APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Avram Hershko
	Institution:	Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Avram Hershko was born in 1937 in Karcag, Hungary and emigrated with his family to Israel in 1950. He gained his M.D. (1965) and Ph.D. (1969) from the Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School of Jerusalem, a period which included service as a physician in the Israel Defence Forces (1965-67). After a post-doctoral fellowship with Gordon Tomkins at the University of San Francisco (1969-72), he joined the faculty of the Haifa Technion, becoming professor in 1980. He is now Distinguished Professor in the Unit of Biochemistry in the B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine of the Technion. His main research interests concern the mechanisms by which cellular proteins are degraded, a formerly neglected field of study. Dr. Hershko and his colleagues showed that cellular proteins are degraded by a highly selective proteolytic system. This system tags proteins for destruction by linkage to a protein called ubiquitin, which had previously been identified in many tissues, as the name suggests, but whose function was previously unknown. Subsequent work in Dr. Hershko's and many other laboratories has shown that the ubiquitin system has a vital role in controlling a wide range of cellular processes, such as the regulation of cell division, signal transduction and DNA repair. Abnormalities in the ubiquitin system result in diseases such as certain types of cancer. The full range of functions of the ubiquitin system in health and disease has still to be elucidated. Dr. Hershko was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2004) jointly with his former Ph.D. student Aaron Ciechanover and their colleague Irwin Rose. His many honors include the Israel Prize for Biochemistry (1994), the Gardner Award (1999), the Lasker Prize for Basic Medical Research (2000), the Wolf Prize for Medicine (2001) and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Award (2001). Dr. Hershko is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences (2000) and a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (2003).

22	Name:	Dr. John C. Van Horne
	Institution:	The Library Company of Philadelphia
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	John C. Van Horne, a native of Illinois, graduated from Princeton University and received his Ph.D. in History from the University of Virginia in 1979. He held a fellowship (1975-76) with The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, a multi-volume edition of the writings and drawings of America's first professional architect and engineer. The project was headquartered at the Maryland Historical Society under the direction of Editor in Chief Edward C. Carter II. Following the year-long fellowship, Dr. Van Horne stayed on with the Latrobe Papers, rising through the ranks to eventually become Editor. When Carter was appointed Librarian of the American Philosophical Society in 1980, Dr. Van Horne moved with the project to new quarters in Library Hall. In 1985 he took up his post as Director of the Library Company of Philadelphia, succeeding APS Member Edwin Wolf 2nd, who had led the Library Company for thirty years. For twenty-nine years Dr. Van Horne guided the fortunes of this institution that, like the APS itself, is so closely associated with Benjamin Franklin. Founded by Franklin in 1731 as the first American subscription library, the Library Company is today an independent research library with extensive collections of rare books documenting all aspects of American history through the end of the 19th century. Significant accomplishments during Van Horne's tenure include creating a research fellowship program; creating an online public access catalog; renovating a neighboring historic townhouse as a residential research center; establishing special programs relating to early American economic history, African American history, visual culture, and women’s history; and building the collections through major acquisitions. He retired from the Library Company in 2014 and is now Director Emeritus. Dr. Van Horne’s publications include many volumes of the Latrobe Papers and other edited works such as Religious Philanthropy and Colonial Slavery: The American Correspondence of the Associates of Dr. Bray, 1717-1777 (1985); The Letter Book of James Abercromby, Colonial Agent, 1751-1773 (1991); The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America (1994); Traveling the Pennsylvania Railroad: The Photographs of William H. Rau (2002); and America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram (1699-1777) (published by APS in 2004). Van Horne currently chairs the Administrative Board of the The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (co-sponsored by Yale University and APS) and serves on the Board of the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine (formerly the Philadelphia Area Center for the History of Science); the Committee on Library of the American Philosophical Society; and the Academic Affairs Committee of Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library. He is Chair of the Victorian Society Scholarship Fund and has previously served on the boards of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary, the National Humanities Alliance, and the Abraham Lincoln Foundation of the Union League of Philadelphia. In 2017 he received the Heritage Award of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Dr. Van Horne lives in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania with his wife Christine.

