Space Science and NASA’s Science Advisory Committee. A member of the AGU, IAGA, AAS/SPD, APS and AMS, she was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2002 and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2003. She is the author (or co-author) of 150 published papers in the scientific literature, and has made more than 290 presentations at scientific meetings, seminars, colloquia and lectures. Judith Lean was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
15Name:  Dr. Richard C. Levin
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1947
   
 
Richard C. Levin served as President of Yale University from 1993 to 2013. He is now President Emeritus and Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Economics. In from 2014-17 he was Chief Executive of Coursera, a provider of online academic courses. He is now Senior Advisor to the company, which enrolls seven million people in hundreds of free massive open online courses, or MOOCs, from more than 100 partner universities in 19 countries. Mr. Levin had been experimenting with online education for years, beginning in 2000 in a partnership with Stanford and Oxford. In 2007, he started Open Yale Courses to make dozens of classes taught by Yale professors available without cost. He received his B.A. from Stanford University in 1968 and studied politics and philosophy at Oxford University, where he earned a B.Litt. Degree. In 1974 he received his Ph.D. from Yale and joined the Yale faculty. Before becoming president, he chaired the economics department and served as dean of Yale’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Levin served on President Obama’s Council of Advisors for Science and Technology (PCAST). He is a trustee of the Hewlett Foundation and a member of the National Committee on United States-China Relations. He served on a bipartisan commission to recommend improvements in the nation’s intelligence capabilities and chaired a major review of the nation’s patent system for the National Academy of Sciences. President Levin holds honorary degrees from Yale, Harvard, Princeton, Oxford, Peking, Tokyo, and Waseda universities and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Richard C. Levin was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
16Name:  Dr. Lewis Lockwood
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1930
   
