American Philosophical Society
Member History

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International[X]
1Name:  Dr. André Weil
 Institution:  Institute for Advanced Study
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1906
 Death Date:  8/6/98
   
2Name:  Dr. Wolfram Fischer
 Institution:  Freie Universitat, Berlin
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1928
   
 
Wolfram Fischer is a leading economic historian who has published important works on 19th- and 20th-century economic and social history. His subjects have included the history of crafts and unions in Germany; the history of corporations in the industrial world; and European depression and inflation. As head of the Berlin Historical Commission, he supervised the voluminous publications of the commission, including its yearbook and series on the history of the German labor movement and the history of Jews and anti-semitism in Central and Eastern Europe. Dr. Fischer became Professor of Economic and Social History at the Freie Universitat, Berlin, in 1964, and he has also served as a visiting professor at Stanford and Georgetown Universities and as a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study at Stanford, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. He received his D. Phil. from Tubingen University in 1951. Author of 12 monographs, including German Economic Policy, 1918-1945 (1968) and Poverty in History (1982), he has also edited over 20 volumes and series on subjects from industrialization to the history of statistics.
 
3Name:  President Václav Havel
 Institution:  Former President of the Czech Republic
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1935
 Death Date:  December 18, 2011
   
 
One of the world's shining lights in the struggle for truth and freedom, playwright, essayist and prisoner of conscience Vaclav Havel served as president of the Czech (formerly Czecho-Slovak) Republic 1989 to 2003. Living proof of the proposition that intellectuals can greatly influence that struggle, Mr. Havel authored the "Velvet Revolution" in his country that peacefully swept the Communist regime from power and put the Czechs at the forefront of the Central and Eastern European nations converting to democracy. As an author, Mr. Havel had been awarded numerous international prizes, including the Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1968), the Olof Palme Prize (1989) and the Simon Bolivar Prize (1990). Among his many books and plays are Garden Party (1963), Protest (1978), Slum Clearance (1988), Disturbing the Peace (1990) and The Art of the Impossible (1997). His memoir, To the Castle and Back, was published in 2007, and his first play in 18 years, "Odchazeni" ("On Departure") had its premiere at the Archa Theater in Prague in 2008. Prior to his country's democratization, Mr. Havel's work was frequently suppressed by Czecho-Slovak authorities, and as spokesman for the Charter 77 human rights movement, he was variously persecuted, imprisoned and placed under house arrest for "subversive" and "antistate" activities. As a politician, he has been honored worldwide and in 1994 was presented with the presitigious Philadelphia Liberty Medal. In 1990 he led his nation to free elections, and even as former Czech Head of State, he continued to be recognized as a moral authority due to his courageous and unyielding stance through the years of Communist totality. Vaclav Havel died on December 18, 2011 at the age of 75 in norther Bohemia, Czech Republic.
 
4Name:  Dr. Hermann Hunger
 Institution:  University of Vienna
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404c
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1942
   
 
Hermann Hunger is a historian of astronomy who is also a first-rate Assyriologist. His editions of cuneiform texts cover the entire range of the corpus and culminate in the publication of his Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia series. This work stands as one of the most important publications of original sources for the study of Babylonian astronomy and became widely known through Dr. Hunger's communication of the earliest known record of Halley's Comet. Born in Germany, Dr. Hunger earned his Ph.D. from the University of Munster in 1966. He served as associate professor at the University of Chicago prior to joining the faculty at the University of Vienna in 1978. He currently holds the position of Professor of Assyriology at the Institut für Orientalistik and chairs the Commission for the History of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Medicine at the University of Vienna.
 
5Name:  Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
 Institution:  Max Planck Institute
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1942
   
 
German biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard is a widely acknowledged authority on embryonic limb regeneration, development and induction. She was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, the latter for her work with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis on the genetic control of embryonic development. With Wieschaus, she developed a spectacularly successful large-scale mutagenesis project that illuminated the development program of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. At the time of these experiments, molecular biology was mostly based on small-scale experiments that demonstrated principles or examples of possibly general significance. These experiments were not only distinguished by their sheer scale (with the methods available at the time, they involved an enormous workload), but more importantly by their significance for organisms other than fruit flies. It was later found that many of the genes identified here had homologues in other species. These findings have also led to important realizations about evolution, and they greatly increased understanding of the regulation of transcription and cell fate during development. Since 1985 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard has been Director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany. She received her Ph.D. from Tübingen University in 1973 and also currently leads the university's Genetics Department. In 1986 she received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.
 
6Name:  Dr. Sadako Ogata
 Institution:  Brookings Institution
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1927
 Death Date:  October 22, 2019
   
 
Born in Tokyo in 1927, Sadako Ogata served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from 1991-2000, and in 2001 she served as co-chair, with Professor Amartya Sen, of the Commission on Human Security. In addition to her work with the United Nations, she was a Distinguished Fellow at the Brookings Institution and President of Japan International Cooperation Agency. Before her career as UNHCR, she was the Independent Expert of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation in Myanmar in 1990, and from 1982-85 she was the representative of Japan on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. In 1978 and 1979 Ms. Ogata was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations, having served as Minister there from 1976-78. A prominent academic figure, Ms. Ogata was Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Studies and Director of the Institute of International Relations at Sophia University in Tokyo, where she was also a professor starting in 1980. Ms. Ogata received her Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963. Her recent publications include "Refugees, A Multilateral Response to Humanitarian Crises," "The Movement of People," "Refugees in Asia: From Exodus to Solutions" and "Towards Healing the Wounds: Conflict-Torn States and the Return of Refugees." Sadako Ogata died October 22, 2019 in Tokyo, Japan, at the age of 92.
 
