APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. William P. Jencks
	Institution:	Brandeis University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	January 3, 2007

22	Name:	Dr. Bela Julesz
	Institution:	Rutgers University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 31, 2003

23	Name:	Dr. Samuel Karlin
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	December 18, 2007

24	Name:	Dr. Donald R. Kelley
	Institution:	Rutgers University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	Donald R. Kelley was born in Elgin, Illinois in 1931 of working-class parents. He worked himself for a time at the Elgin Watch Co., then went to Harvard University (class of 1953). He served in the army as an MP in Germany (1953-55) before going on to graduate school at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1962). Since his undergraduate days his main interest has been European intellectual history, beginning with early modern France, on which he has written several books. He has since extended his research to a larger chronological and international scope, reinforced by a 20-year editorship of the Journal of the History of Ideas and associated international conferences funded by the journal. He has worked in three interrelated areas of study, all touched on in his first book on "language, law, and history in the French Renaissance"; that is, western historical thought and writing; continental law and political thought since antiquity; and the history and role of language. Most recently he has returned to early interests in the history of history, completing a trilogy in western historiography from antiquity to the present and surveys both of intellectual and cultural history. Dr. Kelley has taught at Southern Illinois University, SUNY Binghamton, the University of Rochester, Harvard, and Rutgers University, where he holds the title of James Westfall Thompson Professor of History Emeritus. He has received a number of awards, including a Fulbright and two Guggenheim fellowships and three Institute for Advanced Study fellowships as well as membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is married to Bonnie Smith, also a historian; they have three children.

25	Name:	Dr. Harold A. Mooney
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Harold Mooney has played a leading role in the development of the international global change program, helping to forge links between physical, biological and social scientists. After receiving his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1960, he worked at the University of California, Los Angeles until 1968, when he joined the faculty at Stanford University, where he is currently Paul F. Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology. Throughout his career Dr. Mooney has led international research and synthesis programs on the ecology of biological invasions; the release of genetically engineered organisms; the use of ecosystem experiments; the ecosystem function of biodiversity; and the comparative structure and evolution of North and South American ecosystems and the consequences of human activities on the earth system responses of these systems. His research on the carbon balance of plants has provided a major theoretical framework for eco-physiological studies, and he has been instrumental in the incorporation of physiological understanding into ecosystem studies. Dr. Mooney has served on many editorial boards and ecological journals and on advisory committees, funding agencies and national laboratories. A prolific researcher, he has produced well over 350 scientific papers, books and articles, all of which have provided bridges between physiological ecology and other areas of ecology. He has been honored with membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and is the recipient of awards such as the Ecological Society of America's Mercer Award (1961) and the Max Planck Research Award (1992).

26	Name:	Mr. Bill D. Moyers
	Institution:	Public Affairs TV, Inc
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	One of the chief inheritors of the Edward R. Murrow tradition of "deep-think" journalism, Bill Moyers has been involved in broadcast journalism for more than 40 years, principally in the areas of investigative documentary and long-form conversations with some of the world's leading thinkers. Formerly a print journalist, ordained Baptist minister, press secretary to President Lyndon Johnson, and newspaper publisher, Mr. Moyers came to television in 1970, delivering elegantly written and deceptively soft-spoken narrations that came out of the story-telling traditions of his East Texas upbringing. Examining the failings of constitutional democracy in his 1974 Essay on Watergate and exposing governmental illegalities and cover-ups during the Iran Contra scandal, he repeatedly explored countless important issues of of our time, from race, class and gender to the power media images held for a nation of "consumers," not citizens. Mr. Moyers could be said to have explored virtually every aspect of American political, economic and social life in his documentaries. Equally influential was Mr. Moyers' World of Ideas series, in which he used his soft, probing style to talk to a remarkable range of articulate intellectuals on his two foundation-supported interview series on PBS. In discussions that ranged from an hour to, in the case of mythology scholar Joseph Campbell, six hours on the air, Moyers brought to television what he called the "conversation of democracy." He spoke with social critics such as Noam Chomsky and Cornel West, writers such as Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe, Mexican poet and novelist Carlos Fuentes and American novelist Toni Morrison, and social analysts like philosopher Mortimer Adler and University of Chicago sociologist William Julius Wilson. Mr. Moyers engaged voices and ideas that had been seldom, if ever, heard on television, and transcribed versions of many of his series often became best selling books as well (Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth, 1988; The Secret Government, 1988; A World of Ideas, 1989; A World of Ideas II, 1990, Healing the Mind, 1992). Mr. Moyers' television work is as prolific as his publishing record. In all he produced over 600 hours of programming (filmed and videotaped conversations and documentaries) between 1971 and 1989, and he broadcast another 125 programs between 1989 and 1992. In 1986 he formed his own company, Public Affairs Television, to distribute many of his own shows, and by the early 1990s he had established himself as a significant figure of television talk. Upon receiving the prestigious Gold Baton Award in 1991, Mr. Moyers was referred to as "a unique voice, still seeking new frontiers in television, daring to assume that viewing audiences are willing to think and learn." He was honored with the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. After a brief hiatus, Moyers returned to public television in 2012 with "Moyers & Company," continuing in the tradition of his earlier work.