 
Lewis Lockwood is an American music historian. He has worked primarily in two fields: music and culture in Italy from c. 1400 to 1600; and the intensive study of Beethoven’s life and music. Lockwood was born in New York City in 1930 (by chance on Beethoven’s birthday), was trained as a cellist and continues to be active in chamber music. After attending the High School of Music and Art, then Queens College, he did his graduate studies at Princeton University with Oliver Strunk and others (Ph.D 1960). He taught at Princeton from 1958 to 1980, then moved to Harvard University, remaining there until his retirement in 2002. In 2010 he accepted appointment as Distinguished Senior Scholar in Musicology at Boston University. Having been swept into Renaissance studies in his undergraduate years by Edward Lowinsky, his first area of scholarship was Italian music history of the 15th and 16th centuries. His dissertation on the north Italian 16th-century composer Vincenzo Ruffo showed the influence of church patronage on style in sacred music. His later work included numerous articles on sacred and secular music, culminating in his major book, Music in Renaissance Ferrara, 1400-1505 (1984, rev. 2009) This book was the first fully documented study of the rise of this important musical center, and received the Howard Marraro Prize of the Society of Italian Historians in 1985. In 2008 Lockwood received the Paul Oskar Kristeller Award from the Renaissance Society of America, and he holds honorary degrees from the Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, New England Conservatory, and Wake Forest University. In 2019 he shared the Guido Adler Prize of the International Music Association with fellow APS member Margaret Bent, in honor of "scholars who have made an outstanding contribution to musicology." In the 1960's he turned towards the study of Beethoven, with a special focus on the vast patrimony of Beethoven’s surviving sketches and autograph manuscripts as evidence of his compositional process. Still only very partially known and published, these sources offer unparalleled insight into Beethoven’s methods of composition over his entire lifetime. Lockwood’s essay on the composing score of the cello sonata Op. 69 appeared in The Music Forum, 1970 and later in his Beethoven: Studies in the Creative Process (1992). In 2003 he brought out his Beethoven: The Music and the Life (New York: Norton). which has been translated into six language and was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in biography. This book gives primacy to Beethoven as composer while it also deals with the most salient issues in his life and career. In 2008, in collaboration with the members of the Juilliard String Quartet, he co-authored the book, Inside Beethoven’s Quartets. Most recently he has co-edited, with Alan Gosman, the critical edition of Beethoven’s "Eroica" Sketchbook (2013). He was the founding editor of Beethoven Forum, (1992-2007), the first serial scholarly publication on Beethoven produced in America. Lockwood was named by Joseph Kerman in the New York Review of Books as "a leading musical scholar of the postwar generation and the leading American scholar on Beethoven." Lewis Lockwood was elected a members of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
17Name:  Dr. Dusa McDuff
 Institution:  Barnard College
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Dusa McDuff launched her career while she was a graduate student at Cambridge University (where she earned her PhD in 1970 under George Reid) when she solved a well-known problem about von Neumann algebras, constructing infinitely many different factors of "type II-one." She traveled to Moscow in 1969-70 where she had the good fortune to study with Israel M. Gelfand. He shared her view of mathematics as a kind of poetry and was a great inspiration, encouraging her to study topology. McDuff returned to Cambridge for a two-year Science Research Council Fellowship, working with Frank Adams and later Graeme Segal. She was appointed Lecturer first at the University of York (1972-76) and then at the University of Warwick (1976-78), and spent 1974-75 at MIT. McDuff was on the faculty of the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1978-2008, starting as an Assistant Professor and ending as a Distinguished Professor, along the way serving as Department Chair, 1991-93, and Undergraduate Director, 1998-2000. She moved to Barnard College in 2007 to take up the Kimmel Chair of Mathematics. Throughout her career she has been concerned with educational issues at both undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as being active in encouraging more women to study mathematics. McDuff has worked in symplectic topology since the early 1980s. She has written over 90 papers, as well as co-authoring three books with Dietmar Salamon, most recently J-holomorphic curves and Symplectic Topology (AMS Colloquium Publication 52, 2 edition (2012)). McDuff has held visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Studies, UC Berkeley, MIT, Harvard, and at MSRI, in addition to serving on MSRI’s Scientific Advisory Committee (1990-98, Chair 1993-96). She has served on the MSRI Board of Trustees, as Chair 1998-2001, and currently as an ordinary member (2006-2017). Dusa McDuff has been awarded numerous honors including the Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 1991 and honorary doctorates from the University of Edinburgh (where she was an undergraduate), the University of York and the University of Strasbourg. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1994 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995; she became a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1999. She is an Honorary Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge, an Honorary Member of the London Mathematical Society and a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. McDuff has lectured widely in the US and abroad: for example Plenary Lecture at ICM Berlin (1998), AWM Noether Lecturer (1998), London Mathematical Society Hardy Lecturer (1999), Rademacher Lecturer, University of Pennsylvania (2001) and Andrejewski Lecturer, University of Gottingen (2001). She was awarded the AMS Steele Prize for Exposition in 2017.
 
18Name:  Dr. William Nordhaus
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
William Nordhaus is Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University and recipient of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Economics. He was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He completed his undergraduate work at Yale University in 1963 and received his Ph.D. in Economics in 1967 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has been on the faculty of Yale University since 1967 and has been Full Professor of Economics since 1973. He is also Professor in Yale’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Professor Nordhaus lives in downtown New Haven with his wife Barbara, who works at the Yale Child Study Center. Nordhaus is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is on the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Cowles Foundation for Research, and has been a member and senior advisor of the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, Washington, D.C. since 1972. Professor Nordhaus is current or past associate editor of several scientific journals. He was the first chair of the Advisory Committee for the Bureau of Economic Analysis and of the American Economic Association Committee on Federal Statistics. In 2004, he was awarded the prize of "Distinguished Fellow" by the American Economic Association and later was elected President of the American Economic Association for 2014-15. William Nordhaus was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Economic Science for his pioneering work on the economic impact of climate change. From 1977 to 1979, he was a Member of the President's Council of Economic Advisers. From 1986 to 1988, he served as the Provost of Yale University. He is currently Deputy Chair of the Board of Directors of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank. He has served on several committees of the National Academy of Sciences on topics including climate change, environmental accounting, risk, and the role of the tax system in climate change. William Nordhaus was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. He is the author of many books, among them Invention, Growth and Welfare, Is Growth Obsolete?, The Efficient Use of Energy Resources, Reforming Federal Regulation, Managing the Global Commons, Warming the World, and (joint with Paul Samuelson) the classic textbook, Economics, whose nineteenth edition was published in 2009. His most recent book on economic modeling of climate change, A Question of Balance (Yale University Press, 2008), was selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title of 2008. Professor Nordhaus has also studied wage and price behavior, health economics, augmented national accounting, the political business cycle, and productivity. His 1996 study of the economic history of lighting back to Babylonian times found that the measurement of long-term economic growth has been significantly underestimated. He returned to Mesopotamian economics with a study of the costs of the U.S. war in Iraq, published before the war began, projecting a total cost as high as $2 trillion. He is the author of the DICE and RICE models of the economics of climate change, which have been widely used in research on studies of climate-change economics and policies.
 
