| | 21 | Name: | Dr. Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers | | | Institution: | University of Amsterdam | | | Year Elected: | 2012 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1952 | | | | | | |
Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers received his Ph.D. from the University of Nijmegen in 1979. In collaboration with Richard M. Shiffrin, he developed a new model (SAM, for Search of Associative Memory) for retrieval from long-term memory that gave a quantitative description of search processes in memory. Key features of the model were a precise description of the effects of combining several retrieval cues and the role of context in retrieval from memory. Over the past 30 years the model has been successfully applied to explain a large number of empirical phenomena and is generally considered as one of the most encompassing models of human memory and a standard in current memory research. In 1985, Dr. Raaijmakers moved to the TNO Institute for Perception (now called TNO Human Factors) to set up a new group on Applied Cognitive Psychology, focusing on knowledge systems and human decision making. In 1992, Dr. Raaijmakers became (full) professor in Cognitive Psychology at the University of Amsterdam. One of the activities there was the creation of a new interuniversity Graduate Program in Experimental Psychology. In 1993, the Graduate Research Institute for Experimental Psychology EPOS was formed with Dr. Raaijmakers as its first director. Between 2006 and 2010, Dr. Raaijmakers was director of the Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, focusing on the stimulation of interdisciplinary research in Cognitive Science by bringing together researchers from neurobiology, cognitive psychology, linguistics, behavioral economics and information science to work on common issues in human (and animal) cognition. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2017 | |
| 22 | Name: | Dr. Jennifer Richeson | | | Institution: | Yale University | | | Year Elected: | 2022 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1972 | | | | | | |
Jennifer A. Richeson is the Philip R. Allen Professor of Psychology and Director of the Social Perception and Communication Laboratory at Yale University. For over 20 years, she has conducted research on the social psychology of cultural diversity. Specifically, she examines processes of mind and brain that influence the ways in which people experience diversity, with a primary focus on the dynamics that create, sustain, and sometimes challenge societal inequality. Much of her recent research considers the political consequences of the increasing racial/ethnic diversity of the United States. Richeson also investigates how people reason about and respond to different forms of inequality and the implications of such processes for detecting and confronting injustice. Professor Richeson’s empirical and theoretical work has been published in numerous scholarly journals and has been featured in popular publications such as the Economist and the New York Times. She has been recognized with many honors and awards, including a MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship for her work "highlighting and analyzing major challenges facing all races in America and in the continuing role played by prejudice and stereotyping in our lives." Professor Richeson is also the recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contributions to Psychology from the American Psychological Association (APA), the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, the Career Trajectory Award from the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, the Nalini Ambady award for excellence in mentoring from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and the SAGE–CASBS award.
Professor Richeson is an elected member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2019 she received an honorary doctorate from Brown University for work that “expands the boundaries of knowledge on interracial interaction and the living contexts of diversity.” Richeson was born and raised in Baltimore, MD. She earned a Bachelor of Science in psychology
from Brown University, and a MA and PhD in social psychology from Harvard University. Prior to joining the Yale faculty in 2016, Richeson held faculty appointments at Northwestern University and Dartmouth College. Through her teaching, writing, and research, Professor Richeson aims to discover promising interventions that will enable us to foster and maintain culturally diverse environments that are cohesive, equitable, and just.
Selected Recent Publications
Richeson, J.A. 2020 (September). The mythology of racial progress. The Atlantic Magazine
Onyeador, I.N., Daumeyer, N.M., Rucker, J.M., Duker, A., Kraus, M.W., & Richeson, J.A. 2020.
Disrupting beliefs in racial progress: Reminders of persistent racism alter perceptions of past,
but not current, racial economic equality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
McDermott, M., Knowles, E.D., & Richeson, J.A. 2019. Class perceptions and attitudes towards
immigration and race among working-class Whites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy.
Daumeyer, N.M., Onyeador, I.N., Brown, X., & Richeson, J.A. 2019. Consequences of attributing
discrimination to implicit vs. explicit bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Kraus, M.W., Onyeador, I.N., Daumeyer, N.M., Rucker, J.M., & Richeson, J.A. 2019. The
misperception of racial economic inequality. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
Craig, M.A., Rucker, J.M., & Richeson, J.A. 2018. Racial and political dynamics of an approaching
“majority-minority” United States. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 677(1): 204-214.
