APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. James Barr
	Institution:	Vanderbilt University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	October 14, 2006

2	Name:	Dr. Donald Thomas Campbell
	Institution:	Lehigh University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	5/6/96

3	Name:	Dr. Renato Dulbecco
	Institution:	Salk Institute
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	February 19, 2012

	A distinguished research professor and president emeritus of the Salk Institute, Italian-born Renato Dulbecco made fundamental contributions to understanding the uncontrolled growth of cells that occurs in cancer. He is best known for his discovery that tumor viruses cause cancer by inserting their own genes into the chromosomes of infected cells. This finding was one of the first clues to the genetic nature of cancer and led to Dr. Dulbecco being awarded a Nobel Prize in 1975. Dr. Dulbecco subsequently began studying the origins and progression of tumors of the breast, using monoclonal antibodies, tools of molecular biology that can identify cells by their chemical signatures, to characterize the tumor cells. In 1986 Dr. Dulbecco launched the idea of studying all human genes, starting the worldwide Human Genome Project. He is the author of The Design of Life (1987), a work that represents, in his words, "the exciting developments that have taken place in biology with accelerated rhythm since the '50s." The last chapter of this book, "A Life Odyssey," is a magisterial summary of the origin and history of living things over the past nearly four billion years.

4	Name:	Dr. Ernest Andre Gellner
	Institution:	University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	11/5/95

5	Name:	Dr. Michael E. Fisher
	Institution:	University of Maryland; Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	November 26, 2021

	Michael E. Fisher has been called the unquestioned father of the modern theory of the behavior of matter at thermodynamic phase transitions and critical points. Beginning with early work on understanding the non-analytic mean description of matter near a critical point (the existence of generalized power-law changes of physical properties in the neighborhood of a critical point), he went on to participate in the great 1965-72 period during which this deep, long-standing problem was effectively solved. Persisting in broadening and deepening the breatkthrough mode in this period, Dr. Fisher's group exploited the renormalization group scheme, which came to penetrate science in fields as far apart as polymers and cosmology. Since 1987 Dr. Fisher has been a professor at the University of Maryland's Institute for Physical Science and Technology. Born in Trinidad in 1931, he holds a Ph.D. from the University of London, and he has also taught at the Royal Air Force Technical College, King's College, the University of London and, from 1966 to 1987, at Cornell University. Winner of the American Physical Society's Irving Langmuir Prize (1971), the Wolf Prize (1980) and the Boltzmann Medal (1983) among other honors, Dr. Fisher is a fellow of the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Indian Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Brasilian Academy of Sciences and of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

6	Name:	Dr. Murray Gell-Mann
	Institution:	Santa Fe Institute & California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	May 24, 2019

	Murray Gell-Mann received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1969 for his work on the theory of elementary particles. Professor Gell-Mann's "eightfold way" theory brought order to the chaos created by the discovery of some 100 particles in the atom's nucleus, then he found that all of those particles, including the neutron and proton, are composed of fundamental building blocks that he named "quarks." The quarks are permanently confined by forces coming from the exchange of "gluons." He and others later constructed the quantum field theory of quarks and gluons, called "quantum chromodynamics," which seems to account for all the nuclear particles and their strong interactions. Besides being a Nobel laureate, Professor Gell-Mann received the Ernest O. Lawrence Memorial Award of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Research Corporation Award, and the John J. Carty medal of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Gell-Mann was awarded the Albert Einstein Medal in 2005. In 1988 he was listed on the United Nations Environmental Program Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (the Global 500). Professor Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until 1993. He was a director of the J.D. and C.T. MacArthur Foundation from 1979-2002. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Gell-Mann served on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society, was a Citizen Regent of the Smithsonian (1974-88), served on the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (1994-2001), and was a member of the Board of Directors of Encyclopedia Brittanica. Although he was a theoretical physicist, Professor Gell-Mann's interests extended to many other subjects, including natural history, historical linguistics, archaeology, history, depth psychology, and creative thinking, all subjects connected with biological evolution, cultural evolution, and learning and thinking. He felt deep concern about policy matters related to world environmental quality (including conservation of biological diversity), restraint in population growth, sustainable economic development, and stability of the world political system. His later research at the Santa Fe Institute focused on the subject of complex adaptive systems, which brings all these areas of study together. He was also interested in how knowledge and understanding are to be extracted from the welter of "information" that can now be transmitted and stored as a result of the digital revolution. He was author of the popular science book The Quark and the Jaguar, Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. Murray Gell-Mann died May 24, 2019 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 89.

