American Philosophical Society
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21Name:  Dr. Louis J. Ignarro
 Institution:  University of Callifornia, Los Angeles
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Louis J. Ignarro is a Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology at the UCLA School of Medicine and winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his groundbreaking discovery of the importance of nitric oxide in cardiovascular health. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Dr. Ignarro has also received numerous other special awards for his research, including the Basic Research Prize of the American Heart Association, the CIBA award for Hypertension Research, and the Roussel Uclaf Prize for Cell Communication and Signaling. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and has published over 500 scholarly articles in his career. For nearly 30 years Dr. Ignarro's research has focused on the role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system. Among the most significant contributions from Dr. Ignarro's wealth of research is the discovery that nitric oxide is produced in the blood vessels and controls the flow of blood by signaling the vessels to expand and contract. A shortage of nitric oxide production, caused by poor diet and lack of physical activity, leads to the onset and increasing severity of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack, stroke, and high cholesterol. In addition, Dr. Ignarro's experiments in 1990 led to the discovery that nitric oxide is the neurotransmitter responsible for penile erection. The discovery made it possible to develop and market Viagra, the first oral medication for the effective treatment of erectile dysfunction. As a result of his role in this blockbuster drug, Dr. Ignarro is sometimes known as "the father of Viagra". In addition to continuing to lead an active team of researchers in his lab at UCLA, Dr. Ignarro now focuses on communicating the benefits of enhanced nitric oxide production to the general public. His goal is to wipe out heart disease using the scientific knowledge he has created. His work proves that almost all cardiovascular disease is preventable. Louis J. Ignarro was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1941, the son of uneducated Italian immigrants. He received a B.Sc. in chemistry and pharmacy from Columbia University in 1962, a Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Minnesota in 1966, and postdoctoral training in the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology at the National Institutes of Health in 1966-68.
 
22Name:  Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson
 Institution:  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
The Honorable Shirley Ann Jackson is the 18th President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., and Hartford, Conn., the oldest technological research university in the United States. She is slated to lead Rensselaer through June 2022. Dr. Jackson holds a Ph.D. in theoretical elementary particle physics from M.I.T. (1973) and a S.B. in physics from M.I.T. (1968). Her research specialty is in theoretical condensed matter physics, especially layered systems, and the physics of opto-electronic materials. Describing her as "a national treasure," the National Science Board selected Dr. Jackson as its 2007 recipient of the prestigious Vannevar Bush Award for "a lifetime of achievements in scientific research, education, and senior statesman-like contributions to public policy." Described by Time Magazine (2005) as "perhaps the ultimate role model for women in science," President Jackson has held senior leadership positions in government, industry, research, and the academy. Since arriving at Rensselaer in 1999, Dr. Jackson has fostered an extraordinary renaissance there through the vision, development and implementation of The Rensselaer Plan, the Institute's strategic blueprint. This institutional transformation has included the hiring of more than 180 new faculty and a corresponding reduction in class size and student/faculty ratios; initiating and/or completing $500 million in new construction and renovation of facilities for research, teaching, and student life; a doubling of research awards; and innovations in curriculum, undergraduate research, and student life initiatives. President Jackson secured a $360 million unrestricted gift to the university (2001), launched the $1 billion Renaissance at Rensselaer Campaign (2004), and expanded the goal of the campaign to $1.4 billion (2006) when the initial goal was met earlier than anticipated. Prior to her leadership of Rensselaer, President Jackson was Chair of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; a theoretical physicist conducting basic research at the former AT&T Bell Laboratories; and a professor of theoretical physics at Rutgers University. In 1995 President Clinton appointed Dr. Jackson to serve as Chair of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). From 1995-99 she was Chair of the NRC, which is charged with the protection of the public health and safety, the environment, and the common defense and security by licensing, regulating, and safeguarding the use of reactor byproduct material in the U.S. From 1991-95, Dr. Jackson was professor of physics at Rutgers University, where she taught undergraduate and graduate students, conducted research on the electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional systems, and supervised Ph.D. candidates. She concurrently served as a consultant in semiconductor theory to AT&T Bell Laboratories. From 1976-91, Dr. Jackson conducted research in theoretical physics, solid state and quantum physics, and optical physics at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Her primary research foci were the optical and electronic properties of layered materials including transition metal dichalcogenides, electrons on the surface of liquid helium films, and strained-layer semiconductor superlattices. She is best known for her work on polaronic aspects of electrons in two-dimensional systems. Dr. Jackson is past President (2004) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and former Chairman (2005) of the AAAS Board of Directors. In 2019 she was appointed to the global Board of Directors of the Nature Conservancy. She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2001) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1991), the American Physical Society (1986) the AAAS (2007), and the Royal Academy of Engineering (2012). She is a member of a number of other professional organizations and holds 44 honorary doctoral degrees. Dr. Jackson is the first African-American woman to receive a doctorate from M.I.T. and was one of the first two African-American women to receive a doctorate in physics in the United States. She is the first African-American to become a Commissioner of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the first woman and the first African-American to serve as the chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the first African-American woman to lead a national research university. She also is the first African-American woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering, and the first to receive the Vannevar Bush award. In 2002, Dr. Jackson was named one of the Top 50 Women in Science by Discover magazine, and recognized in a published book by ESSENCE titled 50 of The Most Inspiring African-Americans. She also was named one of "50 R&D Stars to Watch" by Industry Week Magazine. Dr. Jackson was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998 for her significant and profound contributions as a distinguished scientist and advocate for education, science, and public policy. She was inducted into the Women in Technology International Foundation Hall of Fame (WITI) in 2000. In 2015 she was awarded the National Medal of Science and in 2020 she was awarded the Joseph A. Burton Forum Award of the American Physical Society. Dr. Jackson is married to Dr. Morris A. Washington, also a physicist. They have one son, Alan, a graduate of Dartmouth College.
 
