APS Member History

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21	Name:	Lord Jack Lewis
	Institution:	Robinson College, Cambridge & University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	July 17, 2014

	Sir Jack Lewis, Lord Lewis of Newnham, FRS was a British chemist working mainly in the area of the transition elements. He was a pioneer in the study of metallorganic compounds, especially in their magnetic properties, and has been a leader in synthesizing and characterizing compounds containing clusters of metal atoms. Sir Jack earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of London and a Ph.D. in 1954 from the University of Nottingham. In 1954 he was appointed lecturer at the University of Sheffield. He returned to London in 1956 as a lecturer at Imperial College London. From 1961-67 he served as professor of chemistry at the University of Manchester, eventually moving to University College London (1967-70) and the University of Cambridge (1970-95). He was also the first Warden of Robinson College from its foundation until 2001. Knighted in 1982, he won the Royal Society's Davy Medal in 1985 and was created Baron Lewis of Newnham, of Newnham in the County of Cambridgeshire, in 1989. In 2004 he received the Royal Society's Royal Medal. He was a member of the House of Lords, where he sat as a cross bencher and was a member of a number of Select Committees on Science and Technology. He died July 17, 2014, in Cambridge, at the age of 86.

22	Name:	Dr. R. Duncan Luce
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	August 11, 2012

	Trained as a mathematician (Ph.D. MIT, 1950) but transformed under the tutelage of many distinguished social and psychological scientists into a mathematical behavioral scientist, R. Duncan Luce worked on a variety of measurement issues. These include probabilistic models of choice and responses times, algebraic formulations that lead to measurement representations such as additive and non-additive conjoint measurement, the interlocks between measurement systems with applications to utility and subjective weights and to aspects of psychophysics. His publications include 8 authored or co-authored volumes, 14 edited or co-edited volumes, and over 220 journal articles. His honors include membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences; the National Medal of Science; the American Psychological Foundation Gold Medal; the UCI Medal; the Ramsey Medal; the Norman Anderson Award; an honorary doctorate from the University of Waterloo. At the time of his death he was serving as Distinguished Research Professor of Cognitive Sciences and Research Professor of Economics at the University of California, Irvine, where he had been since 1988. Previously he served on the faculties of Harvard University, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the University of Pennsylvania, all at the rank of professor or a name chair. At it's Spring Meeting in 2012, Dr. Luce was awarded the American Philosophical Society's Patrick Suppes Prize in Psychology "in recognition of his distinguished and prolific research and publications in decision-making and utility theory that have continued unabated from the 1950s to the present." R. Duncan Luce died on August 11, 2012, at age 87, in Irvine, California.

23	Name:	President Nelson Mandela
	Institution:	Former President of South Africa
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	December 5, 2013

	Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa in 1918. He attended Fort Hare University College and the University of Witwatersrand before commencing a legal practice in Johannesburg with fellow activist Oliver Tambo, forming the country's first black legal partnership. He joined the African National Congress and was a founder of the ANC Youth League, which in 1951 organized the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws. During the 1950s Mandela and other ANC members defied the South African government and consequently were banned from working with the ANC. When the ban was lifted in the early 1960s, Mandela was elected secretary of the ANC. He was soon forced underground, however, and was tried and imprisoned for sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government. In 1963 he began a life sentence and remained in jail for 25 years. As change came to South Africa, he met with State President Botha and later President F.W. de Klerk. The latter released Mandela from jail nine days after the ban on the ANC was lifted. Mandela was elected president of the ANC in 1991 and became South Africa's first black president in 1994, serving until 1999. In 1993 he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of all South Africans who suffered and sacrificed to bring peace to their land. Among countless other honors are UNESCO's Simon Bolivar International Prize (1983), the Sakharov Prize (1988), the Liberty Medal (1993) and the APS's Benjamin Franklin Award for Distinguished Public Service. Its citation describes Mandela as a "steadfast advocate of justice (and) tireless champion of freedom" and "salutes this son of a chief and father of a nation, and recognizes his extraordinary contribution, not only to the citizens of South Africa, but also to countless men and women in other lands. Who, as a prisoner of conscience for 28 years, so used his captivity to instruct and inspire others, that the prison in which he was confined has now become a symbol of courage and hope, and a place of pilgrimage. And who, as leader of his people and their first elected president, led the way to equality, improved education, housing and economic growth, with vision, determination, energy and magnanimity, achieving reconciliation and cooperation between long-standing adversaries. In awarding Nelson Mandela the Franklin Medal, the American Philosophical Society salutes this international statesman and applauds his consistency of purpose, his resolute courage, his generosity of spirit and his inspiring example." Nelson Mandela was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994. In 2007 he joined the Elders, a freelance global diplomatic team dedicated to working for the common good. The alliance also includes former president Jimmy Carter, former Irish president Mary Robinson, and the retired Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu. Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa, at the age of 95.