7	Name:	Dr. Anthony Grafton
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Anthony Grafton studied history, history of science and classics at the University of Chicago and University College London, where he had a Fulbright Scholarship in 1973-74 and worked with Arnaldo Momigliano. Since 1975 he has taught history at Princeton University, where he is now Henry Putnam University Professor. His books include Joseph Scaliger (1983-93), Defenders of the Text (1991) and The Footnote: A Curious History (1997).

8	Name:	Dr. Robert L. Herbert
	Institution:	Mount Holyoke College
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	December 17, 2020

	Robert L. Herbert was a world-renowned Impressionism scholar and Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities Emeritus at Mount Holyoke College. Perhaps the leading American scholar of French painting of the late 19th century, Dr. Herbert possesses the unique ability to analyze individual paintings, a flair for lucid, fluid prose, and a mastery of the social and economic milieu of the period. A prolific author, he has published major works on individual artists including Jean-François Millet and Georges Seurat. Dr. Herbert received his Ph.D. in 1957 from Yale University, where he later served as assistant professor (1960-63), associate professor (1963-66), professor (1966-74) and Robert Lehman Professor of History of Art (1974-90) before joining the faculty at Mount Holyoke as Professor of Art History. A gifted teacher, Dr. Herbert has trained two generations of excellent scholars in his field, and he is a recipient of the College Art Association's Distinguished Teaching of Art History Award. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he is also an Officer dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the French government. He died on December 17, 2020.

9	Name:	Dr. Richard Herr
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	May 29, 2022

	Richard Herr spent his first ten years in Mexico, the son of an American mining engineer. After his family moved to Cincinnati, he attended Walnut Hills High School there and went to Harvard University for an A.B. in history (1943). He served in the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Corps in Europe, 1943-45, enjoying being stationed in London and then in Paris. At the end of the war he remained in France in order to attend the Sorbonne for a year. While there he married Elena Fernández Mel, a refugee from the Spanish Civil War. They have two sons, Charles and Winship. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1966. In 1968 he married Valerie Shaw. They have two daughters, Sarah and Jane. Dr. Herr prepared a Ph.D. in history at the University of Chicago (1954). From 1952-59 he was a junior faculty member at Yale University, and after 1960 an associate and later full professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley. He retired in 1991, becoming professor of history emeritus. A specialist on the history of France and Spain in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Dr. Herr has spent a number of years in both countries. One of his works is a critical study of Alexis de Tocqueville as a historian. His early research was on the impact of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution on Spanish thought and politics. This subject led him into the evolution of Spanish agriculture at the end of the Old Regime, and he taught and wrote on the agricultural revolution in Europe. His recent work deals with the evolution of individualism and community spirit in the Western world since the eighteenth century, an outgrowth of his continuing interest in the significance of the Enlightenment.