23Name:  Dr. Daniel H. Janzen
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania; Area de Conservación Gaunacaste, Costa Rica
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
Daniel Janzen is DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and Technical Advisor to the Area de Conservación Gaunacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. While initially focused on tropical animal-plant relationships, from the early 1980's to the present, Janzen has focused on an inventory of tropical caterpillars, their parasites, and their microbial biodiversity, and on the conservation of tropical biodiversity through its non-damaging development (see ). His 428 publications encapsulate much of this information and its associated relevance for tropical science administration and conservation biology. He and his biologist wife, Winnie Hallwachs, are among the primary architects of the Area de Conservación Gaunacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica (), which was decreed a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Janzen received the first Crafoord Prize in biology offered xby the Swedish Royal Academy of Science (1984), the Kyoto Prize in Basic Biology (1997), and the John Scott Award of the City of Philadelphia for activities good for humankind (2003). A member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1992) and the Costa Rican National Academy of Sciences (2002), his activities have had a positive influence on society's awareness of the relevance and potential of conservation of tropical wildland biodiversity for global understanding, national sustainable development, and individual quality of life, both inside and outside the tropics. His current focus is caterpillar natural history, the combination of conservation and biodiversity development, finding the funds to endow the entire national park system of Costa Rica, and facilitating global bioliteracy through the emergence of the ability of all people to be able to identify any organism anywhere anytime through DNA barcoding.
 
24Name:  Dr. John R. Anderson
 Institution:  Carnegie Mellon University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  305
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1947
   
 
As winner of his field's highest honors, member of most honorary societies, recipient of numerous research grants, and publisher of hundreds of important articles and influential books, John Anderson has made numerous critically important contributions to cognitive psychology. These include: production of large scale architectures of human cognition that predict behavior from sensory input and perception to cognition, decision making and motor behavior; initiation of the field's movement to encompass adaptation to the demands of the environment, in large part through Bayesian modeling; the bringing of scientific models to practical applications in education, with highly successful computer based algebra and programming tutors; experimental demonstrations using functional magnetic resonance imaging that his system architecture is implemented in the brain in neural systems; and the linkage of formal behavioral models with neural architectures. His impact is hinted at by an enormous yearly citation count but goes well beyond this measure. Dr. Anderson is one of the pre-eminent cognitive scientists/psychologists in the world today. Since 2002 he has been Richard King Mellon Professor of Psychology and Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, where he has taught since 1978. He has also served on the Yale University faculty and holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University. Most recent among his numerous awards is the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science from the Franklin Institute.
 
25Name:  Mr. Jasper Johns
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1930
   
 
Jasper Johns was born May 15, 1930, in Augusta, Georgia, and lived in South Carolina during his childhood with his grandparents and other relatives. After studying at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, he went to New York in 1949. He attended art school for a short time before he was drafted into the army and stationed in Japan. From 1952 he lived in downtown New York, supporting himself by working in a bookstore and making display work for stores, including Tiffany & Co. The first Flag, Target and Number paintings were made in the mid-1950s and were shown in his first one-man exhibition in 1958 at the Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, where he continued to exhibit regularly. In 1959 he participated in the "Sixteen Americans" show at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. During this period, Johns made his first sculptures of a light bulb and a flashlight, and in 1960 he made the two "Painted Bronze" pieces of the Ballantine Ale cans and the Savarin coffee can with paintbrushes. Also in 1960, Johns made his first lithograph ("Target") at Tatyana Grosman's print workshop on Long Island, Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE). He has since made prints mainly at ULAE; Gemini G.E.L., Los Angeles; Simca Print Artists, Inc, New York; and Atelier Crommelynck, Paris. Exhibitions of his prints were held in 1970 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and in 1982 at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In May, 1986, The Museum of Modern Art presented "Jasper Johns: A Print Retrospective," which traveled in the United States, Europe and Japan; and in 1990, two years after having acquired a complete collection of the artist's published graphic work, the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, organized the exhibition "Jasper Johns: Printed Symbols," which traveled to six other museums in the United States and Canada. In spring 1994 ULAE published "The Prints of Jasper Johns 1960-1993: A Catalogue Raisonné." Though living in New York in the 1960s, Jasper Johns worked at his studio in Edisto Beach, South Carolina several months of each year, from 1961 until it was destroyed by fire in 1966. He also traveled and worked in Japan and in Los Angeles, when he began making prints at Gemini G. E. L. Works of this period include the "0 through 9" series (1961); the "Watchman" and "Souvenir" paintings (Japan, 1964); and the large works "Diver" (1962), "According to What" (1964); "Harlem Light" (1967); and "Wall Piece" (1968). Johns' "Map (Based on Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Air Ocean World)" (1967-71), originally made for the Montréal Expo '67, was shown at the Museum of Modern Art in 1971. In a large "Untited" painting in 1972, Johns introduced in his work a motif referred to as "cross hatch." "Scent" (1973-74) was the first work based entirely on the "cross hatch" motif, which dominated his work into the early 1980s. During this period, in 1977, the Whitney Museum of American Art presented a retrospective exhibition, "Jasper Johns," which traveled in the United States, Europe and Japan. In the beginning of 1987, Johns' show at the Leo Castelli Gallery featured four paintings of "The Seasons", along with drawings and prints based on the same theme. A set of four intaglio prints, The Seasons represented the most recent work in the exhibition "Jasper Johns: Work Since 1974", organized by and shown at the Philadelphia Museum of Art after opening at the 1988 Venice Biennale. Johns was the featured artist at the American Pavilion in Venice and recipient of the Grand Prize for the 43rd Biennale. In 1990 the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., opened the retrospective "The Drawings of Jasper Johns", later shown at the Kunstmuseum, Basel; the Hayward Gallery, London; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. In 1993 Leo Castelli celebrated his long working relationship with the artist with an exhibition "Jasper Johns: 35 Years with Leo Castelli" with works representing the 11 shows held at the gallery from 1958-93. Early in 1996, the first exhibition of Johns' sculpture, organized by the Centre for the Study of Sculpture at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds, opened at the Menil Collection, Houston, and was later shown at the Leeds City Art Gallery. In the fall of the same year, the Museum of Modern Art presented a retrospective exhibition of the artist's work, which traveled to museums in Cologne and Tokyo. Most of the loans from the artist for that exhibition were featured at the opening of the Fondation Beyeler in Basel in October 1997. In 1999 the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art presented "Jasper Johns: New Paintings and Works on Paper," which traveled to the Yale University Art Gallery and the Dallas Museum of Art. In 2003 "Jasper Johns: Numbers," was exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art, and "Past Things and Present: Jasper Johns since 1983," at the Walker Art Cetner. The latter show traveled in the U.S., Spain, Scotland and Ireland. The year 2007 began with the opening of two exhibitions at the National Gallery of Art, Washington. "Jasper Johns: An Allegory of Painting 1955-1965" included paintings, drawings and prints relating to four subjects in Johns' work: the target, the device, stencilled names of colors, and tracings and imprints of body parts. "States and Variations: Prints by Jasper Johns" opened with the National Gallery's announcement of the acquisition from the artist of about 1,700 proofs of the various types of prints he had made since he began working in that medium in 1960. After moving to Connecticut in 1996, Johns set up a print studio, Low Road Studio, on his property. In the fall of 2004 Leo Castelli Gallery presented "Jasper Johns: Prints from the Low Road Studio", the first exhibition of those works. The Museum of Modern Art acquired three of Johns' paintings from his first exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery in 1958. His work is now represented in numerous public and private collections throughout the world. Jasper Johns has been a director of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts since its beginning in 1963. He was artistic advisor to the Merce Cunningham Dance Company from 1967-75. He received the Creative Arts Awards Citation for Painting from Brandeis University in 1970 and two medals from Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture: the Skowhegan Medal for Painting in 1972 and the Skowhegan Medal for Graphics in 1977. In 1973 he was elected a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and in 1978 he received the City of New York Mayor's Award of Honor for Arts and Culture. He became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1984. The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters awarded Johns the Gold Medal for Graphic Art in 1986, the same year in which the Wolf Foundation of Israel awarded him the Wolf Prize for Painting. In 1988 Brandeis University honored him again with the Creative Arts Awards Medal for Painting. In the same year he received the Grand Prize at the XLIII Venice Biennale and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1990 Johns was presented a National Medal of Arts at the White House by President Bush, and in 1993 he received the Praemium Imperiale for painting from the Japan Art Association in Tokyo. The MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, New Hampshire, awarded Johns the Edward MacDowell Medal in 1994. In 1997 he was made an Academician in the Class of Painting of the National Academy/ Museum and School of Fine Arts, New York. At present, Jasper Johns maintains studios in Connecticut and the French West Indies, where he works on paintings, drawings, sculptures and prints. He was awarded the 2010 Medal of Freedom by President Obama. His latest museum exhibition, "Jasper Johns: Gray", opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2008.
 