23	Name:	Mr. Walter Isaacson
	Institution:	The Aspen Institute
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1952

	Walter Isaacson is the President and CEO of the Aspen Institute. He has been the Chairman and CEO of CNN and the editor of Time Magazine. He is the author of Einstein: His Life and Universe (2007), Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (2003), Kissinger: A Biography (1992), Steve Jobs (2011), and Leonardo da Vinci (2017) and is the coauthor of The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (1986). Isaacson was born on May 20, 1952, in New Orleans. He is a graduate of Harvard College and of Pembroke College of Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He began his career at the Sunday Times of London and then the New Orleans Times-Picayune/States-Item. He joined Time Magazine in 1978 and served as a political correspondent, national editor and editor of new media before becoming the magazine's 14th managing editor in in 1996. He became Chairman and CEO of CNN in 2001, and then president and CEO of the Aspen Institute in 2003. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, he was appointed by Governor Kathleen Blanco to be the vice-chairman of the Louisiana Recovery Authority. In December 2007, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to be the chairman of the U.S.-Palestinian Partnership, a government and private sector effort to provide economic and educational opportunities for the Palestinian people. He is the Chairman of the Board of Teach for America, and he is on the boards of United Airlines, Tulane University, and Science Service. He is also on the advisory councils of the National Institutes of Health, the National Constitution Center, and the Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. He lives with his wife and daughter in Washington, DC. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005.

24	Name:	Dr. Charles D. Keeling
	Institution:	Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	June 20, 2005

	Dr. Charles D. Keeling has been associated with Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego since 1956. He has been a professor of oceanography since 1968. Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in April 1928, he received a B.A. degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1948 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from Northwestern University in 1954. Prior to joining Scripps Institution, Dr. Keeling was a postdoctoral fellow in geochemistry at the California Institute of Technology. Keeling's major areas of interest include the geochemistry of carbon and oxygen and other aspects of atmospheric chemistry, with an emphasis on the carbon cycle in nature. He has promoted the study of complex relationships between the carbon cycle and changes in climate. The Keeling record of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii and at other "pristine air" locations, represents an important time series data for the study of global change. Keeling also has studied the role of oceans in modulating the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide by carrying out extremely accurate measurements of carbon dissolved in seawater. Keeling and his colleagues also have undertaken significant efforts in global carbon cycle modeling. As an example, in 1996, Keeling, with his colleagues at Scripps, showed that the amplitude of the Northern Hemispheric seasonal cycle in atmospheric carbon dioxide has been increasing, providing independent support for the conclusion that the growing season in beginning earlier, perhaps in response to global warming. While at Scripps, Keeling has been a Guggenheim Fellow at the Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden (1961-62), and a guest professor at both the Second Physical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, Germany (1969-70), and the Physical Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland (1979-80). In 2002, President George W. Bush presented Keeling with the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest award for lifetime achievement in scientific research. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Geophysical Union and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is the recipient of the 1980 Second Half Century Award of the American Meteorology Society and the Blue Planet Prize awarded in 1993 by the Science Council of Japan. He received a Special Achievement Award in 1997, presented by Vice President, Albert Gore, the National Medal of Science in 2001, presented by President George Bush, and the Tyler Prize for contributions to global environment science in 2005.

25	Name:	Dr. Robert P. Kirshner
	Institution:	Thirty Meter Telescope International Observatory; Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Robert Kirshner is best known for his observational studies of supernovae, which helped provide the scientific grounding for the teams investigating these extraordinarily distant lighthouses, and this in turn led to the surprising conclusion that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, probably the most significant cosmological discovery of the past decade. His previous work included important research on the large scale distribution of galaxies. A lively and entertaining lecturer, he teaches Harvard University's largest core course in the mathematical sciences. When applying for graduate school at Harvard, he was denied admission on the grounds that he was interested in too many things to be serious about astronomy; he later became Chair of the Harvard Astronomy Department, and he is president of the American Astronomical Society. Dr. Kirshner presently holds the titles of Clowes Professor of Science at Harvard University and Master of Quincy House at Harvard College. He received his Ph.D. in 1976 from the California Institute of Technology and was elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1992 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1998. In 2012 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship. He received the James Craig Watson Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014 and the Wolf Prize in 2015.

