APS Member History

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41	Name:	Dr. Richard M. Shiffrin
	Institution:	Indiana University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Richard M. Shiffrin received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1968. Subsequently he joined the faculty at the University of Indiana as assistant professor, associate professor and professor. He became Luther Dana Waterman Research Professor in 1980 and director of the university's Cognitive Science Program in 1988. Dr. Shiffrin has played a major role in three research developments, each of which have placed him among the top rank of investigators in cognitive psychology. The first was the development of the first comprehensive computer model of short-term memory (with R.C. Atkinson). The model incorporated a critical distinction between memory structures versus control (mental strategies) processes, proposed an architecture for short-term memory, and provided mathematical derivations fit to extensive sets of experimental data. It set the theoretical framework and style for the major research in the psychology of memory up to the present. Dr. Shiffrin's second major contribution was a novel and incisive experimental method for distinguishing voluntary from involuntary attention. The method showed how automatic attention could be developed as a result of specific learning experiences, and it enabled the quantitative characterization of these two modes of attention. Dr. Shiffrin has also worked to develop and refine a network model for associative memory that integrates hitherto fragmented bodies of research on recognition and recall processes in memory into a single, coherent, computational theory. His masterful combination of mathematical modeling with experimental analyses has been a model for other investigators in all these fields. He continually evolves and refines the theory, more recently using a Bayesian framework for memory decision processes, and applying the theory to data from many studies of priming and implicit memory. His collected works must be considered one of the major contributions to modern theories of memory. A Guggenheim Fellow (1975-76) and recipient of the Merit Research Award from the National Institutes of Mental Health (1991-2001), Dr. Shiffrin was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1995. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005. In 2018 he was awarded the Atkinson Prize.

42	Name:	Dr. Louis Sokoloff
	Institution:	National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	July 30, 2015

	Born in Philadelphia in 1921, the second of two sons of Eastern European immigrants, Louis Sokoloff early discovered the power of books in satisfying his curiosity and thirst for knowledge. His undergraduate education at the University of Pennsylvania was highlighted by exposure to the illustrious physiologist L. V. Heilbrunn. Contacts with this professor in and out of the classroom stimulated his love of science, which never faltered. It was Heilbrunn who first noted Sokoloff's potential and who steered him toward a professional career--he recommeneded medical studies. An interest in cell excitation on the one hand, stemming back to his undergraduate days, and assignments to psychiatric services in his medical internship as well as during his subsequent Army service on the other, intensified Sokoloff's interest in brain function. It was during this period that he met his future wife Betty. Following his return to civilian life in 1949, he sought to renew his interest in research, and was drawn to the laboratory of the then-35 year old Seymour Kety, who had just landed an NIH grant at Penn and was looking for a young associate. Soon thereafter, Dr. Sokoloff became immersed in learning the theoretical and practical aspects of the nitrous oxide technique for measuring the rate of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in humans. The method is based on Kety's mathematical model that derived the flow rate from measurement of brain uptake and release of diffusible substance. Low concentrations of the inert gas nitrous oxide was used for this purpose. During this period, Sokoloff made his first measurement of cerebral metabolism in hyperthyroidism, finding it not to be elevated even when the body's basal metabolic rate was nearly double. This led him to the hypothesis that thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and to his interest in the thyroid hormone functions, a subject to which he subsequently made significant contributions. Many studies were performed on human subjects by Kety, Sokoloff, and co-workers, examining the rates of CBF and metabolism in mental activity, sleep, anesthesia, and under the influence of various pharmacological agents. In 1951, Kety moved to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and offered Sokoloff the opportunity to join him. He accepted, and eventually was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism at the NIH, a title he retained for 35 years. At the NIH, Sokoloff collaborated with Kety, William Landau, Lewis Rowland and Walter Freygang, in developing a quantitative autoradiographic technique for measuring regional CBF in animals which he used to demonstrate a clear linkage between functional activity and regional blood flow in visual pathways of the brain. The autoradiographs from this study represented the first ever published demonstration of functional brain imaging. Sokoloff then used the quantitative autoradiographic technique to develop a method for the measurement of regional brain metabolism of glucose, the almost exclusive substrate for energy metabolism in the brain. There is little need to recount in detail Sokoloff's pioneering studies on regional cerebral glucose utilization for which he introduced the use of -2deoxy-D-[14C]glucose. The elegance of the deoxyglucose method itself and the great care taken in its quantification and in defining its limits are all reflections of Sokoloff's research style. Adaptation of the method to human studies was subsequently accomplished by means of single photon and positron emission tomography, in which [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose replaced the 14C=labeled compound, and was the result of a collaborative effort between Sokoloff, Martin Reivich, David Kuhl, Alfred Wolf, and Michael Phelps. The many tributes already paid Dr. Sokoloff attest to his accomplishments. Among his honors were membership in numerous societies and professional organizations including the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005. He served as president of the American Society for Neurochemistry, the International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, and the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease and on various editorial and advisory boards. He was the recipient of the Distinquished Service Award of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1976); the F.O. Schmitt Medal in Neuroscience (1980); the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award (1981); the Karl Spencer Lashley Award of the American Philosophical Society (1987); the National Academy of Sciences Award in the Neurosciences (1988); the Georg Charles de Hevesy Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Award of the Society of Nuclear Medicine (1988); the Award of the Mihara Cerebrovascular Disorder Research Promotion Fund (1988); the Vicennial Medal, Georgetown University (1994); Lifetime Achievement Award of the Society of Biological Psychiatry (1996); and the Ralph Gerard Award of the Society of Neuroscience (1996). Dr. Sokoloff died July 30, 2015, at the age of 93, in Washington, DC.