24	Name:	Dr. Martin E. Marty
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1928

	Martin E. Marty, born in Nebraska in 1928, holds two degrees in theology and a Ph.D. in American intellectual and religious history. He served ten years as a Lutheran parish minister and thirty-five years as a professor in the Divinity School, the (Humanities) Committee on the History of Culture, and the History Department from 1963-98. His specialty is American religious history, particularly in the national founding period, the late 18th century, and the 20th century, about which he wrote the three-volume Modern American Religion. Since 1998 he has also specialized in comparative studies of militant religious movements, fundamentalism and ethno-nationalisms, and he directed the Fundamentalism projects for the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a project that resulted in a five-volume publication by the University of Chicago Press. Alongside his scholarly work, Dr. Marty has also been a journalist, identified since 1956 with the ecumenical The Christian Century and many other publications. He was also co-editor of Church History (1963-98), the journal of the American Society of Church History, of which he has been president. He was also president of the American Catholic Historical Association and the American Academy of Religion. He is the author of over fifty books, one of which, Righteous Empire, won the National Book Award. An elected member of the American Academy of Religion, he is also an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. He was awarded the National Humanities Medal and over seventy honorary doctoral degrees. In 2017 he was honored by the Newberry Library with their Newberry Library Award. He lives in Riverside, IL with his wife, musician Harriet Marty, and the two enjoy nine grandchildren and three great grandchildren.

25	Name:	Dr. Digby J. McLaren
	Institution:	Royal Society of Canada
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	December 8, 2004

26	Name:	Professor Chloe Anthony (Toni) Morrison
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	August 5, 2019

	Chloe A. "Toni" Morrison was a novelist who also served for over 17 years as Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Council of the Humanities at Princeton University. Her writing, for which she was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature, is known for its great emotional range, epic themes, subtlety, vivid dialogue and verbal power. After earning degrees from Howard University (B.A., 1953) and Cornell University (M.A., 1955), Ms. Morrison taught English at Howard and Texas Southern Universities and the State University of New York and worked as a textbook editor, during which time she played an instrumental role in bringing African-American literature into the mainstream. In 1970 she published her first novel, The Bluest Eye, which she had written while teaching at Howard and raising two children. Sula, a novel about two black women friends, followed in 1973, and in 1977 Ms. Morrison published the family chronicle Song of Solomon, which won the National Critics Award and brought her to national attention. Subsequent books included 1981's Tar Baby, in which she expanded her exploration of issues of class, sexuality, racial identity and family dynamics, and 1987's Beloved, for which she was awarded the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Loosely based on the life and legal case of escaped slave Margaret Garner, Beloved was cited by The New York Times in 2006 as the best work of fiction of the past 25 years. Ms. Morrison's most recent works include Jazz (1992), Paradise (1999), Love (2003), A Mercy (2008), Little Cloud and Lady Wind (2010), Home (2012), God Help the Children (2015) and she has also published a series of children's books with her son Slade Morrison. Fellow APS member Cornel West has said that her writing "has a lyricism that reminds you of Tennessee Williams, a sense of drama that reminds you of Schiller, and a rhythm that reminds you of Sara Vaughan." A truly gifted writer whose lyrical prose delighted both literary critics and the general public, Toni Morrison opened the eyes of all readers to the incredible richness, variety and humor of African-American life. Her awards include the 2009 Norman Mailer Writers Colony Award, the 2012 Medal of Freedom presented by President Obama, the National Book Critics Circle Arad Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award, the 2016 Edward MacDowell Medal, the 2016 Saul Bellow Award from the PEN American Center, the 2017 Emerson-Thoreau Medal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the 2019 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Gold Medal for Fiction. She was awarded the American Philosophical Society's Thomas Jefferson Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences in 2018. The award was presented "in recognition of a distinguished lifetime of extraordinary contributions to American letters." Toni Morrison was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994. She died August 5, 2019 in New York, New York at the age of 88.

