American Philosophical Society
Member History

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21Name:  Dr. Alexandra Navrotsky
 Institution:  Arizona State University
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  105. Physical Earth Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Alexandra Navrotsky was educated at the Bronx High School of Science and the University of Chicago (B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in physical chemistry). After postdoctoral work in Germany and at Penn State University, she joined the faculty in Chemistry at Arizona State University, where she remained till her move to the Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences at Princeton University in 1985. She chaired that department from 1988 to 1991 and has been active in the Princeton Materials Institute. In 1997, she became an Interdisciplinary Professor of Ceramic, Earth, and Environmental Materials Chemistry at the University of California at Davis and was appointed Edward Roessler Chair in Mathematical and Physical Sciences in 2001. She was appointed interim dean of the Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences in 2013 while UC Davis searched for a successor to the former dean. In 2019 she returned to Arizona State to head the newly created Navrotsky Eyring Center for Materials of the Universe. Her research interests have centered about relating microscopic features of structure and bonding to macroscopic thermodynamic behavior in minerals, ceramics, and other complex materials. She has made contributions to mineral thermodynamics; mantle mineralogy and high pressure phase transitions; silicate melt and glass thermodynamics; order-disorder in spinels; framework silicates; and other oxides; ceramic processing; oxide superconductors; nanophase oxides, zeolites, nitrides, perovskites; and the general problem of structure-energy-property systematics. The main technical area of her laboratory is high temperature reaction calorimetry. She is director of the UC Davis Organized Research Unit on Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture and Technology (NEAT-ORU). She has published over 1,300 scientific papers. Honors include an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (1973); Mineralogical Society of America Award (1981); American Geophysical Union Fellow (1988); Vice-President, Mineralogical Society of America (1991-1992), President (1992-1993); Geochemical Society Fellow (1997). She spent five years (1986-1991) as Editor, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, and serves on numerous advisory committees and panels in both government and academe. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1993. In 1995 she received the Ross Coffin Purdy Award from the American Ceramic Society and was awarded the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from Uppsala University, Sweden. In 2002 she was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth Science. In 2004, she was elected a Fellow of The Mineralogical Society (Great Britain) and awarded the Urey Medal (the highest career honor of the European Association of Geochemistry). In 2005, she was bestowed with the Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award of the American Ceramic Society. In 2006, she received the Harry H. Hess Medal of the American Geophysical Union. In October 2009, she received the Roebling Medal, the highest honor of the Mineralogical Society of America. In 2016 she was awarded the Goldschmidt Award.
 
22Name:  Dr. William T. Newsome
 Institution:  Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  208. Plant Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1952
   
 
William T. Newsome is Harman Family Provostial Professor, Vincent V. C. Woo Director of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Professor of Neurobiology and, by courtesy, of Psychology, Stanford University. In 2013 he was enlisted to co-lead the working group for President Obama's $100 million BRAIN initiative. Studying the primate visual system with a combination of behavioral, electrophysiological, and computational techniques, William Newsome has provided a deep understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating basic cognitive functions, including motion perception and decision. The most compelling evidence for the relationship between the response of individual neurons and perception has come from Newsome’s work. Newsome and colleagues recorded the activity of motion selective neurons in area MT in alert monkeys while the animals carried out a task designed to report the direction of motion in a random dot display. They found that the firing of most neurons in this task correlated extremely well with the performance of the monkey. Thus, directional information encoded by the neurons of a single column in MT is sufficient to account for the subject’s judgment. They then found that stimulation altered the animal’s judgment, biasing judgments toward the particular direction of motion encoded by the neurons that were stimulated. Thus, the firing of a relatively small population of motion sensitive neurons in MT, perhaps as few as 200, directly contributes to perception. He earned his Ph.D. in 1980 from the California Institute of Technology. He has won a number of awards, including the W. Alden Spencer Award from Columbia University in 1994, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 2002, and the Karl Spencer Lashley Award from the American Philosophical Society in 2010. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Philosophical Society in 2011.
 