26Name:  Dr. Karl Kaiser
 Institution:  Harvard University; University of Bonn
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1934
   
 
Karl Kaiser is Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Adjunct Professor of Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University as well as a Senior Scholar of the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. He was born in Germany in 1934 and studied economics and political science at Cologne University (Degree of Diplom-Kaufmann, 1954-58). He conducted graduate studies at the University of Grenoble (D.E.S. de Science Politique, 1958-59) and Oxford University (Nuffield College, 1961-63), simultaneously receiving a Ph.D. from Cologne University (Dr.rer.pol.). He subsequently worked at Harvard University, first for Henry Kissinger, then as Research Associate at the Center for International Affairs, Head Tutor in Social Studies and Lecturer in Government (1963-68). He has also served at Harvard several times as a visiting professor. Later, he held professorships at Johns Hopkins University in Bologna (Italy), the Hebrew University and the Universities of Saarbrucken, Cologne, Florence and Bonn. From 1973-2003 he was Otto-Wolff-Director of the German Council on Foreign Relations, Bonn/Berlin. Dr. Kaiser has also served as a member of the Federal Commission for the Reform of the Federal Armed Services, the Council of Environmental Advisors of Germany and on several commissions of enquiry of the German Parliament, testimonials in the German and Dutch Parliaments, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee and the House Subcommittee on European Affairs of the U.S. Congress. He has also been an occasional political advisor to German Chancellors Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt and to Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher. Karl Kaiser is the author and/or editor of several hundred articles and fifty books in the fields of world affairs, German, French, British and U.S. foreign policy, East-West relations, nuclear proliferation, strategic theory, international economics and international environmental policy. His latest edited volume is entitled Asia and Europe: The Necessity for Cooperation (2004). Among his latest articles is "Indispensable NATO" in: Internationale Politik, Global Edition (summer 2008). Dr. Kaiser has been named an Honorary Doctor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Commander of the British Empire (UK) and Officier de la Légion d'Honneur(F), Order of Merit 1st Class (D), Order of Merit 1st Class (Pl). His many awards include the Prix Bentinck and the Atlantic Award of NATO.
 
27Name:  Dr. Robert O. Keohane
 Institution:  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Robert O. Keohane is a professor of public and international affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. He is the author of After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (1984) and Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World (2002). He is co-author (with Joseph S. Nye, Jr.) of Power and Interdependence (third edition 2001) and (with Gary King and Sidney Verba) Designing Social Inquiry (1994). Dr. Keohane has taught at Swarthmore College and Stanford, Brandeis, Harvard and Duke Universities. At Harvard he was Stanfield Professor of International Peace, and at Duke he was the James B. Duke Professor of Political Science. Professor Keohane obtained his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1966. Between 1974 and 1980 he was editor of the journal International Organization. He has also been president of the International Studies Association (1988-89) and of the American Political Science Association (1999-2000). Dr. Keohane is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has held a Guggenheim Fellowship and fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and the National Humanities Center. He was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science in 2005 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences that same year. He was listed as the most influential scholar of international relations in a 2005 Foreign Policy poll.
 