10	Name:	Dr. Eugene Patrick Kennedy
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	September 22, 2011

	Eugene Patrick Kennedy was born in Chicago in 1919. He enrolled at De Paul University in 1937 as a chemistry major and then went to the University of Chicago in 1941 for graduate training in organic chemistry. To pay his tuition, Dr. Kennedy also got a job in the chemical research department of Armour and Company, one of the large meat packers in Chicago. As part of the war effort, his job at Armour was to assist in the large scale fractionation of bovine blood to obtain pure bovine serum albumin. It was believed that the bovine serum albumin might be useful for treating shock in soldiers on the battlefield. However, by the end of 1942, hope had faded that bovine serum albumin would be an effective treatment, and the Red Cross started to collect blood from volunteers instead. Armour opened a new facility in Fort Worth, Texas for the fractionation of human blood from donors, and Kennedy was sent to Fort Worth to assist in this effort. He remained in Texas until 1945, when the war was nearing its end and large amounts of human plasma proteins had been stockpiled. Returning to the University of Chicago, Dr. Kennedy immediately transferred from the Department of Chemistry to the Department of Biochemistry. His experience on the plasma project had led to a new appreciation of biochemistry. After finishing graduate school, Dr. Kennedy went to the University of California, Berkeley, to work with Horace A. Barker, who had just discovered that soluble extracts of Clostridium kluyveri cells could produce short-chain fatty acids from ethyl alcohol. Although the initial discovery had already been made, there was much to be learned about these extracts, and Dr. Kennedy aided in this effort. In 1950, he joined Fritz Lipmann at Harvard Medical School. He then returned to the University of Chicago in 1951, after being given a joint appointment in the Department of Biochemistry and the newly organized Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research. In 1959, he was invited to become a Hamilton Kuhn Professor and head of the Department of Biological Chemistry at the Harvard Medical School. Over the course of his career, Dr. Kennedy made major contributions to the biosynthesis of phospholipids, the basic component of all membranes, and to our understanding of membrane function. He discovered the first step of phospholipid synthesis, the reaction of cytidine triphosphate and phosphorylcholine to form cytidine diphosphocholine, as well as the enzyme which catalyzes the reaction. It was Dr. Kennedy who found that a protein, permease, was responsible for the transport of sugars through the bacterial membrane. His research consistently elucidated the structure, localization and biosynthesis of oligosaccharides derived from membranes. Dr. Kennedy's interests also led him to investigate membrane biogenesis and function in bacteria, the translocation of membrane phospholipids, and periplasmic glucans and cell signaling in bacteria. He was the recipient of many honors including the Gairdner Foundation Award and the American Chemical Society's Paul Lewis Award. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. Eugene Patrick Kennedy died on September 22, 2011, at the age of 92 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dr. Kennedy was at Harvard as the Hamilton Kuhn Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Emeritus.

11	Name:	Sir Anthony Kenny
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	Anthony Kenny was a fellow and tutor in philosophy at Balliol College Oxford, where he was subsequently Master. Later (1988-98) he was Warden of Rhodes House, Oxford. He has been President of the British Academy and Chair of the British Library. He has written some forty books on philosophy and history and is currrently Emeritus Fellow at St. John's College, Oxford.

12	Name:	Sir Hans Kornberg
	Institution:	Boston University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 16, 2019

	Hans Kornberg immigrated to England at the age of 11 as a refugee from Nazi Germany. He was educated at various boarding schools and at the University of Sheffield, from which he graduated with degrees of B.Sc. and Ph.D. From 1953-55 he held a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship at Yale and the University of California, Berkeley and the Public Health Research Institute of the City of New York, returning to England as a Member of Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council Unit for Research in Cell Metabolism at Oxford. In 1958, he was awarded the degree of M.A. (Oxon.) and was also appointed Lecturer in Biochemistry at Worchester College, University of Oxford. In 1960, at the age of 32, Hans Kornberg was elected as the first Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Leicester; a year later, he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of Oxford and, at the age of 37, was elected into the Fellowship of the Royal Society. In 1975, Professor Kornberg was appointed to the Sir William Dunn Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge and elected into a Fellowship of Christ's College; in 1982 he was elected Master of that College. He held both posts until reaching the (mandatory) retirement age of 67 in 1995; he was awarded the degree of ScD. (Cantab.) in 1976. Sir Hans' scientific researches were mainly aimed at understanding the molecular basis of metabolic processes that enable micro-organisms to utilize simple compounds as their sole source of carbon for energy and for growth and the factors that regulate the occurrence of such processes. He published over 250 articles and his research led to numerous awards and distinctions. Professor Kornberg was knighted in 1978 and received 12 honorary doctorates from universities in the U.K., the U.S.A., Australia, and Germany. He was a Member of the German Academy of Science Leopoldina and the Academia Europaeae and was a Foreign Member or Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei. Sir Hans was an Honorary Member of the British, American, German and Japanese Biochemical Societies; a Fellow of the Institute of Biology, of the Royal Society of Arts, and of the American Academy of Microbiology; and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London), of Brasenose and Worcester Colleges (Oxford), and of Wolfson College (Cambridge). In 1996, he was elected an Honorary Member of Phi Beta Kappa. He received the Colworth Medal of the Biochemical Society and the Otto Warburg Medal of the German Society for Biological Chemistry. Sir Hans held a number of posts in U.K. governmental and non-governmental organizations. He served as President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of the Association for Science Education, and of The Biochemical Society and as Chairman of the Science Board of the Science Research Council, of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, and of the Advisory Committee on Genetic Modification. He also served as a Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, as a Trustee of the Nuffield Foundation, as a Governor of the Wellcome Trust, and as a member of many advisory committees. In a wider context, he chaired the Advanced Studies Institutes Panel of NATO, was President of the International Union of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and was an Honorary or Emeritus Governor of the Weizmann Institute and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Beginning in 1995, Sir Hans held a dual appointment as University Professor and Professor of Biology at Boston University, where he taught both in the UNI and in biology. He also actively engaged in research on carbohydrate transport mechanisms in Escherichia coli. Hans Kornberg died December 16, 2019 in Falmouth, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