27	Name:	Dr. Martha Craven Nussbaum
	Institution:	University of Chicago Law School
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Martha Nussbaum is Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago. She received her B.A. from New York University and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. She has taught at Harvard, Brown and Oxford Universities. Dr. Nussbaum found in Aristotle and in the thinkers of the Hellenistic period arguments concerning the formation of ethical judgments and the healing of unruly desires that bear importantly on modern dilemmas. She is a public intellectual, offering relevant comments on moral issues, the role of literature and the nature of law. From 1986-93, Dr. Nussbaum was a research advisor at the World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, a part of the United Nations University. She has chaired the Committee on International Cooperation and the Committee on the Status of Women of the American Philosophical Association, and has been a member of the Association's National Board. Dr. Nussbaum received the Brandeis Creative Arts Award in Non-Fiction in 1990 and the PEN Spielvogel-Diamondstein Award for the best collection of essays in 1991; Cultivating Humanity won the Ness Book Award of the Association of American Colleges and Universities in 1998, and the Grawemeyer Award in Education in 2002. Sex and Social Justice won the book award of the North American Society for Social Philosophy in 2000. Some of Martha Nussbaum's most recent works are Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America's Tradition of Religious Equality (2008), Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (2010), The New Religious Intolerance: Overcoming the Politics of Fear in an Anxious Age (2012), and Monarchy of Fear (2018). In 2009 she was awarded the A.SK prize by Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, an award that pays tribute to social system reformers, Phi Beta Kappa selected Nussbaum for the Sidney Hook Memorial Award in 2012, in 2018 she won the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture, and in 2021 she won the Holberg Prize. Martha Nussbaum was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995. She won the Society's Henry M. Phillips Prize in 2009 in recognition of her intellectual leadership in philosophy, law and religion, including in particular her development and application of a "capabilities approach" to justice in a variety of contexts including women's rights in developing countries and worldwide, of the disabled and the impaired, and animal species.

28	Name:	Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
	Institution:	Max Planck Institute
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	German biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard is a widely acknowledged authority on embryonic limb regeneration, development and induction. She was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, the latter for her work with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis on the genetic control of embryonic development. With Wieschaus, she developed a spectacularly successful large-scale mutagenesis project that illuminated the development program of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. At the time of these experiments, molecular biology was mostly based on small-scale experiments that demonstrated principles or examples of possibly general significance. These experiments were not only distinguished by their sheer scale (with the methods available at the time, they involved an enormous workload), but more importantly by their significance for organisms other than fruit flies. It was later found that many of the genes identified here had homologues in other species. These findings have also led to important realizations about evolution, and they greatly increased understanding of the regulation of transcription and cell fate during development. Since 1985 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard has been Director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany. She received her Ph.D. from Tübingen University in 1973 and also currently leads the university's Genetics Department. In 1986 she received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.

29	Name:	Dr. Sadako Ogata
	Institution:	Brookings Institution
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	October 22, 2019

	Born in Tokyo in 1927, Sadako Ogata served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from 1991-2000, and in 2001 she served as co-chair, with Professor Amartya Sen, of the Commission on Human Security. In addition to her work with the United Nations, she was a Distinguished Fellow at the Brookings Institution and President of Japan International Cooperation Agency. Before her career as UNHCR, she was the Independent Expert of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation in Myanmar in 1990, and from 1982-85 she was the representative of Japan on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. In 1978 and 1979 Ms. Ogata was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations, having served as Minister there from 1976-78. A prominent academic figure, Ms. Ogata was Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Studies and Director of the Institute of International Relations at Sophia University in Tokyo, where she was also a professor starting in 1980. Ms. Ogata received her Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963. Her recent publications include "Refugees, A Multilateral Response to Humanitarian Crises," "The Movement of People," "Refugees in Asia: From Exodus to Solutions" and "Towards Healing the Wounds: Conflict-Torn States and the Return of Refugees." Sadako Ogata died October 22, 2019 in Tokyo, Japan, at the age of 92.