Destin, M., Rheinschmidt-Same, M., & J.A. Richeson. 2017. Status-based identity: A conceptual
approach integrating the social psychological study of socioeconomic status and identity.
Perspectives in Psychological Science, 12(2): 270-89.
McCall, L., Burk, D., Laperrière, M., & Richeson, J.A. 2017. Exposure to rising inequality shapes
Americans’ beliefs about opportunity and policy support. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 114(36): 9593-98.
Levy, D.J., Heissel, J., Richeson, J.A. & E.K. Adam. 2016. Psychological and biological responses
to race-based social stress as pathways to disparities in educational outcomes. American
Psychologist, 71(6): 455-73.
Richeson, J., and S. Sommers. 2016. Race relations in the 21st Century. Annual Review of
Psychology, 67: 439-63.
Craig, M.A., and J.A. Richeson. 2016. Stigma-based solidarity: Understanding the psychological
foundations of conflict & coalition among members of different stigmatized groups. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1): 21-27.
Rotella, K., J. Richeson and D. McAdams. 2015. Groups’ Search for Meaning: Redemption on the
path to intergroup reconciliation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(5): 696-715. | |
| 23 | Name: | Dr. Roger Newland Shepard | | | Institution: | Stanford University | | | Year Elected: | 1999 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1929 | | | Death Date: | May 30, 2022 | | | | | | |
Roger Shepard received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Currently the Ray Lyman Wilber Professor of Social Science Emeritus at Stanford University, Dr. Shepard has also served as professor of psychology and director of the psychological laboratories at Harvard University and as a department head at Bell Telephone Laboratories. He is the recipient of the James McKeen Cattell Fund Award, the Howard Crosby Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the Award in the Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation, the Wilbur Lucius Cross medal of the Yale Graduate School Alumni Association, the Rumelhart Prize in Cognitive Science, and the National Medal of Science. He has also received honorary degrees from Harvard, Rutgers, and the University of Arizona. Dr. Shepard is the author of over 100 scientific papers and three books, including: (with L.A. Cooper) Mental Images and Their Transformations (1982) and Mind Sights (1990, with translations published in German, 1991, French, 1992, Japanese, 1993, and Korean, 1994). He has served as president of the Psychometric Society. Roger Shepard's influential experimental and theoretical contributions to the cognitive and behavioral sciences include his development of widely used methods of multidimensional scaling and clustering for the discovery and quantification of structures implied by qualitative data; his objective demonstration and quantification of the analog nature of imagined spatial transformations and mental imagery; his establishment of a universal law of generalization; and his demonstrations of the role of cognitive structures in visual perception, illusion, and art and in auditory perception, illusion, and music. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999. | |
| 24 | Name: | Dr. Richard M. Shiffrin | | | Institution: | Indiana University | | | Year Elected: | 2005 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1942 | | | | | | |
Richard M. Shiffrin received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1968. Subsequently he joined the faculty at the University of Indiana as assistant professor, associate professor and professor. He became Luther Dana Waterman Research Professor in 1980 and director of the university's Cognitive Science Program in 1988. Dr. Shiffrin has played a major role in three research developments, each of which have placed him among the top rank of investigators in cognitive psychology. The first was the development of the first comprehensive computer model of short-term memory (with R.C. Atkinson). The model incorporated a critical distinction between memory structures versus control (mental strategies) processes, proposed an architecture for short-term memory, and provided mathematical derivations fit to extensive sets of experimental data. It set the theoretical framework and style for the major research in the psychology of memory up to the present. Dr. Shiffrin's second major contribution was a novel and incisive experimental method for distinguishing voluntary from involuntary attention. The method showed how automatic attention could be developed as a result of specific learning experiences, and it enabled the quantitative characterization of these two modes of attention. Dr. Shiffrin has also worked to develop and refine a network model for associative memory that integrates hitherto fragmented bodies of research on recognition and recall processes in memory into a single, coherent, computational theory. His masterful combination of mathematical modeling with experimental analyses has been a model for other investigators in all these fields. He continually evolves and refines the theory, more recently using a Bayesian framework for memory decision processes, and applying the theory to data from many studies of priming and implicit memory. His collected works must be considered one of the major contributions to modern theories of memory. A Guggenheim Fellow (1975-76) and recipient of the Merit Research Award from the National Institutes of Mental Health (1991-2001), Dr. Shiffrin was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1995. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005. In 2018 he was awarded the Atkinson Prize. | |