28Name:  Dr. Daniel Kleppner
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1932
   
 
Daniel Kleppner received bachelors degrees in physics from Williams College and Cambridge University, and in 1959 received the Ph.D. from Harvard University where he worked under the direction of Professor Norman F. Ramsey. The following year Drs. Ramsey and Kleppner developed the hydrogen maser, an atomic clock that has been widely employed for scientific studies and technological applications including the global positioning system. In 1966 Dr. Kleppner joined the faculty of physics at MIT and started a research program in high precision measurements and atomic scattering. David E. Pritchard, then a graduate student at Harvard, came with Kleppner to M.I.T. and later joined the faculty and commenced a research career that over the years contributed significantly to MIT's reputation. as an international leader in atomic physics. In the mid 1970s, Dr. Kleppner developed methods for studying a class of atoms known as Rydberg atoms. His early studies on the inhibited spontaneous emission of Rydberg atoms helped to spawn the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics, a subject that has helped to focus new interest on basic measurement processes. He also pioneered the study of Rydberg atoms in strong electric and magnetic fields. This system turned out to provide a fruitful arena for studying the connections between quantum and classical behavior, including the phenomenon known as quantum chaos. In 1977 Dr. Kleppner joined in a collaboration with Professor Thomas J. Greytak to attempt to form a Bose-Einstein condensate of atomic hydrogen. The search took longer than they expected--over twenty years--but in 1998 they succeeded. A few years earlier, students of Dr. Kleppner and Dr. Pritchard had discovered Bose-Einstein condensation in gasses of alkali metal atoms and the field exploded into the most dramatic development in atomic physics since the invention of the laser. Dr. Kleppner is currently the Lester Wolfe Professor of Physics, Emeritus, and Co-Director at the MITA-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences, Paris, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served as Chairperson of the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics of the American Physical Society, a member of the APS Council, and on numerous advisory committees. Dr. Kleppner has received the Davisson-Germer Prize and the Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society, the William F. Meggers Award and Frederick Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America, the James Rhyn Killian Faculty Achievement Award of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Wolf Foundtion Prize in Physics, and the 2006 National Medal of Science. He served as co-chair of the American Physical Society Study Group on Boost-Phase Intercept for the National Missile Defense and, with the other members of the Study Group, has been awarded the 2005 APS Leo Szilard Lectureship Award in recognition of this work. In 2014 he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute. He received the 2017 American Physical Society Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research.
 
29Name:  Professor Harold Hongju Koh
 Institution:  Yale Law School
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  504. Scholars in the Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1954
   
 
Harold Hongju Koh earned his J.D. from Harvard University in 1980. After clerking for Judge Malcolm Wilkey and Justice Harry Blackmun, he served as an associate at Covington & Burling and as attorney-adviser in the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel. In 1985 he joined the faculty at Yale Law School. At Yale, Koh quickly established himself as one of the nation's leading scholars of international law, with special emphasis on international human rights law. He also put his scholarship into practice from 1998-2001 as Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, a post of substantial importance in the Clinton years. On returning to Yale in 2001, Koh, through extensive scholarship coupled with amicus briefs in major cases, soon became a highly influential critic of the rights-restrictive legal regime of the Bush administration. Koh was Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, 1993-2009, and Dean of the Law School, 2004-2009. With prodigious energy, he led his institution into a position of global academic eminence. President Obama appointed Koh Legal Advisor to the United States Department of State. He returned to Yale as Sterling Professor of International Law in January 2013. Harold Koh is the author of The National Security Constitution, 1990; International Business Transactions in United States Courts, 1998; and The Human Rights of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: Different but Equal, 2003. He has received the American Political Science Association's Richard E. Neustadt Award, 1991; the Wolfgang Friedmann Award of Columbia Law School, 2003; and the Louis B. Sohn Award of the American Bar Association, 2005. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2000. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
30Name:  Dr. Ronald D. Lee
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Professor Ronald Lee holds an M.A. in Demography from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University. He spent a postdoctoral year at the National Institute of Demographic Studies (INED, France). After teaching for eight years at the University of Michigan in the Economics Department and working at the Populations Studies Center, he joined Demography at Berkeley in 1979, with a joint appointment in Economics. He has taught courses here in economic demography, population theory, population and economic development, demographic forecasting, population aging, indirect estimation, and research design, as well as a number of pro-seminars. Honors include Presidency of the Population Association of America, the Mindel C. Sheps Award for research in Mathematical Demography, the PAA Irene B. Taeuber Award for outstanding contributions in the field of demography. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Philosophical Society and a corresponding member of the British Academy . He has chaired the population and social science study section for NIH and is a former chair of the NAS Committee on Population. He has served on the National Advisory Council on Aging and currently serves on the National Advisory Child Health and Human Development Council. Professor Lee is the founding Director of the Center for the Economics and Demography of Aging at UC Berkeley, funded by the National Institute of Aging. He has received MERIT awards from NIA for two projects. His research projects include modeling and forecasting demographic time series, population aging and intergenerational transfers, evolutionary theory, and public pensions. He is married to Melissa L. Nelken and has three daughters. He enjoys tennis and hiking.
 
31Name:  Dr. Lawrence Lessig
 Institution:  Harvard Law School
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1961
   
 
Perhaps the world's leading scholar of law and the Internet, Lawrence Lessig is an expert on the effects of new digital technologies on traditional assumptions about copyright and constitutional law. His dazzling contributions to public debate about the balance between ownership of intellectual property and freedom of ideas extend beyond the academy. Author of three pioneering books and numerous articles on ideas and innovation in cyberspace, he is also the founder of Creative Commons, an international consortium of artists, scholars and writers who agree to allow others to use their work more broadly than ordinary copyright permits. In updating his now-classic book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, he invited readers to contribute to the editing process itself, expanding the definition of a commons from physical space to the world of ideas. Lessig was a Professor of Law at Stanford Law School and founder of the school's Center for Internet and Society before he was appointed professor of law at Harvard Law School and director of the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics at Harvard 2009 to 2015. He is currently Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School. Dr. Lessig previously served on the faculty of Harvard Law School, where he was the Berkman Professor of Law, and he has also taught at the University of Chicago. Professor Lessig earned a BA in economics and a BS in management from the University of Pennsylvania, an MA in philosophy from Cambridge, and a JD from Yale. He clerked for Judge Richard Posner on the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and Justice Antonin Scalia on the United States Supreme Court. Professor Lessig represented web site operator Eric Eldred in the ground-breaking case Eldred v. Ashcroft, a challenge to the 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Professor Lessig is the author of The Future of Ideas (2001), Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999), Free Culture (2004), Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress - and a Plan to Stop It (2011), and America, Compromised (2018). He serves on the board of the Free Software Foundation, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Public Library of Science, and Public Knowledge. He is also a columnist for Wired. Lessig has won numerous awards, including the Free Software Foundation's Freedom Award, and was named one of Scientific American's Top 50 Visionaries, for arguing "against interpretations of copyright that could stifle innovation and discourse online." He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
32Name:  Dr. Stanley Lieberson
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1933
 Death Date:  March 19 2018
   