19Name:  Dr. Elaine Scarry
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Elaine Scarry is currently Harvard College Professor and the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and General Theory of Value in the Department of English at Harvard University. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Connecticut in 1974, which she followed with a professorship at the University of Pennsylvania. Since the publication of The Body in Pain (1985), Elaine Scarry has held a special place in American literary, cultural, and political discourse. That book was widely discussed in many fields, and remains an important point of reference - all the more important since the "torture memos" of the U.S. Department of Justice began to come to light. In fact, the events of 9/11 made Dr. Scarry’s work all the more pertinent, and she has made many timely interventions in ensuing debates. Since moving from the University of Pennsylvania to Harvard, she has pursued work on aesthetics - beauty in relation to truth - and political responsibility (thinking in a situation of emergency) in ways that are unprecedented and impressive. Her work is read in many fields, including law. She won the Truman Capote Award in 1999 and is the author of several books, Literature and the Body: Essays on Populations and Persons (1990), Resisting Representation (1994), Dreaming by the Book (1999), On Beauty and Being Just (1999), Who Defended the Country? A New Democracy Forum on Authoritarian versus Democratic Approaches to National Defense on 9/11 (2003), Rule of Law, Misrule of Men (2010), Thinking in an Emergency (2011), and Thermonuclear Monarchy: Choosing Between Democracy and Doom (2013). Elaine Scarry was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
20Name:  Dr. Kay Kaufman Shelemay
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2013
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1948
   
 
Kay Kaufman Shelemay is the G. Gordon Watts Professor of Music and Professor of African and African American Studies at Harvard University. An ethnomusicologist who received her Ph.D. in Musicology from the University of Michigan (1977), Shelemay has carried out ethnographic and historical research in Ethiopia and among a cross-section of musical communities in the United States. Shelemay’s first book, Music, Ritual, and Falasha History (1986), won both the ASCAP-Deems Taylor Award in 1987 and the Prize of the International Musicological Society in 1988. Among her other books are A Song of Longing: An Ethiopian Journey (1991); Ethiopian Christian Chant: An Anthology (3 vols., 1993-97), co-authored with Peter Jeffery; Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance Among Syrian Jews (1998); Sing and Sing On. Sentinel Musicians and the Making of the Ethiopian American Diaspora (2022) and the textbook Soundscapes: Exploring Music in a Changing World (3rd ed., 2015). Shelemay has also edited a seven-volume series of readings in ethnomusicology and other collections of essays, including Pain and Its Transformations: The Interface of Biology and Culture (2007, co-edited with Sarah Coakley) and Creating the Ethiopian Diaspora, a special double volume of Diaspora, A Journal of Transnational Studies (2011, co-edited with Steven Kaplan). Among her numerous articles, "The Power of Silent Voices. Women in the Syrian Jewish Musical Tradition" won the Society of Ethnomusicology’s 2010 Jaap Kunst for best article of the year. Shelemay has been awarded fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies. A Past-President of the Society for Ethnomusicology, Shelemay was a Congressional appointee to the Board of the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress from 1999-2012. In 2000, she was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2004, a fellow of the American Academy for Jewish Research. Shelemay was named the Chair for Modern Culture at the John W. Kluge Center of the Library of Congress during 2007-2008, and served as the Phi Beta Kappa/Frank M. Updike Memorial Scholar during 2010-2011. Kay Kaufman Shelemay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.
 
Election Year
2013[X]
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