43	Name:	Dr. Ronald S. Stroud
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	October 7, 2021

	Ronald Stroud is an extraordinary scholar of Greek history, inscriptions and archaeology. An inspirational teacher, he has been a benefactor to all who work in these areas through his many years meticulously editing the indispensible annual supplement of newly discovered and newly studied inscriptions (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum). A comprehensive, balanced use of the ancient historians, inscriptions and archaeology to understand ancient society is a goal sought by many but rarely achieved with the sureness, learning and elegance of Dr. Stroud. His greatest contributions have been the publication of Athenian laws on stone and the excavation of the sanctuary of the goddess Demeter at Corinth. Presently Klio Distinguished Professor of Classical Languages and Literature Emeritus, Dr. Stroud has been affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley since earning his Ph.D. from the university in 1965. His published works include Drakon's Law on Homicide (1968); The Axones and Kyrbeis of Drakon and Solon (1979); The Athenian Grain-Tax Law of 374/3 B.C. (1998); and The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore: Architecture and Topography (1998).

44	Name:	Dr. Anne M. Treisman
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	February 9, 2018

	Is attention involved in forming ordinary percepts of objects from the mosaic of color patches at the retina? Anne Treisman's thesis has been that attention is needed to bind together the component features of an object during early stages of visual processing. Without attention she showed they may be miscombined and mislocalized. Behavioral experiments and her fMRI studies provide strong supporting evidence. Another aspect concerns apparent motion: the illusory perception of continuous motion arising from temporally related but somewhat discontinuous visual events. Again, she showed that attention proves essential to that binding that is necessary to predict time paths of moving objects. Dr. Treisman was the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Princeton University since 1995. She became emeritus in 2010. She also taught at Oxford University (1967-78), the University of British Columbia (1978-1986) and the University of California, Berkeley (1986-94). She received a D.Phil. From Oxford (1962) and was a member of the Psychonomic Society (governing board, 1985-89, chair 1988-89); the Royal Society (1989); the National Academy of Sciences (1994); and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1995). She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2012. Anne Treisman died February 9, 2018, at the age of 82.