23Name:  Dr. Kyriacos C. Nicolaou
 Institution:  Rice University
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
K.C. Nicolaou was born in 1946 in Cyprus, where he grew up and went to school until the age of 18. In 1964, he emigrated to England where he spent two years learning English and preparing to enter the university. His advanced studies in chemistry were carried out at the University of London (B.Sc., 1969, Bedford College, First Class Honors; Ph.D. 1972, University College). In 1972, he crossed the Atlantic to the United States and completed postdoctoral appointments at Columbia University (1972-1973) and Harvard University (1973-1976) after which he joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania, where he rose through the ranks to become the Rhodes-Thompson Professor of Chemistry. In 1989, he accepted joint appointments at the University of California, San Diego, where he was Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, and The Scripps Research Institute, where he was the Chairman of the Department of Chemistry and the Darlene Shiley Chair in Chemistry and the Aline. W. and L. Skaggs Professorship in Chemical Biology. In July 2013 he moved to Rice University where he is Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry and the BioScience Research Collaborative. One of the world’s leading synthetic organic chemists, Dr. Nicolaou is considered a master of the art of total synthesis. His accomplishments include the synthesis of some of the most complex molecules of nature such as amphotericin B, calicheamicin, Taxol®, brevetoxins A and B, vancomycin, and thiostrepton. In addition to his scientific accomplishments, Dr. Nicolaou is well known for his educational reviews and books. Among his books, the most well-known are the Classics in Total Synthesis series (I, II, III, co-authored with his students Erik Sorensen, Scott Snyder and Jason Chen, respectively) and Molecules That Changed the World (co-authored with his research associate Tamsyn Montagnon). The latter is a delightful and informative coffee table book illustrating the impact of chemistry on society with colorful images and easy to understand language that serves to inspire the youth into the sciences and inform the public about the importance and virtues of science. For his scientific work, Professor Nicolaou has received numerous awards and honors, including the Humboldt Foundation US Senior Scientist Prize (Germany, 1987), the William H. Nichols Medal, New York Section-American Chemical Society (1996), the Linus Pauling Medal, Oregon, Portland, Puget Sound Sections-American Chemical Society (1996), the Decoration of the Order of the Commander of Honor Medal (bestowed by the President of Greece, 1998), the Gustavus John Esselen Award for Chemistry in the Public Interest, Northeaster Section-American Chemical Society (1998), the Aristeio Bodossaki Prize (Greece, 2004), the A. C. Cope Award, American Chemical Society (2005), the August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann-Denkmünze Award (Germany, 2008), the Chandler Medal, Columbia University (2008), the Science Award, Ministry of Education and Culture, Cyprus (2010), the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry (2011), and the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2016). Nicolaou is a Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), Foreign Member of the Academy of Athens (Greece), Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Member of the Royal Society, and holds 12 honorary degrees from universities around the world. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2011.
 
24Name:  Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade
 Institution:  University of Chicago
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1957
   
 
Olufunmilayo Olopade occupies a unique place in medicine. Born and educated in Nigeria, where she earned her M.D. from the University of Ibadan in 1980, she has been on the faculty of University of Chicago since 1986. She specializes in cancer risk assessment prevention, early detection and treatment of aggressive breast cancer that disproportionately affects young women. Olopade has done pioneering work in genomic analysis of breast cancer, including seminal work in young Nigerian breast cancer patients harboring BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. This work in comparative genomics has the potential to reduce the burden of cancer and improve health in developing nations. She has been recognized with many honors, including the Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation in 2000, a MacArthur Fellowship in 2005, and the 2017 Mendel Medal Lecture at Villanova University. She is a member of a number of scholarly communities, including the American Association for Cancer Research, the Association of American Physicians (2005), the National Academy of Sciences (2008), the Institute of Medicine (2008), and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2010). She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011.
 