26	Name:	Dr. Margaret Galland Kivelson
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles; University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1928

	Margaret Kivelson is Distinguished Professor of Space Physics in the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (Acting Director in 1999-2000) and the Department of Earth and Space Sciences (Chair from 1984-1987) at UCLA, where she has served on the faculty since 1975. Her research interests are in the areas of solar terrestrial physics and planetary science. She is known for work on the particles and magnetic fields in the surroundings of Earth and Jupiter and for investigations of properties of Jupiter's Galilean moons. She was the Principal Investigator for the Magnetometer on the Galileo Orbiter that acquired data in Jupiter's magnetosphere for eight years and is a Co-Investigator on various other investigations including the FGM (magnetometer) of the Cluster mission. Dr. Kivelson obtained her A.B. in 1950 and her A.M. and Ph.D. in 1952 and 1957, respectively, from Radcliffe College, Harvard University. Her honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship (1973-74), the Radcliffe Graduate Society Medal (1983), the Harvard University 350th Anniversary Alumni Medal (1986), several NASA Group Achievement Awards, and memberships in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, the American Physical Society, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She was awarded the Alfvén Medal of the European Geophysical Union and the Fleming Medal of the American Geophysical Union in 2005. She has served on numerous advisory committees, including the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council, and is a Council Member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Kivelson has published more than 300 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics. She has presented numerous seminars and invited talks at scientific conferences. In addition, she lectures on space research to K-12 students and other general audiences. She has been active in efforts to identify the barriers faced by women as students, faculty and practitioners of the physical sciences and to improve the environment in which they function.

27	Name:	Mr. Larry D. Kramer
	Institution:	William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1958

	In the fall of 2012 Larry Kramer became President of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, stepping down as Richard E. Lang Professor and Dean of the Stanford Law School. He graduated from Brown University in 1980 and the University of Chicago Law School in 1984. After law school, he clerked for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and for Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., of the United States Supreme Court. Dr. Kramer joined the faculty at the University of Chicago Law School in 1986, becoming a full professor in 1989. He left Chicago for the University of Michigan in 1990 and went from there to New York University in 1994. He became the Russell D. Niles Professor of Law in 2001 and the Associate Dean for Academics and Research in 2003. Dr. Kramer left NYU to assume the deanship of Stanford in 2004. He has written extensively in the areas of constitutional law and history, federal courts, conflict of laws, and civil procedure. He served as Reporter to the Federal Courts Study Committee, and before becoming dean, consulted regularly with the New York office of Mayer, Brown, Rowe and Maw. His current research interests are primarily in the areas of constitutional law and history.

28	Name:	Dr. Anne O. Krueger
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University; Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Anne O. Krueger is professor of international economics at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Economics in Washington, D.C. She was First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2001 to 2006. Prior to joining the IMF, Dr. Krueger was the Herald L. and Caroline L. Ritch Professor in Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Economics at Stanford University. She was also the founding director of Stanford's Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution. Dr. Krueger previously taught at the University of Minnesota and Duke University and from 1982-86 was the World Bank's Vice President for Economics and Research. She received her undergraduate degree from Oberlin College and her Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin.