27	Name:	Dr. Jeremiah P. Ostriker
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Jeremiah Ostriker was born April 13, 1937 in New York. He received his A.B. in physics and chemistry from Harvard University in 1959 and his Ph.D. in astrophysics from the University of Chicago in 1964 under the direction of S. Chandrasekhar. Upon completion of his Ph.D., he went to the University of Cambridge (England) as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow. In 1965 he came to Princeton University as an Assistant Professor, rising through the ranks to Professor, where he continues to teach and conduct research. At Princeton University, in addition to his professorship, he was the Chair of the Department of Astrophysical Sciences and Director of the Princeton University Observatory from 1979 to 1995 when he became the Provost of the University, leaving that position in 2001. He spent the years 2001-2004 as the Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge (England). He was the Director of the Princeton Institute for Computational Science and Engineering (PICSciE) at Princeton University, from 2005-15. Within the National Academy of Sciences, Ostriker was elected Treasurer for the term 2008-2012 and, associated with that position, is a member of the NAS Council and the Governing Board of the National Research Committee (1994-95 and 2007-08), the Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences (1977-80), the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Resources (1987-91), and the Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (1992-95). He was a member of the Class I (Physical Sciences) Membership Committee in 1977, 1978, 1987, 1988, 1993, 2007 and 2008. He served on the Executive Committee of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decennial Surveys (1969-73, 1978-83 and 1988-91), recently chaired the Committee to Examine the Methodology for the Assessment of Research Doctorate Programs (2002-03), and the Committee to Assess Research Doctorate Programs (2005-08). Ostriker is a member of the American Astronomical Society, the International Astronomical Union, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Royal Astronomical Society, the American Philosophical Society, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and he was recently elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He is a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History and was on the Editorial Board and Trustee of the Princeton University Press. Over the years, Ostriker has received numerous awards for his achievements, including a National Science Foundation Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, the Helen B. Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Sherman Fairchild Fellowship of the California Institute of Technology, the Henry Norris Russell Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Smithsonian Institution's Regents Fellowship, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Vainu Bappu Memorial Award of the Indian National Science Academy, the Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft of Germany, the U.S. National Medal of Science, the British Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal, the James Craig Watson Medal of the National Academy of Science, and the Bruce Medal from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. The U.S. National Medal of Science recognized him "for his bold astrophysical insights, which have revolutionized concepts of the nature of pulsars, the 'ecosystem' of stars and gas in our Galaxy, the sizes and masses of galaxies, the nature and distribution of dark matter and ordinary matter in the Universe, and the formation of galaxies and other cosmological structures." Ostriker has been an influential researcher in one of the most exciting areas of modern science, theoretical astrophysics, with current primary work in the area of cosmology, particularly in the efforts to measure and determine the nature of the prevalent dark matter and dark energy components. He has investigated many areas of astrophysical research, including the structure and oscillations of rotating stars, the stability of galaxies, the evolution of globular clusters and other star systems, pulsars, X-ray binary stars, the dynamics of clusters of galaxies, gravitational lensing, astrophysical blast waves, quasars, active galactic nuclei and the formation of galaxies. Ostriker has pioneered in the development of very large-scale numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena such as galaxy formation and quasar feedback. He continues to teach, supervise and collaborate with many graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and senior researchers.

28	Name:	Dr. William N. Parker
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	April 29, 2000

29	Name:	Dr. John G. A. Pocock
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1924

	J.G.A. Pocock grew up in New Zealand and holds his first degrees and an honorary doctorate from that country's university system. He earned his Ph.D. (1952) from Cambridge University, where he studied with Herbert Butterfield, J.H. Plumb and Peter Laslett. He has taught at the Universities of Canterbury and Otago in New Zealand, and in the United States at Washington University in St. Louis and at the Johns Hopkins University since 1974, becoming a professor emeritus in 1994. Since 1984 he has been convenor of the Steering Committee of the Folger Institute Center for the History of British Political Thought at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington. His publications include: The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century (1957, 1987, French, 2000); Politics, Language and Time, Essays on Political Thought and History (1971, 1989); The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (1975, Italian, 1980, French, 1997, Spanish, 2002/2003, Japanese, 2008); an edition of The Political Works of James Harrington (1997); Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (1985, Japanese, 1990, French, 1998); an edition, with Gordon J. Schochet and Lois G. Schwoerer, of The Varieties of British Political Thought, 1500-1800 (1993); Barbarism and Religion, volume I: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, volume II: Narratives of Civil Government (1999), volume III: The First Decline and Fall (2003), volume IV: Barbarians, Savages and Empires (2005); and The Discovery of Islands: Essays on British History (2005) . Barbarism and Religion was the 2000 recipient of the APS's Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History. Selections of his essays have been published in Italian, German, Hungarian, Spanish and Portuguese. He is currently about to publish Political Thought as History: Essays on Theory and Method, and completing Barbarism and Religion, volume V: Religion: The First Triumph. J.G.A. Pocock was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994. He is a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He holds an honorary doctorate from the Johns Hopkins University.