 
Stanley Lieberson was the Abbott Lawrence Lowell Research Professor of Sociology at Harvard University. He was born in Montreal and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. After two years at Brooklyn College, he was admitted to the graduate program at the University of Chicago, where he earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in Sociology. He taught at a number of institutions and had been a Professor of Sociology at Harvard University since 1988. Lieberson was named the Abbott Lawrence Lowell Professor of Sociology in 1991. Much of his career involved work on race and ethnic relations in both the United States and elsewhere. His dissertation won the University's Colver-Rosenberger Prize, and was later revised and published by the Free Press as Ethnic Patterns in American Cities. He wrote a number of other books dealing with race and ethnic relations, along with numerous papers on this topic in the leading journals. One of these books, A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880, received the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award of the American Sociological Association. In later years, he had developed two new interests: one is a re-examination of the reasoning underlying our research. This led to the publication of Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory. The second new interest was in using first names to study how tastes and fashions operate and, in turn, contribute to an understanding as to how cultural change occurs. A Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change (Yale University Press, 2000), used first names as a way to uncover the stunningly orderly mechanisms underlying changes in tastes and fashions, as well as cultural changes more generally. The book was the co-winner, Best Book in the Sociology of Culture, Culture Section (2001) from the American Sociological Association, and the winner of the Mirra Komarovsky Book Award, Eastern Sociological Society (2002). Lieberson's long-term project was to develop a new approach to a wide variety of issues connected with the use of evidence in the non-experimental social sciences. Lieberson was a President of the American Sociological Association, the Sociological Research Association, and the Pacific Sociological Association. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality at Stanford University. He was the co-recipient of the Paul M. Lazarsfeld Award for contributions in Methodology from the American Sociological Association. Lieberson was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was named an honorary member of the Harvard College chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007. Stanley Lieberson died March 19, 2018, at the age of 84, in Newton, Massachusetts.
 
33Name:  Dr. Victor H. Mair
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania; Hangzhou University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402b
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Victor H. Mair, Professor of Chinese Language and Literature in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1976. He also holds an M.Phil. degree from the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). He has been teaching at the University of Pennsylvania since 1979. Professor Mair specializes in Buddhist popular literature as well as the vernacular tradition of Chinese fiction and the performing arts. Among his chief works in these fields are Tun-huang Popular Narratives (1983), Painting and Performance: Chinese Picture Recitation and Its Indian Genesis (1988), and T'ang Transformation Texts: A Study of the Buddhist Contribution to the Rise of Vernacular Fiction and Drama in China (1989). He is also the author, editor, or translator of numerous other books and articles on Chinese language, literature, and culture. Throughout the 1990s, Professor Mair organized an interdisciplinary research project on the Bronze Age and Iron Age mummies of Eastern Central Asia. Among other results of his efforts during this period were three documentaries for television (Scientific American, NOVA, and Discovery channel), a major international conference, numerous articles, and The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West (2000, with J.P. Mallory). Professor Mair is the founder and editor of Sino-Platonic Papers, General Editor of the ABC Chinese Dictionary Series at the University of Hawaii Press, and series editor for Encounters with Asia at the University of Pennsylvania Press. He has been a fellow or visiting professor at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (2004, 2008), the University of Hong Kong (2002-2003), the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, 1998-1999), the Institute for Research in Humanities (Kyoto University, 1995), Duke University (1993-1994), and the National Humanities Center (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1991-1992).
 
34Name:  Dr. Paul A. Marks
 Institution:  Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1926
 Death Date:  April 28, 2020
   
 
Paul A. Marks was President Emeritus of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and a member of the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. He was president and CEO of MSKCC from 1980-99. He received his A.B. and M.D. degrees from Columbia University and completed postdoctoral training at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and the Pasteur Institute, Paris. Following his period at the Pasteur, Dr. Marks returned to Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons as an assistant professor and was promoted to professor of medicine in 1967. In 1968 he was made professor of human genetics and Frode Jensen Professor of Medicine (1968-80) and the first chairman of the newly created Department of Human Genetics and Development. In 1970 he was elected Dean of the Faculty of Medicine (1970-73). In 1973 he became vice president of health sciences and director of the Comprehensive Cancer Center (1973-80) at Columbia University. In 1980 he was recruited to be the first president and CEO of the combined Memorial Hospital and Sloan-Kettering Institute. He retired from these positions in December 1999. Since January 2000 he has been a member of the Sloan-Kettering Institute, pursuing his research as head of the Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology. Dr. Marks published over 400 scientific articles in various scholarly journals. His research focused on the discovery and development of approaches to selectively arrest cancer cell growth. He and his colleagues identified a series of small molecules - hydroxamic acid based hybrid polar compounds - that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC), enzymes that play a role in regulating gene expression, cell growth, and cell death and can cause death of a variety of cancer cells, with little or no toxicity to normal cells. SAHA was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in October 2006. The first of these novel targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors to be approved for patient use. HDAC inhibitors represent a new approach to cancer therapy. Dr. Marks was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He served on many governmental and non-governmental committees and boards, including the President's Commission on Three Mile Island, the President's National Cancer Advisory Board, Councils of the National Academies and the boards of several academic institutions in the USA and abroad. He received a number of honors including the Distinguished Achievement Medal of Columbia University; the Japan Foundation for the Promotion of Cancer Research Medal; the Centenary Medal of the Pasteur Institute; honorary degrees from several universities, including his alma mater, Columbia University, the John Stearns Award for Lifetime Achievement in Medicine of the New York Academy of Medicine; and the President's National Medal of Science (USA). Dr. Marks was a founder of the biotechnology company Aton Pharma, Inc. that had an exclusive license from Columbia to develop SAHA as a cancer therapeutic, which is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck. Paul A. Marks was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007. He died April 28, 2020 in New York, New York, at the age of 93.
 