30	Name:	Mr. Hugh B. Price
	Institution:	National Urban League
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Hugh Price, a leading spokesman for African Americans, was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Urban League from 1994-2002. He was born and raised in Washington, D.C., and during his childhood he witnessed and became a part of many changes in that city as schools and neighborhoods became integrated. After graduating from Amherst College and Yale Law School, Mr. Price moved on to public broadcasting as Senior Vice President of WNET in New York, and in 1988 he entered the world of philanthropy as Vice President of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1994 he assumed the leadership of the National Urban League, the nation's premier social service and civil rights organization serving African Americans and others who are striving to enter the economic mainstream. Mr. Price has been described by The New York Times as one of the "true leaders... who will make things better for future generations." He is the author of the books Getting Your Child the Best Education Possible and Destination: the American Dream. He is currently senior advisor and co-chair of the Nonprofit and Philanthropy Practice Group for the law firm of Piper Rudnick.

31	Name:	Dr. Arnold Rampersad
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Arnold Rampersad is the leading scholar of his generation in the field of African-American literature. His work on such major figures as Richard Wright, Langston Hughes and W.E.B. DuBois is widely recognized as scholarship of the highest order, marked as it is by impeccable research and an elegant prose style. Dr. Rampersad's two-volume biography The Life of Langston Hughes (1986-88) is widely praised as a masterpiece of literary/historical narrative, and his mastery of this form was also evident in Days of Grace (1993), a memoir written with the assistance of the late Arthur Ashe. His latest work is Visible Man, a biography of Ralph Ellison. Currently Professor of English, Senior Associate Dean and the Sara Hart Kimball Professor in the Humanities at Stanford University, Dr. Rampersad has also served on the faculties of the University of Virginia and Rutgers, Columbia and Princeton Universities. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he has also edited several other works, including Slavery and the Literary Imagination and Race and American Culture. Perhaps more than any other scholar, Dr. Rampersad has made the study of African-American culture an integral part of intellectual life. He was awarded the 2010 National Humanities Medal by President Obama. He won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in 2012 and was awarded the Centennial Medal of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University in 2013.

32	Name:	Dr. C. N. R. Rao
	Institution:	Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Prof. C.N.R. Rao (born on 30 June 1934, Bangalore, India) is the National Research Professor as well as Honorary President and Linus Pauling Research Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. He is also an Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Science. His main research interests are in solid state and materials chemistry. He is an author of over 1400 research papers and 45 books. He received the M.Sc. Degree from Banaras, Ph.D. from Purdue, D.Sc. From Mysore universities and has received honoris causa doctorate degrees from 53 universities including Purdue, Bordeaux, Banaras, Delhi, Mysore, IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur, Northwestern, Notre Dame, Novosibirsk, Oxford, Stellenbosch, Grenoble, Uppsala, Wales, Wroclaw, Caen, Khartoum, Calcutta, Sri Venkateswara University and Desikottama from Visva-Bharati. Prof. Rao is a member of many of the major science academies in the world including the Royal Society, London, the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., the Russian Academy of Sciences, French Academy of Sciences, Japan Academy as well as the Polish, Czechoslovakian, Serbian, Slovenian, Brazil, Spanish, Korean and African Academies and the American Philosophical Society. He is a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of Academia Europaea and Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He is on the editorial boards of several leading professional journals and is a distinguished visiting professor of the University of California and Cambridge University. Among the various medals, honours and awards received by him, mention must be made of the Marlow Medal of the Faraday Society (1967), Bhatnagar Prize (1968), Padma Shri (1974), Centennial Foreign Fellowship of the American Chemical Society (1976), Royal Society of Chemistry (London) Medal (1981), Padma Vibhushan (1985), Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1989), Hevrovsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy (1989), Blackett Lectureship of the Royal Society (1991), Einstein Gold Medal of UNESCO (1996), Linnett Professorship of the University of Cambridge (1998), Centenary Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London (2000), the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, London, for original discovery in physical sciences (2000), Karnataka Ratna (2001) by the Karnataka Government, the Order of Scientific Merit (Grand-Cross) from the President of Brazil (2002), Gauss Professorship of Germany (2003) and the Somiya Award of the International Union of Materials Research (2004). He is the first recipient of the India Science Award by the Government of India and received the Dan David Prize for science in the future dimension for his research in Materials Science in 2005. He was named as Chemical Pioneer by the American Institute of Chemists (2005), Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur by the President of the French Republic (2005) and received the Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of Physics, London (2006) and St. Catherine’s College, Oxford (2007). He received the Nikkei Asia Prize for Science, Technology and Innovation (2008). He was awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society (2009) and the August-Wilhelm-von-Hoffmann Medal for his outstanding contributions to chemistry by the German Chemical Society (2010). He received the Ernesto Illy Trieste Science Prize for materials research in 2011. Prof. Rao is Chairman, Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, immediate past President of The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS) and Member of the Atomic Energy Commission of India. He is Founder-President of both the Chemical Research Society of India and of the Materials Research Society of India. Prof. Rao was President of the Indian National Science Academy (1985-86), the Indian Academy of Sciences (1989-91), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1985-97). He was the Director of the Indian Institute of Science (1984-94), Chairman of the Science Advisory Council to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1985-89) and Chairman, Scientific Advisory Committee to the Union Cabinet (1997-98) and Albert Einstein Research Professor (1995-99). He was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995.