29	Name:	Prof. Dr. Reinhard Kurth
	Institution:	Ernst Schering Foundation; Robert Koch Institute; Humboldt University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1942
	Death Date:	February 2, 2014

	The virologist and clinician Reinhard Kurth was born in 1942 in Dresden, Germany. At his death on February 2, 2014, he was the Chairman of the Foundation Council at the Ernst Schering Foundation. He was President Emeritus of the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, where he had also a postdoctoral fellow in the virology department from 1971-73. After a further two years as head of his own group at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories in London, he led a junior research group at the Max Planck Society in Tübingen, Germany, from 1975-80. In 1980 he became Head of the Virology Department of the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1986 he was appointed director of that institute, a post he held until 1999 and during the last three years of which he was simultaneously director of the Robert Koch Institute. From September 2004 he also held the post of Acting Director of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medicinal Products in Bonn. The focus of Reinhard Kurth's scientific work has long been the retroviruses. Various aspects of all three existing retroviral families have been investigated by him: the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV), the Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV) that can cause a particular form of leukemia, and the Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERV), viruses that have become integrated into the human genome during the course of evolution and, like other genes, are passed from generation to generation. His focus was on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of HIV and SIV infections, the development of an AIDS vaccine, and the genomic organization and pathophysiology of HERVs. Reinhard Kurth, who after being licensed as a physician in 1969 moved into research, was the recipient of many scientific awards. In 1998 he was appointed a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Science in recognition of his scientific achievements. He was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005. In 2008 he was elected to the newly established German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He authored over 330 publications, among them approximately 60 reviews and contributions to books. He has delivered more than 500 external seminars, many abroad. One aim of his public activities was to enable opinion-makers and laypersons to make informed decisions in biomedical issues. It was also an important concern of his to make clear the importance of science as an investment in the future. His multidisciplinary communication activities, in addition to his public presentations, consisted of numerous contributions and interviews on radio and television and in newspapers and magazines. Dr. Kurth presented advances in infection research in the context of other social, ethical and political questions, for example by promoting the support for disease prevention in developing countries. As a member of the German Section of the Africa Commission and as personal representative of the German Chancellor in the Task Force Initiative against the spread of infectious diseases in the Baltic Sea States, he also strove to implement these demands in a practical way. Dr. Kurth was the principal advisor of the German Federal Government on biomedical issues. He was a much sought after discussant with the German Secretary of Health and Social Security and was regularly asked to appear in the German Parliament in a number of committees. The German Chancellor regularly asked for his opinion on biomedical issues, including aspects of bioterrorism. Reinhard Kurth was married and had two grown-up children. His wife Bärbel-Maria Kurth was also his closest companion.

30	Name:	Mr. Anthony Lewis
	Institution:	New York Review of Books; The New York Times
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	March 25, 2013

	Anthony Lewis was a columnist for the New York Times from 1969 to 2001. He has twice won the Pulitzer Prize. In 2001 he was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal and in 2009 he was awarded the Burton Benjamin Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists. He was born in New York City on March 27, 1927. He attended Horace Mann School in New York City and Harvard College, receiving a B.A. in 1948. From 1948 to 1952 he was a deskman in the Sunday Department of The Times. In 1952 he became a reporter for the Washington Daily News. In 1955 he won a Pulitzer Prize for national reporting for a series of articles in the Washington Daily News on the dismissal of a Navy employee as a security risk. The articles led to the employee's reinstatement. In 1955 Mr. Lewis joined the Washington Bureau of the New York Times. In 1956-57 he was a Nieman Fellow; he spent the academic year studying at Harvard Law School. Upon his return to Washington, he covered the Supreme Court, the Justice Department and other legal matters including the government's handling of the civil rights movement, for the New York Times. He won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the Supreme Court in 1963. He became Chief of the Times London Bureau in 1964. He began writing his column from London in 1969. Since 1973 he has been located in Boston. He traveled frequently, in this country and abroad. He is the author of four books: Gideon's Trumpet, about a landmark Supreme Court case; Portrait of a Decade, about the great changes in American race relations; Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment; and Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. Mr. Lewis was for fifteen years a lecturer on law at Harvard Law School, teaching a course on the Constitution and the press. He has taught at a number of other universities as a visitor, among them the Universities of California, Illinois, Oregon and Arizona. Since 1983 he has held the James Madison Visiting Professorship at Columbia University. Anthony Lewis died on March 25, 2013, at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was married to Margaret H. Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts.