35Name:  Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews
 Institution:  Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Jessica Tuchman Mathews served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1997 to 2015. She is now a Distinguished Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Her career includes posts in the executive and legislative branches of government, in management and research in the nonprofit arena, and in journalism. She was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations from 1993 to 1997 and served as director of the Council's Washington program. While there, she published her seminal 1997 Foreign Affairs article, "Power Shift," chosen by the editors as one of the most influential in the journal's 75 years. From 1982 to 1993, she was founding vice president and director of research of the World Resources Institute, an internationally known center for policy research on environmental and natural-resource management issues. She served on the editorial board of the Washington Post from 1980 to 1982, covering energy, environment, science, technology, arms control, health, and other issues. Later, she became a weekly columnist for the Washington Post, writing a column that appeared nationwide and in the International Herald Tribune. From 1977 to 1979, she was director of the Office of Global Issues of the National Security Council, covering nuclear proliferation, conventional arms sales policy, chemical and biological warfare, and human rights. In 1993, she returned to government as deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs. Dr. Mathews is a director of Somalogic Inc. and Hanesbrands Inc. and a trustee of the International Crisis Group, The Century Foundation, and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. She is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. She has previously served on the boards of the Brookings Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation, Radcliffe College, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Surface Transportation Policy Project, and the Joyce Foundation, among others.
 
36Name:  Dr. David R. Mayhew
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
David R. Mayhew: I have been watching and trying to understand American politics since I was eleven or so. I remember the vote in my elementary school homeroom in 1948 in which Truman beat Dewey by 17 to 6. Later I came to realize that that was roughly a religious census of my Connecticut village with the Catholics voting one way and the Protestants the other. I started collecting newspaper and magazine articles about politics in 1950. I kept a choice Saturday Evening Post article, for example, telling how Everett Dirksen won his Illinois Senate seat that year. Only recently have I heaved out most of this material. At age seventy I am downsizing my possessions. Once in college I enlisted in political science quickly. It was at Amherst College in 1954. As a first-semester freshman I took a political science course replete with seniors and juniors where I earned a C+. This was not a good beginning. But I kept at it under the tutelage of Earl Latham, Karl Loewenstein, Dick Fenno, George Kateb and others, wrote a senior essay addressing the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, and then went on to a Ph.D at the Harvard Government Department. There I was lucky enough to work with Louis Hartz, Sam Beer, Bob McCloskey, and, as my dissertation advisor, V.O. Key, Jr. All of these figures had a vigorous interest in history. I grew into that interest too, and I pursued it at Harvard in courses taught by many of the American history specialists there at that time-Frank Freidel, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Oscar Handlin, and Bernard Bailyn. The roots of American policymaking is probably as good a tagline as any for my core interest as a professional academic. I have pursued that interest in a variety of writings at UMass/Amherst in the 1960s and at Yale University starting in 1968. A taste for simple statistics, time series, and history has gone into those writings. Parties, elections, institutional configurations, individual initiative, public moods, wars, and events in general have figured as routes to explanation or at least, I hope, illumination. Although not all that consciously, I probably followed V.O. Key, Jr., more than anyone else in developing this package of tendencies. Another powerful intellectual influence, though, was the Yale Political Science Department of the 1970s. From Robert Dahl and others I learned that a book could consist of a decently worked-out argument centering on rational action and could be short. In that spirit that I crafted a 1974 work, Congress: The Electoral Connection. If members of Congress are posited to be single-minded seekers of reelection, I asked, what might the consequences be for institutional structure and policy? I came back to the model of a short, worked-out argument book in a 2002 work, Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre. Yet starting in the 1986 I have also written works based on complicated time-series datasets that I spent a good deal of time and energy collecting and processing. In Divided We Govern (1991, since updated) I explored the consequences for legislative production of having unified as opposed to divided party control of the U.S. national government. There hasn't been a great deal of difference. Under divided party control have come, for example, the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the Marshall Plan in 1948, the Federal Highway Act of 1956, the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Reagan tax cuts of 1981, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Iraq Resolution of 2002. In America's Congress (2000), I took a look at individual initiative engaged in by members of Congress from the days of James Madison in the early 1790s-as he spurred a House-based opposition to Alexander Hamilton-through the days of Edward Kennedy and John McCain. Lately I have investigated the role of events, notably wars, in generating policy and electoral change. Currently I am aiming toward a short book on U.S. separation of powers. With the often clanking relations between Senate, House, and presidency, why doesn't the American system fall apart?
 
37Name:  Dr. Jane Dammen McAuliffe
 Institution:  Library of Congress; Bryn Mawr College
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1944
   
 
In 2015, Jane McAuliffe was appointed the inaugural Director of National and International Outreach, a newly created division of the Library of Congress. She retired in October 2019. Prior to that, she served as the Director of The John W. Kluge Center, the residential research center for scholars at the Library of Congress. She is President Emeritus of Bryn Mawr College. She had served as the President from 2008 to 2013. Her primary areas of specialization are the Qur'an and its interpretive tradition, the early history of Islam and the many modalities of Muslim-Christian interaction. For the last decade she has published the six volumes of the Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, an international scholarly project which has resulted in the first multi-volume reference work on the Qur'an in Western languages. Other publications include Qur'anic Christians: An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegesis (1991), Abbasid Authority Affirmed: The Early Years of al-Mansur (1995), With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2002) and The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'an (2006). Dr. McAuliffe is currently the Islam editor for the Norton Anthology of World Religions, co-edits a book series for Brill Publishers and serves on the editorial boards of a number of scholarly journals. For two decades she has been involved in many forms of Muslim-Christian dialogue, both nationally and internationally. Most recently this has involved work with the Vatican, Lambeth Palace, the Library of Congress and the Royal Jordanian Institute for Interfaith Studies. Dr. McAuliffe's research has been supported by fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Connaught Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Council on Foreign Relations. Before being named president of Bryn Mawr College in 2008, Dr. McAuliffe was Dean of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies and Professor of History at Georgetown University. She is currently a distinguished fellow of Georgetown’s Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. She previously held faculty and administrative positions at Emory University and at the University of Toronto. In 2004, she served as president of the American Academy of Religion, the elected leadership position for this 10,000 member professional organization. Dr. McAuliffe is married to Dr. Dennis McAuliffe, a scholar of medieval Italian literature at Georgetown University. They are the parents of four children.
 