33	Name:	Dr. Judith Rodin
	Institution:	The Rockefeller Foundation; University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	In 1994, Dr. Judith Rodin became the first woman to be named to the presidency of an Ivy League institution, the University of Pennsylvania, after 22 years on the faculty of Yale University, where she served as Provost from 1992-94. During a decade of service Dr. Rodin guided the University of Pennsylvania through a period of unprecedented growth and development that transformed Penn's academic core and dramatically enhanced the quality of life on campus and in the surrounding community. She held faculty appointments as a professor of psychology in the School of Arts and Sciences and as a professor of medicine and psychiatry in the School of Medicine. Judith Rodin serves on the boards of the Brookings Institution and Catalyst, and on the boards of Aetna, Inc., AMR Corporation, Citigroup and Comcast Corporation. She became president of the Rockefeller Foundation, one of the world's oldest and largest private philanthropies, in March 2005 and served as president until 2017. In 2015 she won the Edmund Bacon Prize of the Philadelphia Center for Architecture. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995.

34	Name:	Dr. Charles Welles Rosen
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	December 9, 2012

	Born in New York City, Charles Rosen enrolled at the Juilliard School at the age of six, leaving five years later to study with Moriz Rosenthal, a pupil of Liszt, and his wife, Hedwig Kanner, a pupil of Leschetizky. In 1951, the same year that Mr. Rosen received widespread critical acclaim for his New York debut, he received his Ph.D. in French literature from Princeton University and made his first recording, the world premiere on disc of Debussy's Etudes. The breadth of Dr. Rosen's endeavors reflected a remarkable synthesis of performing musician, scholar, writer and lecturer. First and foremost, however, he was one of the most widely respected pianists of his time. He earned international acclaim for his performances and recordings of a diverse repertoire ranging from Bach to works by this century's most important composers. He was particularly renowned for his interpretations of Beethoven and the Romantic repertoire, especially the works of Chopin, Schumann and Liszt. Dr. Rosen wrote extensively in the fields of music, art, literature and intellectual history. Among his most celebrated books is The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, which won the National Book Award for Arts and Letters and has been translated into seven languages. His books include Beethoven's Pianos Sonatas: A Short Companion (2002) and Piano Notes: The Hidden Life of the Pianist. Dr. Rosen held distinguished chairs and visiting professorships at leading universities in the United States and abroad, including the Charles Eliot Norton Chair of Poetics at Harvard University, and the University of Chicago, Oxford University, and the University of California. Among the awards he has received are an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Cambridge University, the George Peabody Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Music in America from the Peabody Institute of The Johns Hopkins University, and the 2011 National Humanities Medal. Dr. Rosen was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995.