45	Name:	Dr. Frans B. M. de Waal
	Institution:	Yerkes Primate Research Center; Emory University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	At a time when animal behavior was classified as either instinctive or acquired through trial-and-error learning, Frans de Waal produced convincing evidence that chimpanzees jockey for status with cunning and strategic foresight. His observations of "chimpanzee politics" were documented with such care for detail, both qualitative and quantitative, that they greatly stimulated the cognitive study and interpretation of animal behavior. At the same time, Dr. de Waal reported how chimpanzees resolve conflicts, assist one another reciprocally and console distressed individuals. His research on peacemaking, tit-for-tat, and empathy has inspired a new approach to the study of animal behavior. To date, it has produced over 125 scientific publications on conflict resolution in animals and children and is in the process of replacing the traditional evolutionary view of "everyone for itself" with a postulate of shared interests among social animals and a consequent need for compromise and reconciliation. In his work, Dr. de Waal has skillfully translated novel ideas into testable hypotheses, leading to elegant studies in peer-reviewed journals, including Science and Nature. He has significantly raised methodological standards for the study of animal social behavior and is internationally recognized for his depiction of primates as complex social beings as well as his empirically supported opposition to the view that the natural world is necessarily ruled by selfishness. Dr. de Waal has directed the Living Links, Yerkes Primate Research Center since 1997 and has been Research Professor of Psychobiology at Emory University since 1991 and Charles Howard Candler Professor of Primate Behavior since 1996. Winner of the 1989 Los Angeles Times Book Award, he is the author of works such as Peacemaking Among Primates (1989); Good Natured (1996); Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (1997); Chimpanzee Politics (1998); The Ape and the Sushi Master (2001); The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society (2009); The Bonobo and the Atheist (2013); Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? (2016); and Mama's Last Hug: Animal and Human Emotions (2019).

46	Name:	Dr. Mary Waters
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Mary Waters grew up in Brooklyn, New York and received a B.A. from Johns Hopkins University (1978) and an M.A. in sociology (1981), an M.A. in demography (1983), and a Ph.D. in sociology (1986) from the University of California, Berkeley. She has been in the Department of Sociology at Harvard University since 1986 as assistant professor (1986-90), associate professor (1990-93), professor (1993-) and Harvard College Professor (a named chair to honor excellence in teaching) (1999-2005) and Chair of the Department (2001-2005, acting Chair 2007), and M.E. Zukerman Professor of Sociology. In 2018 she was appointed the John L. Loeb Professor of Sociology. Professor Waters' research is in the fields of race and ethnicity, immigration and demography. She is co-director (with John Mollenkopf and Philip Kasinitz of City University of New York) of the New York Second Generation Project. This study examines the lives of the new second generation -- young adults whose parents were immigrants to the United States from China, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Dominican Republic, the West Indies and Russia -- contrasted with samples of comparable native born whites, blacks and Puerto Ricans. This project, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Russell Sage, Mellon, Ford, Rockefeller and MacArthur Foundations, includes a random sample survey of New York and its suburbs, in depth life history interviews with 350 young people, and seven ethnographic studies conducted throughout the city by a team of ethnographers. In 2002-03 a longitudinal element was added as these young people were re-interviewed as part of a large nationwide study of the transition to adulthood, part of the MacArthur Network on the Transition to Adulthood. The first book from this project, Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the New Second Generation was published in 2004. Dr. Waters is also the co-editor (with historian Reed Ueda of Tufts University) of The New Americans: A Handbook to Immigration Since 1965 . This handbook updates the landmark Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, which was originally published in 1980. She is also directing a multi-site qualitative study of the transition to adulthood in the contemporary United States. This study examines the process of leaving home, finishing education, beginning work, finding a partner and becoming a parent across a wide variety of racial, ethnic and immigrant groups, as well as across different regions of the United States. Dr. Waters is the author of numerous articles and books on the subject of race, ethnicity and immigration. Her book, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (1999) is the winner of the Mirra Komorovsky Award of the Eastern Sociological Society for the best book published in 1999-2000, the 2001 Otis Dudley Duncan Award of the Population Section of the American Sociological Association, the 2001 Thomas and Znaniecki Award of the International Migration Section of the ASA, the 1999 Best Book Award of the Section on Race, Ethnicity and Politics of the American Political Science Association, and the 1999-2000 Distinguished Book Award of the Center for the Study of Inequality at Cornell University. Her other books include From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America (with Stanley Lieberson, 1988); Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (1990); The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multi-Racial Individuals (with Joel Perlmann, 2002); The Changing Face of Home: The Transnational Lives of the Second Generation (with Peggy Levitt, 2002); and Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective (co-edited with Fiona Devine, 2004). Professor Waters was a Guggenheim Fellow (1993-94) and a Visiting Scholar at Russell Sage (1991-92). She was a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on the Economic and Demographic Impacts of Immigration on the U.S. She has consulted to the Census Bureau and testified before Congress on issues of measurement of race and ethnicity and is a member of the U.S. Census Advisory Committee of Professional Associations. She is a member of the International Migration Committee of the Social Science Research Council and the Board of Trustees of the Russell Sage Foundation. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005 and a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2006. Mary Waters and her husband, Ric Bayly, have three children, Katie, Harry and Maggie. They live in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