38Name:  Dr. Mario J. Molina
 Institution:  University of California, San Diego
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1943
 Death Date:  October 7, 2020
   
 
Mario Molina Autobiography From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1995, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1996. Updated in 2005. I was born in Mexico City on March 19, 1943; my parents were Roberto Molina Pasquel and Leonor Henríquez de Molina. My father was a lawyer; he had a private practice, but he also taught at the National University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) ). In his later years, after I had left Mexico, he served as Mexican Ambassador to Ethiopia, Australia and the Philippines. I attended elementary school and high school in Mexico City. I was already fascinated by science before entering high school; I still remember my excitement when I first glanced at paramecia and amoebae through a rather primitive toy microscope. I then converted a bathroom, seldom used by the family, into a laboratory and spent hours playing with chemistry sets. With the help of an aunt, Esther Molina, who was a chemist, I continued with more challenging experiments along the lines of those carried out by freshman chemistry students in college. Keeping with our family tradition of sending their children abroad for a couple of years, and aware of my interest in chemistry, I was sent to a boarding school in Switzerland when I was 11 years old, on the assumption that German was an important language for a prospective chemist to learn. I remember I was thrilled to go to Europe, but then I was disappointed in that my European schoolmates had no more interest in science than my Mexican friends. I had already decided at that time to become a research chemist; earlier, I had seriously contemplated the possibility of pursuing a career in music - I used to play the violin in those days. In 1960, I enrolled in the chemical engineering program at UNAM, as this was then the closest way to become a physical chemist, taking math-oriented courses not available to chemistry majors. After finishing my undergraduate studies in Mexico, I decided to obtain a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry. This was not an easy task; although my training in chemical engineering was good, it was weak in mathematics, physics, as well as in various areas of basic physical chemistry - subjects such as quantum mechanics were totally alien to me in those days. At first I went to Germany and enrolled at the University of Freiburg. After spending nearly two years doing research in kinetics of polymerizations, I realized that I wanted to have time to study various basic subjects in order to broaden my background and to explore other research areas. Thus, I decided to seek admission to a graduate program in the United States. While pondering my future plans, I spent several months in Paris, where I was able to study mathematics on my own and I also had a wonderful time discussing all sorts of topics, ranging from politics, philosophy, to the arts, etc., with many good friends. Subsequently, I returned to Mexico as an Assistant Professor at the UNAM and I set up the first graduate program in chemical engineering. Finally, in 1968 I left for the University of California at Berkeley to pursue my graduate studies in physical chemistry. During my first year at Berkeley, I took courses in physics and mathematics, in addition to the required courses in physical chemistry. I then joined the research group of Professor George C. Pimentel, with the goal of studying molecular dynamics using chemical lasers, which were discovered in his group a few years earlier. George Pimentel was also a pioneer in the development of matrix isolation techniques, which is widely used in the study of the molecular structure and bonding of transient species. He was an excellent teacher and a wonderful mentor; his warmth, enthusiasm, and encouragement provided me with inspiration to pursue important scientific questions. My graduate work involved the investigation of the distribution of internal energy in the products of chemical and photochemical reactions; chemical lasers were well suited as tools for such studies. At the beginning I had little experience with the experimental techniques required for my research, such as handling vacuum lines, infrared optics, electronic instrumentation, etc. I learned much of this from my colleague and friend Francisco Tablas, who was a postdoctoral fellow at that time. Eventually I became confident enough to generate original results on my own: my earliest achievement consisted of explaining some features in the laser signals - that at first sight appeared to be noise - as "relaxation oscillations," predictable from the fundamental equations of laser emission. My years at Berkeley have been some of the best of my life. I arrived there just after the era of the free-speech movement. I had the opportunity to explore many areas and to engage in exciting scientific research in an intellectually stimulating environment. It was also during this time that I had my first experience dealing with the impact of science and technology on society. I remember that I was dismayed by the fact that high-power chemical lasers were being developed elsewhere as weapons; I wanted to be involved with research that was useful to society, but not for potentially harmful purposes. After completing my Ph.D. degree in 1972, I stayed for another year at Berkeley to continue research on chemical dynamics. Then, in the fall of 1973, I joined the group of Professor F. Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland as a postdoctoral fellow, moving to Irvine, California. Sherry had pioneered research on "hot atom" chemistry, investigating chemical properties of atoms with excess translational energy and produced by radioactive processes. Sherry offered me a list of research options: the one project that intrigued me the most consisted of finding out the environmental fate of certain very inert industrial chemicals - the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - which had been accumulating in the atmosphere and which at that time were thought to have no significant effects on the environment. This project offered me the opportunity to learn a new field --atmospheric chemistry-- about which I knew very little; trying to solve a challenging problem appeared to be an excellent way to plunge into a new research area. The CFCs are compounds similar to others that Sherry and I had investigated from the point of view of molecular dynamics; we were familiar with their chemical properties, but not with their atmospheric chemistry. Three months after I arrived at Irvine, Sherry and I developed the "CFC-ozone depletion theory." At first the research did not seem to be particularly interesting - I carried out a systematic search for processes that might destroy the CFCs in the lower atmosphere, but nothing appeared to affect them. We knew, however, that they would eventually drift to sufficiently high altitudes to be destroyed by solar radiation. The question was not only what destroys them, but more importantly, what the consequences are. We realized that the chlorine atoms produced by the decomposition of the CFCs would catalytically destroy ozone. We became fully aware of the seriousness of the problem when we compared the industrial amounts of CFCs to the amounts of nitrogen oxides which control ozone levels; the role of these catalysts of natural origin had been established a few years earlier by Paul Crutzen. We were alarmed at the possibility that the continued release of CFCs into the atmosphere would cause a significant depletion of the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer. Sherry and I decided to exchange information with the atmospheric sciences community: we went to Berkeley to confer with Professor Harold Johnston, whose work on the impact of the release of nitrogen oxides from the proposed supersonic transport (SST) aircraft on the stratospheric ozone layer was well known to us. Johnston informed us that months earlier Ralph Cicerone and Richard Stolarski had arrived at similar conclusions concerning the catalytic properties of chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, in connection with the release of hydrogen chloride either from volcanic eruptions or from the ammonium perchlorate fuel planned for the space shuttle. We published our findings in Nature, in a paper which appeared in the June 28, 1974 issue. The years following the publication of our paper were hectic, as we had decided to communicate the CFC - ozone issue not only to other scientists, but also to policy makers and to the news media; we realized this was the only way to insure that society would take some measures to alleviate the problem. To me, Sherry Rowland has always been a wonderful mentor and colleague. I cherish my years of association with him and my friendship with him and his wife, Joan. While he was on sabbatical leave in Vienna during the first six months of 1974, we communicated via mail and telephone. There were many exchanges of mail during this short period of time, which illustrated the frantic pace of our research at that time while we continued to refine our ozone depletion theory. Soon after, Sherry and I published several more articles on the CFC-ozone issue; we presented our results at scientific meetings and we also testified at legislative hearings on potential controls on CFCs emissions. In 1975, I was appointed as a member of the faculty at the University of California, Irvine. Although I continued to collaborate with Sherry, as an assistant professor I had to prove that I was capable of conducting original research on my own. I thus set up an independent program to investigate chemical and spectroscopic properties of compounds of atmospheric importance, focusing on those that are unstable and difficult to handle in the laboratory, such as hypochlorous acid, chlorine nitrite, chlorine nitrate, peroxynitric acid, etc. Although my years at Irvine were very productive, I missed not doing experiments myself because of the many responsibilities associated with a faculty position: teaching courses, supervising graduate students, meetings, etc. After spending seven years at Irvine as Assistant and then Associate Professor, I decided to move to a non-academic position. I joined the Molecular Physics and Chemistry Section at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1982. I had a smaller group - only a few postdoctoral fellows - but I also had the luxury of conducting experiments with my own hands, which I enjoyed very much. Indeed, I spent many hours in the laboratory in those years, conducting measurements and developing techniques for the study of newly emerging problems. Around 1985, after becoming aware of the discovery by Joseph Farman and his co-workers of the seasonal depletion of ozone over Antarctica, my research group at JPL investigated the peculiar chemistry which is promoted by polar stratospheric clouds, some of which consist of ice crystals. We were able to show that chlorine-activation reactions take place very efficiently in the presence of ice under polar stratospheric conditions; thus, we provided a laboratory simulation of the chemical effects of clouds over the Antarctic. Also, in order to understand the rapid catalytic gas phase reactions that were taking place over the South Pole, experiments were carried out in my group with chlorine peroxide, a new compound which had not been reported previously in the literature and which turned out to be important in providing the explanation for the rapid loss of ozone in the polar stratosphere. In 1989 I returned to academic life, moving to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where I have continued with research on global atmospheric chemistry issues. Although I no longer spend much time in the laboratory, I very much enjoy working with my graduate and postdoctoral students, who provide me with invaluable intellectual stimulus. I have also benefited from teaching; as I try to explain my views to students with critical and open minds, I find myself continually being challenged to go back and rethink ideas. I now see teaching and research as complementary, mutually reinforcing activities. When I first chose the project to investigate the fate of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, it was simply out of scientific curiosity. I did not consider at that time the environmental consequences of what Sherry and I had set out to study. I am heartened and humbled that I was able to do something that not only contributed to our understanding of atmospheric chemistry, but also had a profound impact on the global environment. One of the very rewarding aspects of my work has been the interaction with a superb group of colleagues and friends in the atmospheric sciences community. I truly value these friendships, many of which go back 20 years or more, and which I expect to continue for many more years to come. I feel that this Nobel Prize represents recognition for the excellent work that has been done by my colleagues and friends in the atmospheric chemistry community on the stratospheric ozone depletion issue. Mario Molina was awarded the 2013 Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.
 