35	Name:	Dr. Frank Sherwood Rowland
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	March 10, 2012

	Frank Sherwood Rowland was a Nobel laureate and Donald Bren Research Professor of Chemistry and Earth System Science at the University of California, Irvine. His research in atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics has had an enormous impact on scientific, industrial and general activity on a global scale. Born in Ohio, Dr. Rowland received his B.A. from Ohio Wesleyan University (1948), then earned his M.S. in 1951 and his Ph.D. in 1952, both from the University of Chicago. He held academic posts at Princeton University (1952-56) and at the University of Kansas (1956-64) before becoming a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine, in 1964. At Irvine in the early 1970s he began working with Mario Molina, with whom he would discover the effects of chlorofluorocarbon gases on the ozone layer of the stratosphere. The pair were awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery. Dr. Rowland has won numerous other awards for his work, including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (1983), the Japan Prize (1989), the Peter Debye Award (1993) and the Roger Revelle Medal (1994). He was elected to the membership of the National Academy of Sciences in 1978, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977, and the Royal Society (as a foreign member) in 2004. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995. Dr. Rowland died on March 10, 2012, at home in Corona del Mar, California, at the age of 84.

36	Name:	Dr. Vera C. Rubin
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution of Washington
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 25, 2016

	Vera C. Rubin was an observational astronomer who studied the motions of gas and stars in galaxies and motions of galaxies in the universe. Her work was influential in discovering that most of the matter in the universe is dark. She was a graduate of Vassar College, Cornell University, and Georgetown University; George Gamow was her thesis professor. She was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. President Clinton awarded her the National Medal of Science (1993). She received the Weizmann Women and Science Award, the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Gruber International Cosmology Prize, the Watson Medal of the National Academy of Sciences and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (London); the previous award to a woman was to Caroline Herschel in 1828. She was active in encouraging and supporting women in science. Her husband and their four children were all Ph.D. scientists. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995. Vera Rubin died December 25, 2016, at age 88.

37	Name:	Dr. Charles A. Ryskamp
	Institution:	The Frick Collection & Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	March 26, 2010

	Charles Ryskamp is a professor at Princeton University and the Director Emeritus and Honorary Fellow of the Pierpont Morgan Library and the Frick Collection. A stellar example of a scholar and distinguished museum administrator, Dr. Ryskamp has published works on 18th century English art and is also the co-editor of the multi-volume editions of the writings of William Cowper as well as editions of other English authors. His tenure at the Pierpont Library (1969-87) was marked by significant acquisitions and an ambitious series of scholarly exhibitions, and as director of the Frick Collection (1987-97), he succeeded in energizing a traditional institution without altering its character or mission. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D., 1956), Dr. Ryskamp has since been affiliated with Princeton University for over 50 years. He is a member of the board of the Metropolitan Opera, the Library of America and a number of similar organizations and a past president of the Association of Art Museum Directors and the Master Drawings Association.

38	Name:	Dr. Carl Sagan
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1934
	Death Date:	12/20/96

39	Name:	Dr. Allan Rex Sandage
	Institution:	Observatories of Carnegie Institution of Washington
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	November 13, 2010

	Astronomer Allan Sandage combined his impressive astronomical knowledge with outstanding scientific judgment and an extraordinary ability to discern new concepts that were ripe for development. Based at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1956 until his death, he was best known for his extended work establishing the rate of expansion of the universe (the red-shift distance or Hubble relationship). He was also noted for his discovery in the M-82 galaxy of jets erupting from the core, and for having conducted important spectral studies of globular clusters. Dr. Sandage received his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1953, and he had also served as Homewood Professor of Physics at Johns Hopkins University and as a senior research scientist at NASA's Space Telescope Scientific Institute. His many honors include the Warner Prize (1960), the Eddington Medal (1963), the National Medal of Science (1970), the Bruce Medal (1975) and the Crafoord Prize (1991). Allan Sandage died November 13, 2010, at age 84, in San Gabriel, California.

40	Name:	Mr. Henry B. Schacht
	Institution:	E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Company, LLC
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Among American businessmen, Henry B. Schacht stands out as a thoughtful and serious leader who considers his responsibilities to his country and its institutions as seriously as those of his companies. As chairman and chief executive officer (1973-94), Mr. Schacht led the Cummins Engine Company to the forefront of U.S. industry. Later he would serve as CEO of Lucent Technologies (1995-97, 2001) and at present is Managing Director and Senior Advisor of the venture-capital firm Warburg Pincus LLC. Mr. Schacht has also devoted significant time and attention to matters of scholarship and education through his involvement with the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and as a trustee of Yale University. He received his M.B.A. from Harvard University in 1962.

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