47	Name:	Sir David J. Weatherall
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	December 8, 2018

	David Weatherall was a life-long student of the thalassemias. He was involved in identifying the general molecular nature of this group of hereditary anemias and in describing the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of both alpha- and beta-thalassemias. He also studied their influence on populations in many parts of the world and the role of malaria in determining their frequency. Both clinician and scientist, editor of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine and author of The New Genetics in Clinical Practice, Dr. Weatherall has played a significant role in bringing molecular genetics into the main stream of clinical medicine. He has been associated with the University of Oxford for more than thirty years as Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine (1974-92), Regius Professor of Medicine (1992-2000) and, after 2001, Regius Professor of Medicine Emeritus and Honorary Director of the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford. In 2002 he was appointed Chancellor of Keele University. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1988); the Royal Society (vice president, 1990-91); the National Academy of Sciences (1990); and the Institute of Medicine (1990). David Weatherall was elected a member of the American Philosophical society in 2005. He died on December 8, 2018 at the age of 85.

48	Name:	Professor John Edgar Wideman
	Institution:	Brown University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	The author of twenty novels, over fifty short stories and numerous essays on literary theory and criticism, John Wideman received the 1996 James Fenimore Cooper Prize for historical writing. He is a two-time winner of the PEN-Faulkner Award (the only person to have done so twice) for his books Philadelphia Fire (1990) and Sent for You Yesterday (1983). His story "Weight" received the 2000 O. Henry Award for best short story, and the essay "Whose War" was included in The Best American Essays of 2003. His other prizes include a Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Grant, the Rea Prize for short fiction, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Lannan Literary Award for fiction, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences' Katherine Anne Porter Award in Literature. Mr. Wideman is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and has served on the faculties of the University of Pennsylvania (1967-74), the University of Wyoming (1974-86), the University of Massachusetts (1986-2004) and Brown University (2004-), where he is Asa Messer Professor and Professor of Africana Studies and English. A graduate of Oxford University's New College (B.Ph., 1966), he was the second African American to receive a Rhodes Scholarship. His novel, Fanon (2008), is a part fictional, part biographical account tracing the life, message and legacy of Martiniquean revolutionary Frantz Fanon. He recently published a collection of short stories called American Histories (2018).

49	Name:	Dr. Frank Wilczek
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Frank Wilczek is considered one of the world's most original and productive theoretical physicists. At the age of 21, with David Gross, he developed the theoretical framework for what was to become Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of the forces that bind quarks and gluons together to form particles such as the proton. It was for this work that he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in physics. In addition to his technical contributions he has frequently published articles for other physicists explaining the subtleties of complicated theories, as well as numerous articles for the lay person. Dr. Wilczek received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1974 and taught there until 1981 when he moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study from 1989-2000, and since 2000 he has served as the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2014 he was honored with the Award for Essays from the Gravity Research Foundation.

50	Name:	Dr. Maria T. Zuber
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1958

	Maria Zuber is E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics and Vice President for Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A world leader in the study of planetary topography and interior structure, she co-led the team that produced the topographic map of Mars that is more accurate than Earth's. Her team also developed the first reliable models of the interiors of the moon and Mars that showed that both bodies cooled rapidly after accretion. Dr. Zuber also served on the Presidential Commission tasked with implementing President Bush's space exploration plan and has authored or co-authored over 140 peer-reviewed publications. In 2002 she was named to Discover magazine's list of the 50 most important women in science.

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