31	Name:	Dr. Richard Losick
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Richard Losick received his B.A. from Princeton University in 1965 and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969. He was elected to the Harvard Society of Fellows as a Junior Fellow in 1969, and in 1972 he joined the faculty of Harvard University, where he is currently the Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Biology, a Harvard College Professor, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor. He is a past chairman of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology. He teaches the introductory course on molecular biology at Harvard College, and as Head Tutor he is responsible for the undergraduate concentration in Biochemical Sciences. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, and a former Visiting Scholar of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. His research interests include RNA polymerase, gene transcription and its control, and development in microorganisms. Recently, Dr. Losick was honored with the 2007 Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology for "discovering alternative bacterial sigma factors and his fundamnetal contributions to understanding the mechanicsm of bacterial sporulation" and the 2012 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for discovering the structure of bacteria.

32	Name:	Dr. Roderick MacKinnon
	Institution:	Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Roderick MacKinnon received an undergraduate degree from Brandeis University, a medical degree from Tufts University, and training in Internal Medicine at Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School. He then began his scientific career studying the biophysics of potassium channels at Brandeis University from 1986-89. He joined the faculty at Harvard Medical School as Assistant Professor of Physiology (1989), Associate Professor of Neurobiology (1992) and Professor of Neurobiology (1995). During this period he and his laboratory characterized potassium channels - their subunit stoichiometry, pore-lining amino acids, and components of their gates - through biochemical and functional analysis. He then moved to Rockefeller University in 1996 where his laboratory has provided the first atomic descriptions of ion selective membrane channels. He is currently a professor in the laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University and Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2003 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Peter Agre for his structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.

33	Name:	Dr. Jerry M. Melillo
	Institution:	The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Jerry Melillo is an ecologist/biogeochemist and was the Co-Director of The Ecosystem Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He is an alumnus of Wesleyan (BA, MAT) and Yale (MFS, Ph.D.). Dr. Melillo has been at the MBL for 30 years and has become a prominent figure in science policy, recognized internationally for his research on global warming and climate change. He is interested in how human activities are altering the biology and chemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. His studies take him around the world, from the tropics of Brazil to the Swedish sub-Arctic. Melillo studies carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems by using a combination of large field experiments and computer simulation models. Both are critical to understanding how climate change might affect our world in the future. Together with his colleagues, Melillo is presently conducting a soil-warming experiment at the Harvard Forest in western Massachusetts and a carbon dioxide enrichment and plant and soil warming experiment at the Abisko Research Station in northern Sweden to study the effects of global warming on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, plant growth, and potential feedbacks to the climate system. In addition to field research, Melillo uses computer simulation models to help answer the many "what if" questions related to the effects of future climate change. The models not only synthesize and integrate a lot of information, but they help give rise to new field experiments. Melillo and his colleagues are using the results of their field experiments and their computer simulation models to explore the consequences of a range of stresses, such as climate change, ozone pollution and acid rain, on the forests of New England. How will forest growth be affected? Might some tree species do better than others, such that the composition of our forests will change? Will the quality of water draining from the affected forests be diminished? Melillo and other Ecosystem Center scientists are collaborating with Chinese researchers to explore similar questions about the forests of China. Working with Brazilian scientists, Melillo and other Center scientists are studying how the clearing of rainforests of the Amazon Basin for pastures and soybean fields affects the rate at which climate-changing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are emitted to the atmosphere. They are also studying the links between land-cover and land-use changes, stream water quality, and biodiversity in the streams. For the last 10 years, Melillo and Ecosystems Center staff have collaborated with economists, atmospheric chemists and physicists, and ocean scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to build a large model that couples the land, oceans, and atmosphere with a projected set of economic futures. Melillo's group focuses on the terrestrial portion of the model. In the late 1990s, he temporarily left the MBL to serve in Washington as the Associate Director for Environment in President Clinton's Office of Science and Technology Policy, where he directed programs on environmental monitoring of ecosystem health and advised the administration on natural resource and pollution issues. Science education has long been of interest to Melillo. In 1997, he founded the Semester in Environmental Science (SES) at the Marine Biological Laboratory. SES is a 15-week program in environmental science offered each fall to students enrolled in colleges participating in the MBL Consortium in Environmental Science. Recently, Melillo headed an MBL team to develop a new Brown University-MBL Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Studies. The first group of graduate students entered the program in the fall of 2004. As part of this Brown/MBL partnership, Melillo was appointed to the Brown faculty as a Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Melillo is currently President of the Ecological Society of America, and Past-President of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, an international organization that conducts assessments of emerging environmental issues. He lives in Falmouth, Massachusetts with his wife, Lalise, who teaches history and rhetoric at Falmouth Academy, a local private school. They have one son, Ted Melillo, who is a graduate of Swarthmore College and is now finishing his Ph.D. in environmental history at Yale.