13	Name:	Miss Margaret E. Mahoney
	Institution:	MEM Associates, Inc.
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	December 22, 2011

	Margaret E. Mahoney was President of MEM Associates, Inc, a national not-for-profit organization located in New York City that focused on improving the health and general well-being of Americans. One of its major initiatives, the Healthy Steps for Young Children Program, is a partnership of national and local foundations that assist health care systems and professionals in improving the care of children from birth to age three. Before leading MEM Associates, Ms. Mahoney was President of The Commonwealth Fund, where she became the first woman to head a major foundation. She has also served in the United States Department of State, for the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Her career was devoted to advancing knowledge and understanding of issues concerning health, education, the arts and the humanities. Ms. Mahoney was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Council on Foreign Relations, the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine, the New York Academy of Medicine, and the honorary medical society of Alpha Omega Alpha. She served on a number of national boards and was active in New York City in medical affairs. A graduate of Vanderbilt University, she held honorary degrees from several colleges and universities and received numerous awards including the American College of Physicians Edward R. Loveland Award. Margaret Mahoney died on December 22, 2011, at the age of 87, in New York City.

14	Name:	Hon. George Crews McGhee
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	July 4, 2005

15	Name:	Dr. Emily Hartshorne Mudd
	Institution:	Marriage Council of Philadelphia & Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	5/2/98

16	Name:	Dr. Elizabeth F. Neufeld
	Institution:	David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1928

	Elizabeth Neufeld is a leading biochemist responsible for advancing the understanding of the function of the organelles within cells known as lysosomes, which are responsible for the disposal of many molecules that have completed their usefulness to the cell. Dr. Neufeld has made use of inborn defects in lysosomal enzymes and other "experiments of nature" to discover these mechanisms, and in the process she has uncovered methods of diagnosis and management of the disorders that have been of immense benefit to patients. An effective teacher and scientific collaborator, Dr. Neufeld earned her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1956. Currently professor emeritus of biological chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, she also worked for many years at the National Institutes of Health. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Neufeld is the recipient of awards such as the American Society of Human Genetics' William Allan Award (1982), the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award (1982) the Wolf Prize in Medicine (1988) and the National Medal of Science (1994).

17	Name:	Dr. Peter Carey Nowell
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 26, 2016

	A professor of pathology at the University of Pennsylvania from 1964 to his retirement in 2008, Peter Carey Nowell was a creative and distinguished scholar who was internationally recognized for discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome in granulocytic leukemia - the first constant chromosomal abnormality specifically associated with any form of cancer. This discovery led to the founding of an entirely new field of research: cancer cytogenetics. Some of Dr. Nowell's other important medical discoveries are less well known. He was the first to demonstrate that bone marrow transplantation could save lethally irradiated animals, and he was also the first to show that certain sugar-containing plant products (lectins) caused white blood cells to divide, a property that has been widely used in medical research. He also proposed a widely-accepted theory to explain the evolution of malignancy among the cells of tumors. With hundreds of publications to his credit, including more than a few "citation classics," Dr. Nowell was an academic leader who has served as both director of the cancer center and chairman of pathology at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1952 he received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and he has worked there throughout his career. A past president of the American Society for Experimental Pathology, Dr. Nowell was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the recipient of awards such as the Leukemia Society of America's Robert de Villiers Award (1987), the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's Fred W. Stewart Award (1989), and the Franklin Institute's Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science (2009). Peter Nowell died December 26, 2016, at age 88.