25Name:  Dr. Robert C. Post
 Institution:  Yale Law School
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1947
   
 
Robert Post is Sterling Professor of Law, Yale Law School, having previously served as Dean and Sol & Lillian Goldman Professor of Law at the same institution. Before coming to Yale, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall). Professor Post’s subject areas are constitutional law, First Amendment, legal history, and affirmative action. He has written dozens of articles in legal journals and other publications, including "Roe Rage: Democratic Constitutionalism and Backlash" (with Reva Siegel, Harvard Civil-Rights Civil-Liberties Law Review, 2007); "Federalism, Positive Law, and the Emergence of the American Administrative State: Prohibition in the Taft Court Era" (William & Mary Law Review, 2006); "Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts, and Law" (Harvard Law Review, 2003); and "Subsidized Speech" (Yale Law Journal, 1996). He has also written and edited numerous books, including For the Common Good: Principles of American Academic Freedom (with Matthew M. Finkin, 2009); Prejudicial Appearances: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law (with K. Anthony Appiah, Judith Butler, Thomas C. Grey, and Reva Siegel, 2001); and Constitutional Domains: Democracy, Community, Management (1995). He has an A.B. and Ph.D. in History of American Civilization from Harvard and a J.D. from Yale Law School.
 
26Name:  Dr. Robert J. Sampson
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1955
   
 
Robert Sampson’s work has focused on the social organization of cities, contributing path-breaking research on the effects of neighborhoods on crime and social inequality. Early on he began tracking the careers of men born during the Depression and incarcerated during adolescence, following them to age 70. He demonstrated marked differences in the extent of later criminal behavior, and that its forms were linked to the social bonds they formed as well as changes in their individual attitudes. Later, his studies of race and crime, on the social meaning and implications of “visible” disorder in cities, the tangled effects of social inequality and its spatial concentrations, and the character of collective civic engagement in cities from the 1960s through the current period have sharpened our understanding of these important phenomena. He is known for having introduced careful distinctions between individual and contextual effects and for using new spatial techniques in systematic social observation to address old questions such as why the distribution of poverty across Chicago neighborhoods has remained stable despite marked shifts in population within them. Sampson has consistently shown a fine-tuned sense for important research problems, has devised original procedures for data collection and analysis and in so doing, has strongly influenced the agenda for studies of urban phenomena, world-wide. He earned his Ph.D. from State University of New York in 1983. He is the author of several works, including: (with T. Castellano, J. Laub) Juvenile Criminal Behavior and Its Relation to Neighborhood Characteristics, 1981; (with J. Laub) Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life, 1993; (with G. Squires, M. Zhou) How Neighborhoods Matter: The Value of Investing at the Local Level, 2001; (with J. Laub) Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70, 2003. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2005, the National Academy of Sciences in 2006, and the American Philosophical Society in 2011. He was recently awarded the Stockholm Prize in Criminology (2011).
 
27Name:  Dr. Anne-Marie Slaughter
 Institution:  New America Foundation
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1958
   
 
Anne-Marie Slaughter is one of the leading U.S. scholars of international law. A graduate of the Woodrow Wilson School (A.B.), Oxford (D.Phil. in international relations, 1992), and Harvard Law School (1985), she taught law at Chicago and Harvard, where she directed International Legal Studies. Exceptionally talented and accomplished, she had been serving as the dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University when she was appointed Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. Department of State. She returned to Princeton University where she is now Bert G. Kerstetter '66 University Professor Emerita of Politics and International Affairs. In 2013 she became President and Chief Executive Officer of the New America Foundation. Her book A New World Order is one of the most influential recent studies of the emerging international system, identifying transnational networks of government officials as an aspect of global governance. She has also initiated an important long-term study of international security arrangements, The Princeton Project on National Security. Her other works include The Idea That Is America: Keeping Faith with Our Values in a Dangerous World (2007) and "The Arab Spring and Climate Change" (2013). She was awarded the Francis Deak Prize of the American Journal of International Law in 1990 and 1994, the Jean Mayer Global Citizenship Award of the Tufts Institute for Global Leadership in 2003, and the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Law of the University of Virginia/Thomas Jefferson Foundation in 2007. She was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2002 and the American Philosophical Society in 2011.
 