34	Name:	Mr. Paul F. Miller
	Institution:	Pew Charitable Trusts; Squam Lakes Natural Science Center; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	September 9, 2017

	Paul F. Miller, Jr. started his career in 1950 with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and then joined the investment banking firm of Drexel & Co., where he became a partner, then president of a successor firm, Drexel Harriman Ripley. In 1969, he founded the investment management firm of Miller, Anderson & Sherrerd where he stayed until his retirement in 1991. He became a partner of Miller Associates, private investors, and a limited partner of Miller Investment Management. He was a trustee emeritus and former chairman of the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, and a former trustee of the Ford Foundation. Mr. Miller was a senior trustee of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, and a trustee of the Squam Lakes Natural Science Center. He was a past director of the Pew Charitable Trusts, the World Wildlife Fund, the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, and the Appalachian Mountain Club. Also, he was a retired director of Hewlett-Packard Company, the Mead Corporation, and Rohm and Haas Company. Mr. Miller was a 1950 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School and received honorary degrees from both the University of Pennsylvania and Washington and Lee University. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005. Paul F. Miller died September 9, 2017, at the age of 90.

35	Name:	Dr. Gordon E. Moore
	Institution:	Intel Corporation
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 24, 2023

	Gordon E. Moore is retired chairman of Intel Corporation. He co-founded Intel in 1968, serving initially as Executive Vice President before becoming President and Chief Executive Officer in 1979. He remained CEO until 1987 and was named Chairman Emeritus in 1997. Dr. Moore is widely known for "Moore's Law," in which in 1965 he predicted that the number of components the industry would be able to place on a computer chip would double every year. In 1975, he updated his prediction to once every two years. It has become the guiding principle for the semiconductor industry to deliver ever-more-powerful chips while decreasing the cost of electronics. Dr. Moore earned a B.S. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics from California Institute of Technology. He is a director of Gilead Sciences, Inc., a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Engineers. Dr. Moore also serves on the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology. He received the National Medal of Technology from President George Bush in 1990 and the Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush in 2002.

36	Name:	Dr. Sally Falk Moore
	Institution:	Peabody Museum, Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	May 2, 2021

	Sally Falk Moore was Professor of Anthropology (emerita) at Harvard University, where she served as Dean of the Graduate School from 1985-89. Intermittently, she also has taught "Anthropological Approaches to Law" at Harvard Law School. She has an L.L.B. from Columbia Law School (1945). Her major anthropological fieldwork has been in East Africa. Her books include Power and Property in Inca Peru (1958), Law as Process (1978), Social Facts and Fabrications: "Customary" Law on Kilimanjaro 1880-1980 (1986), Anthropology and Africa (1994), and most recently a reader, Law and Anthropology (2005). She is a past president of the American Ethnological Society and the Society for Political and Legal Anthropology. She was elected Huxley Medalist and Lecturer for 1999 by the Royal Anthropological Institute and has been awarded the Kalven Prize by the Law and Society Association (2005). She died on May 2, 2021.