18	Name:	Dr. Martin Ostwald
	Institution:	Swarthmore College & University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	April 10, 2010

	Martin Ostwald is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Classics at Swarthmore College as well as Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. With scholarly interests in the field of ancient Greek political thought and institutions, he is considered among the most influential and productive students of his time in both classical literature and ancient history. Born in Dortmund, Germany in 1922, Dr. Ostwald escaped the Nazi occupation and Sachsenhausen concentration camp as a youth, fleeing first to Holland, then to England and Canada before settling in the United States. After studying and teaching Greek and Latin in refugee camps, he received his higher education in classics at the Universities of Toronto (B.A., 1946) and Chicago (A.M., 1948) and at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1952). Dr. Ostwald has held teaching posts at Wesleyan University (1950-51), Columbia University (1951-58), Swarthmore College (1958-92) and the University of Pennsylvania (1968-92). At Swarthmore, he taught honors seminars that combined Germanic philological rigor with a relaxed, conversational style while also maintaining a joint appointment with the University of Pennsylvania, which allowed him to continue research on fifth-century Athens with Penn graduate students. He held this dual role for 20 years. Dr. Ostwald has also published widely, and his magnum opus, From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law, in which he examined the political and social tensions within ancient Athens, has been praised as an indispensable work of political, social, and cultural history. Among his other works are Aristotle, the Nichomachean Ethics (1962); Nomos and the Beginnings of the Athenian Democracy (1969); From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law (1987); and Ananke in Thucydides (1988). A past president of the American Philological Association, Dr. Ostwald was elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1991 and the American Philosophical Society in 1993.

19	Name:	The Honorable Ellen Ash Peters
	Institution:	University of Connecticut ;Connecticut Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1930

	Ellen Ash Peters has had two professional careers in the law. For 22 years, she taught contracts and commercial law at The Yale Law School. For the following 22 years, she was a member, and, for many years, chief justice, of the Connecticut Supreme Court. Having reached the age of mandatory retirement, she now hears cases on the Connecticut Appellate Court.

20	Name:	Lord Martin Rees
	Institution:	University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Martin Rees is Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He holds the honorary title of Astronomer Royal and also Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and at Leicester University. After studying at the University of Cambridge, he held post-doctoral positions in the UK and the USA, before becoming a professor at Sussex University. In 1973, he became a fellow of King's College and Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge (continuing in the latter post until 1991) and served for ten years as director of Cambridge's Institute of Astronomy. From 1992 to 2003 he was a Royal Society Research Professor. He is a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy, and several other foreign academies. His awards include the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Balzan International Prize, the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Heineman Prize for Astrophysics (AAS/AIP), the Bower Award for Science of the Franklin Institute, the Cosmology Prize of the Peter Gruber Foundation, the Einstein Award of the World Cultural Council, the Crafoord Prize (Royal Swedish Academy), the Lewis Thomas Prize (2009) from Rockefeller University in recognition of his book Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe (2000), the 2011 Templeton Prize, and the 2012 Isaac Newton medal of the Institute of Physics. He has been president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1994-95) and the Royal Astronomical Society (1992-94) and a trustee of the British Museum, NESTA and the Kennedy Memorial Trust. He is currently on the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of Science and Industry the Institute for Public Policy Research, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, and has served on many bodies connected with education, space research, arms control and international collaboration in science. In 2005 he was appointed to the House of Lords and elected President of the Royal Society. He is the author or co-author of more than 500 research papers, mainly on astrophysics and cosmology, and of numerous magazine and newspaper articles on scientific and general subjects. He is the author of several books, including From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons (2011) and On the Future (2018). He has broadcast and lectured widely and held various visiting professorships, etc. His main current research interests are high energy astrophysics, cosmic structure formation and general cosmological issues.

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