7Name:  Dr. C. N. R. Rao
 Institution:  Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1934
   
 
Prof. C.N.R. Rao (born on 30 June 1934, Bangalore, India) is the National Research Professor as well as Honorary President and Linus Pauling Research Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. He is also an Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Science. His main research interests are in solid state and materials chemistry. He is an author of over 1400 research papers and 45 books. He received the M.Sc. Degree from Banaras, Ph.D. from Purdue, D.Sc. From Mysore universities and has received honoris causa doctorate degrees from 53 universities including Purdue, Bordeaux, Banaras, Delhi, Mysore, IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur, Northwestern, Notre Dame, Novosibirsk, Oxford, Stellenbosch, Grenoble, Uppsala, Wales, Wroclaw, Caen, Khartoum, Calcutta, Sri Venkateswara University and Desikottama from Visva-Bharati. Prof. Rao is a member of many of the major science academies in the world including the Royal Society, London, the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., the Russian Academy of Sciences, French Academy of Sciences, Japan Academy as well as the Polish, Czechoslovakian, Serbian, Slovenian, Brazil, Spanish, Korean and African Academies and the American Philosophical Society. He is a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of Academia Europaea and Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He is on the editorial boards of several leading professional journals and is a distinguished visiting professor of the University of California and Cambridge University. Among the various medals, honours and awards received by him, mention must be made of the Marlow Medal of the Faraday Society (1967), Bhatnagar Prize (1968), Padma Shri (1974), Centennial Foreign Fellowship of the American Chemical Society (1976), Royal Society of Chemistry (London) Medal (1981), Padma Vibhushan (1985), Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1989), Hevrovsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy (1989), Blackett Lectureship of the Royal Society (1991), Einstein Gold Medal of UNESCO (1996), Linnett Professorship of the University of Cambridge (1998), Centenary Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London (2000), the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, London, for original discovery in physical sciences (2000), Karnataka Ratna (2001) by the Karnataka Government, the Order of Scientific Merit (Grand-Cross) from the President of Brazil (2002), Gauss Professorship of Germany (2003) and the Somiya Award of the International Union of Materials Research (2004). He is the first recipient of the India Science Award by the Government of India and received the Dan David Prize for science in the future dimension for his research in Materials Science in 2005. He was named as Chemical Pioneer by the American Institute of Chemists (2005), Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur by the President of the French Republic (2005) and received the Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of Physics, London (2006) and St. Catherine’s College, Oxford (2007). He received the Nikkei Asia Prize for Science, Technology and Innovation (2008). He was awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society (2009) and the August-Wilhelm-von-Hoffmann Medal for his outstanding contributions to chemistry by the German Chemical Society (2010). He received the Ernesto Illy Trieste Science Prize for materials research in 2011. Prof. Rao is Chairman, Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, immediate past President of The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS) and Member of the Atomic Energy Commission of India. He is Founder-President of both the Chemical Research Society of India and of the Materials Research Society of India. Prof. Rao was President of the Indian National Science Academy (1985-86), the Indian Academy of Sciences (1989-91), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1985-97). He was the Director of the Indian Institute of Science (1984-94), Chairman of the Science Advisory Council to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1985-89) and Chairman, Scientific Advisory Committee to the Union Cabinet (1997-98) and Albert Einstein Research Professor (1995-99). He was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995.
 
8Name:  Dr. Michael Sela
 Institution:  Weizmann Institute of Science
 Year Elected:  1995
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  209. Neurobiology
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1924
 Death Date:  May 27, 2022
   
 
One of the world's leading chemical immunologists, Michael Sela is the W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science. During his tenure at the Institute, which began in 1963, he has served as Dean of the Faculty of Biology (1970-73), as President (1975-85) and as Deputy Chair of the Board of Governors (1985-94). Considered a premier ambassador for Israeli science, Dr. Sela has most successfully applied his understanding of proteins and synthetic amino acid polymers to the manipulation of the immune system. He has also been responsible for the design and production of the specific immunogenic molecule "COP 1," which has positive actions in counteracting the autoimmune process in multiple sclerosis. Dr. Sela's scientific contributions have been recognized internationally by major honors and prizes, including the Warburg (1968), Landsteiner (1986) and UNESCO Albert Einstein (1995) Medals, the German Order of Merit and the French Legion d'Honeur. He is a member of the Max-Planck-Society, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academies of the U.S., France, Russia, Germany, Vatican, Romania, and Italy, and a recipient of nine honorary doctorates from the USA, Mexico, France and Israel. He received his Ph.D. from the Hebrew University in 1954.
 
Election Year
1995[X]