30	Name:	Mr. William H. Scheide
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	November 14, 2014

	William H. Scheide was among the most distinguished book collectors in the world, and his Scheide Collection is unique in having been built over three family generations. Housed in Princeton University's Firestone Library, the Scheide collection enables scholars as well as the general public to view Bibles (including the Gutenberg Bible), early printing, music manuscripts (Bach, Mozart, Wagner, Schubert and Beethoven) and Americana, all of which Mr. Scheide has managed in both personal and scholarly ways. Also known as a distinguished Bach scholar, he held an A.M. from Columbia University (1940) and worked both in the Cornell University Department of Music and, for thirty years, as organizer and director of the Bach Aria Group. It has been said that "probably no single individual has done so much to further the study of the music of J.S. Bach in the United States" as William Scheide. William Scheide died November 14, 2014, at age 100 in Princeton.

31	Name:	Dr. Howard E. Simmons
	Institution:	DuPont
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	4/26/97

32	Name:	Dr. John H. Sinfelt
	Institution:	Exxon Mobil Research and Engineering Co.
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	May 28, 2011

	A leading scientist in catalysis by metals, John H. Sinfelt was Senior Scientific Advisor Emeritus at Exxon Mobil Research and Engineering Company at his death on May 28, 2011. He was affiliated with the company since 1954, the year he was awarded his Ph.D. by the University of Illinois. Credited with discovering that a combination of metals insoluble in the bulk is the ideal catalyst for making unleaded gasoline with minimal waste of off-gas, Dr. Sinfelt also found that these metals could form bimetallic clusters in sizes of 10-30 A on Al2O3 or SiO2 and established the first practical catalys from Pt-Ir. Dr. Sinfelt's contributions have been recognized with the National Medal of Science and awards from engineering, chemical and physical societies. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering.

33	Name:	The Honorable David H. Souter
	Institution:	United States Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	David H. Souter served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 2009. After earning degrees from Harvard University (1961), from Magdalen College at Oxford University (Rhodes Scholar, 1963) and from Harvard Law School (1966), David Souter returned to New Hampshire to practice as an associate with the law firm of Orr and Reno. Two years later, he left private practice to join the New Hampshire Attorney General's Office, progressively becoming the Deputy Attorney General in 1971 and the Attorney General in 1976. In 1978, Justice Souter was named a Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court, the state trial court for general jurisdiction, which "rides circuit" from county to county. After five years on the trial court, he was elevated to the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 1983 by Governor John Sununu. Seven years later, in April 1990, President George H.W. Bush appointed David Souter to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. He served there only briefly. Following the retirement of Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. in July, President Bush nominated him for a seat on the United States Supreme Court. On October 2, 1990, the Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 90 - 9. During his time on the Court, Justice Souter established himself as a highly regarded and influential moderate with respect for precedent and for adherence to the rule of law. He retired from the Court in June 2009. Justice Souter was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1994.

34	Name:	Dr. Jack L. Strominger
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1925

	Jack Strominger, Higgins Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University, has worked on the mode of action of penicillin and uncovered the molecular basis of its activity. In recent years, he has conducted research on the structure and function of human histocompatibility antigens: proteins on the surface of all cells that characterize the uniqueness of each individual and play an essential role in presenting peptides to the immune system. His early work involved isolating and characterizing these so called MH proteins. Dr. Strominger has also, along with Don Wiley, crystallized the molecule and determined its three dimensional structure to other cells in the immune system - a striking advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of immunology. His laboratory is currently focused on three main projects: the role of MHC proteins and of products of other disease susceptibility genes in human autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis, diabetes, pemphigus vulgaris and ankylosing spondylitis; activating and inhibitory immunological synapses in human natural killer cells: how they are formed and how they function, particularly in relation to lipid rafts; and uterine decidual lymphocytes and their roles in the immunobiology of pregnancy. Having taught at Harvard University since 1968, Dr. Strominger has also served on the faculties of the Washington University School of Medicine (1948-51, 1955-64) and the University of Wisconsin Medical School (1964-68) and from 1951-54 worked as a senior assistant surgeon for the U.S. Public Health Service at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. His many awards include the National Academy of Sciences Award in Microbiology (1968), the Pasteur Medal (1990) the American Society for Microbiology's Hoechst-Roussel Award (1990), the Lasker Award (1995), the Paul Ehrlich Prize (1996), and the Japan Prize (1999. Dr. Strominger was elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1968 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1970.