39Name:  Dr. Gülrü Necipoglu
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1956
   
 
Gülrü Necipoglu has been Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art and Architecture at Harvard University since 1993. She earned her Ph.D. from Harvard in 1986. Professor Necipoglu is the author of Architecture, Ceremonial and Power: The Topkapi Palace (1991); The Topkapi Scroll, Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture (1995); and The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire (2005). She is also the editor of Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture and Supplements to Muqarnas. Her Topkapi Scroll won the Albert Hourani Book Award and the Spiro Kostoff Book Award. The Age of Sinan has been awarded the Fuat Koprulu Book Prize. She is a member of the American Philosophical Society and the International Palladio Center for the Study of Architecture in Vicenza.
 
40Name:  Mr. Joseph Neubauer
 Institution:  ARAMARK Corporation
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Joseph Neubauer was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ARAMARK until 2012. With sales of approximately $12.4 billion, ARAMARK is a leading provider of a broad range of professional services including food, hospitality, facility, and uniform services. The company has approximately 240,000 employees serving 19 countries in North and South America, Europe and the Far East. Mr. Neubauer joined the company in March 1979 as executive vice president of finance and development, chief financial officer and a member of the Board of Directors. He was elected president in April 1981, chief executive officer in February 1983, and chairman in April 1984. Prior to ARAMARK, Neubauer held senior positions with PepsiCo, Inc. from 1971 to 1979, including senior vice president of PepsiCo's Wilson Sporting Goods Division and vice president and treasurer of the parent company, PepsiCo., Inc. From 1965 to 1971 he was with the Chase Manhattan Bank, serving in several capacities from assistant treasurer to vice president of commercial lending. Mr. Neubauer serves on the Board of Directors of Macy's Inc., Verizon Communications, Wachovia Corporation, the Barnes Foundation, Catalyst and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He also serves on the Board of Trustees for Tufts University and the University of Chicago. In 1994 he was inducted into the prestigious Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans and currently serves as President and Chief Executive Officer. In 2005 he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship. In 2014 he founded, along with his wife, the Philadelphia Academy of School Leaders. In 2007 Mr. Neubauer became a member of the American Philosophical Society. He received his undergraduate degree from Tufts University and his M.B.A. from the University of Chicago.
 
Election Year
2007[X]
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