28Name:  Dr. Patrick Thaddeus
 Institution:  Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1932
 Death Date:  April 28, 2017
   
 
Pat Thaddeus’ astronomy research career centered on molecules. His pioneering and sophisticated laboratory methods of generating exotic molecules that might be observable in space, and measuring their spectra so as to be able to find these molecules in space through these microwave spectral signatures, enabled him to be without peer in this field. He and his group have thus discovered approximately 20 percent of the approximate 160 molecules now known to exist in interstellar space. His most important discoveries ranged from (unexpected) long carbon-chain molecules to (even more unexpected) negative ions, all of which have had a major impact on our understanding of the chemistry of interstellar space. He and his group have also conducted truly unique large-scale surveys of interstellar carbon monoxide which is a proxy for the difficult to observe hydrogen molecule; the high point of these surveys was the production of an exquisite, detailed map of our galaxy in three dimensions (radial velocity as well as sky coordinates), which now adorns walls in observatories world wide and has led to many further advances in our understanding of the structure of the Milky Way Galaxy. He earned his Ph.D. in 1960 from Columbia University. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1987 and of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1989, and received the Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2001 and the Sir Harold Thompson Memorial Award in 2002. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011. Patrick Thaddeus died April 28, 2017, at the age of 84.
 
29Name:  Dr. Keith S. Thomson
 Institution:  American Philosophical Society; University of Oxford
 Year Elected:  2011
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
Keith Stewart Thomson served as the American Philosophical Society’s Executive Officer from July 1, 2012, to June 12, 2017. He graduated from the University of Birmingham (UK) in 1960 and then moved to Harvard University, earning a Ph.D. in biology in 1963. His dissertation was on the evolution of air-breathing at the transition between fishes and the first land animals. He continued to study both fossil and living fishes when he returned to England as NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at University College London (1963-1965) before going to Yale University (1965-1987), first as a faculty member of the Biology Department, where he was also appointed Curator of Fishes in the Peabody Museum of Natural History, and later as its Director and Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. At Yale his studies of ancient fishes inevitably drew him both to the “living fossil” lungfishes and the extraordinary living coelacanth. In 1966 he obtained for study the first fresh specimen of the coelacanth from the Comoro Islands (Living Fossil, 1991). His overall goal was to understand fossils in the same physiological, biomechanical, and ecological terms as we study living animals. In the process he published more than 200 papers on subjects ranging from the evolution of cell size and DNA content in lungfish and intracranial mechanics in the coelacanth and its fossil relatives, to the origin of the tetrapod middle ear and the body shape and swimming mechanics of sharks. From an early interest in embryology, it was but a short step to study the roles that developmental processes play in evolution, and to writing Morphogenesis and Evolution (1988). As an evolutionary biologist he naturally became interested in Charles Darwin and that led to a broader interest in the history of science (for example HMS Beagle, the Story of Darwin’s Ship, 1995). He moved to Philadelphia as President and CEO of the Academy of Natural Sciences (1987-1995), which included heading a successful capital campaign for a new library building and a research laboratory on Chesapeake Bay. In 1996 he was appointed University Distinguished Scientist-in-Residence at the New School for Social Research in New York City, where he introduced the first science curriculum and taught both biology and history of science. In 1998 he was elected to be the first director (in modern times) of the Oxford University Museum, Professor of Natural History, and a Fellow of Kellogg College. At Oxford he was heavily involved in the creation of a new national program of funding for regional (i.e. not state-funded) museums. After retiring in 2003 he returned to Philadelphia to write, and was based at the American Philosophical Society as Senior Research Fellow. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011. His recent books include: The Watch on the Heath (published in the USA as Before Darwin) and Fossils: a Very Short Introduction, both in 2005; The Legacy of the Mastodon (2008); A Passion for Nature: Thomas Jefferson and Natural History (2008); The Young Charles Darwin (2009); Jefferson’s Shadow: The Story of his Science (2012), and Private Doubt, Public Dilemma (2015).
 
Election Year
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