35	Name:	Dr. Harold Varmus
	Institution:	National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Harold Varmus, former Director of the National Institutes of Health and co-recipient of a Nobel Prize for studies of the genetic basis of cancer, served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City from 2000 until 2010. On December 20, 2008, Harold Varmus was appointed co-chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology by incoming President Obama. He was appointed Director of the National Cancer Institute in July 2010 and served through March 2015. He is currently Senior Advisor to the Dean and Provost at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. Much of Dr. Varmus' scientific work was conducted during 23 years as a faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco, where he and Dr. J. Michael Bishop and their co-workers demonstrated the cellular origins of the oncogene of a chicken retrovirus. This discovery led to the isolation of many cellular genes that normally control growth and development and are frequently mutated in human cancer. For this work, Bishop and Varmus received many awards, including the 1989 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Dr. Varmus is also widely recognized for his studies of the replication cycles of retroviruses and hepatitis B viruses, the functions of genes implicated in cancer, and the development of mouse models for human cancer (the focus of much of the current work in his laboratory at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center). In 1993, Dr. Varmus was named by President Clinton to serve as the Director of the National Institutes of Health, a position he held until the end of 1999. During his tenure at the NIH, he initiated many changes in the conduct of intramural and extramural research programs, recruited new leaders for most of the important positions at the NIH, planned three major buildings on the NIH campus, and helped to increase the NIH budget from under $11 billion to nearly $18 billion. In addition to authoring over 300 scientific papers and five books, including an introduction to the genetic basis of cancer for a general audience, Varmus has been an advisor to the federal government, pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, and many academic institutions. He served on the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, chairs the Board of Directors of Public Library of Science and the Scientific Board of the Grand Challenges in Global Health, and is involved in initiatives to promote science in other countries. He has been a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences since 1984 and of the Institute of Medicine since 1991. His latest book, for which he won the 2009 Phi Beta Kappa Science Book Award, is a memoir entitled The Art and Politics of Science (2009). In 2011, he was awarded the Double Helix Medal from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. A native of Freeport, Long Island, Varmus is the son of Dr. Frank Varmus, a general practitioner, and Beatrice Varmus, a psychiatric social worker. After graduating from Freeport High School, he majored in English literature at Amherst College and earned a master's degree in English at Harvard University. He is a graduate of Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, worked as a medical student in a hospital in India, and served on the medical house staff at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital. His scientific training occurred first as a Public Health Service officer at the NIH, where he studied bacterial gene expression with Dr. Ira Pastan, and then as a post-doctoral fellow with Dr. Bishop at the University of California, San Francisco. He is married to Constance Casey, a journalist and horticulturist; their two sons, Jacob and Christopher, also live in New York City.

36	Name:	Dr. Gordon S. Wood
	Institution:	Brown University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Gordon Wood has earned international distinction as an interpreter of 18th century colonial American and United States history. His first book, The Creation of the Republic (1969), is a stunning work of scholarship and exposition that won two of the most important book awards open to historians. Dr. Wood's 1992 work The Radicalism of the American Revolution has also won several awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for History, and is considered among the definitive works on the social, political and economic consequences of the Revolution. Dr. Wood has taught at Brown University, where he is Alva O. Way University Professor Emeritus. He has also served on the faculties of the College of William and Mary (1964-66), Harvard (1966-67), and the University of Michigan (1967-69). A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Society for Historians of the Early Republic, Dr. Wood also served for a number of years as chairman of the National Historical Society; as a consultant to the National Constitution Center and to the United States Capitol renovation; and on the Board of Trustees for Colonial Williamsburg. His most recent books include The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (2004), Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (2006),The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History (2007), the American History Book Prize winning Empire of Liberty (2009), The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States (2011), and Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (2017). He was awarded the 2010 National Humanities Medal by President Obama, the Centennial Medal by Harvard University Graduate School in 2015, and the Luminary Award of the Precision Medecine World Conference in 2018. Gordon Wood was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994.

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