37	Name:	Dr. Maynard V. Olson
	Institution:	University of Washington
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Maynard Olson graduated from Caltech with a Bachelor's degree in chemistry and received his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from Stanford University in 1970, where his thesis advisor was Henry Taube. After five years on the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Dartmouth College, he changed his research emphasis to molecular genetics, working with Benjamin Hall in the Department of Genetics at the University of Washington. During that period, in the late 1970's, he participated in early applications of recombinant-DNA techniques to problems in yeast genetics; his research with Hall included the first sequencing of a mutant eukaryotic gene and one of the first applications of restriction-fragment length polymorphisms. In 1979, he moved to the Department of Genetics at Washington University in St. Louis, where he became a Professor of Genetics in 1986 and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1989. At Washington University, he participated in the development of systematic approaches to the analysis of complex genomes, working both on the yeast and human genomes. This research included the development of new implementations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, including field-inversion gel electrophoresis, determination of the first complete electrophoretic karyotype of a eukaryotic organism, the development of computer-based methods for the construction of whole-genome physical maps based on clone fingerprints, the development of the yeast-artificial-chromosome cloning system, and the introduction of STS-content mapping as an approach to the low-resolution physical mapping of mammalian genomes. In 1992, he was awarded the Genetics Society of America Medal for outstanding contributions to genetics during the previous 15 years. Later that year, he moved back to the University of Washington where he is now Professor of Medicine and Genome Sciences and Director of the University of Washington Genome Center. In 1994, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2000, he received the City of Medicine Award for exceptional contributions to medicine in the public interest, and in 2002, he received the Gairdner Foundation International Award for his scientific contributions to the Human Genome Project. Dr. Olson has also participated extensively in the formulation of policy for the Human Genome Project: in 1987, he served on the National Research Council Committee on Mapping and Sequencing of the Human Genome; from 1989-92, on the Program Advisory Committee on the Human Genome at the National Institutes of Health; from 1999-2003, and on the National Human Genome Research Institute Council. Dr. Olson's current research is focused on the analysis of natural genetic variation both in bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and humans.

38	Name:	Lord Oxburgh
	Institution:	House of Lords; Shell Transport & Trading Company
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Lord Oxburgh played a key role in providing a dynamic basis for plate tectonics, mainly in collaboration with D. L. Turcotte, who he allegedly persuaded to abandon engineering for geophysics. Lord Oxburgh went on to become a university administrator and wrote a notorious report on U.K. earth science which advocated the concentration of resources into a small number of well-founded geology departments. Since being ennobled he has played a prominent role in U.K. government science policy (as chief scientific adviser to the Ministry of Defense from 1988-93), and as chairman of Shell Oil he has voiced widely publicized concern over global warming. Formerly a lecturer in geology (1962-78) and professor of mineralogy and petrology (1978-89) at the University of Cambridge, Lord Oxburgh has chaired the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology since 2001. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1978 and of the National Academy of Sciences in 2001.

39	Name:	Dr. Robert D. Putnam
	Institution:	Harvard University; Saguaro Seminar: Civic Engagement in America
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Robert D. Putnam is Malkin Professor of Public Policy at Harvard. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the British Academy, and past president of the American Political Science Association. He has received numerous scholarly honors, including the Skytte Prize, the most prestigious global award in political science. He has written fourteen books, translated into more than twenty languages, including Bowling Alone and Making Democracy Work, both among the most cited publications in the social sciences in the last half century. His recent books include: (with David E. Campbell, 2012) American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us, which won the American Political Science Association’s 2011 Woodrow Wilson award as the best book in political science, and (with Shaylyn Romney Garrett, 2020) The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again. He has consulted for the last three American presidents, the last three British prime ministers, the current French president, and hundreds of grassroots leaders and activists in many countries. He is now working on three major projects: (1) Inequality and opportunity: a growing class gap among American young people and the implications for social mobility; (2) The changing role of religion in the United Kingdom and the US; and (3) The social consequences of hard times in the United Kingdom and the US. He was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President Obama.

40	Name:	Dr. Richard Rorty
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	407. Philosophy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	June 8, 2007

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