| 25 | Name: | Dr. Claude M. Steele | | | Institution: | Stanford University | | | Year Elected: | 2008 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1946 | | | | | | |
Claude Steele is currently Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University in 1971 and taught at the University of Utah, the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, before arriving at Stanford. As a member of the faculty at Stanford University from 1991 to 2009, he held appointments as the Lucie Stern Professor of the Social Sciences, director of the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, and director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He left Stanford to serve as Provost at Columbia University from 2009-11, where he also taught psychology. Upon returning to Stanford, he assumed the role of I. James Quillen Dean of the School of Education, which he left in 2014 to move to Berkeley. From 2014-2017, he served as the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at the University of California, Berkeley, and was also a professor in the Department of Psychology and the Graduate School of Education.
Claude Steele is distinguished for his discovery and exploration of a psychological phenomenon known as "stereotype threat". He found that people's mere act of identifying their membership within a stereotyped group degrades their performance in related tests, e.g. members of a minority such as African Americans, aware of a societal stereotype regarding their poor academic performance, score less well when the test conditions prime them to think about their membership in the minority than when they do not. Women likewise do not perform as well on mathematical ability tests when the test conditions make their gender salient. Facing a challenge, the mere threat of conforming to a negative stereotype impairs performance. Steele and colleagues have shown that this dramatic and socially significant effect is quite robust, even if test takers are unaware of its influence. His book Whistling Vivaldi, and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us (2010) addresses these themes. Additionally, Steele has made major contributions to the understanding of addictive behaviors and the way people cope with threats to their self-image. Claude Steele is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996) and the National Academy of Sciences (2003). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. | |
| 26 | Name: | Dr. Shelley Taylor | | | Institution: | University of California, Los Angeles | | | Year Elected: | 2018 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1946 | | | | | | |
Shelley Taylor's research on positive illusions has clarified the socioemotional resources that the human mind uses to foster psychological adjustment in spite of adversity. Her research has also investigated social support and relationships coping mechanisms. An important finding of Taylor's work is that people generally have unrealistically positive but adaptive views of themselves, exaggerated perceptions of personal control, and unrealistic optimism about the future. Shelley Taylor is one of the founders of the fields of health psychology and social cognition. She has written many influential theoretical papers, as well as rigorous empirical ones, published in the top journals. In 2010 she received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Psychological Association. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2018. | |
| 27 | Name: | Dr. Anne M. Treisman | | | Institution: | Princeton University | | | Year Elected: | 2005 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1935 | | | Death Date: | February 9, 2018 | | | | | | |
Is attention involved in forming ordinary percepts of objects from the mosaic of color patches at the retina? Anne Treisman's thesis has been that attention is needed to bind together the component features of an object during early stages of visual processing. Without attention she showed they may be miscombined and mislocalized. Behavioral experiments and her fMRI studies provide strong supporting evidence. Another aspect concerns apparent motion: the illusory perception of continuous motion arising from temporally related but somewhat discontinuous visual events. Again, she showed that attention proves essential to that binding that is necessary to predict time paths of moving objects. Dr. Treisman was the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Princeton University since 1995. She became emeritus in 2010. She also taught at Oxford University (1967-78), the University of British Columbia (1978-1986) and the University of California, Berkeley (1986-94). She received a D.Phil. From Oxford (1962) and was a member of the Psychonomic Society (governing board, 1985-89, chair 1988-89); the Royal Society (1989); the National Academy of Sciences (1994); and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1995). She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2012. Anne Treisman died February 9, 2018, at the age of 82. | |
| 28 | Name: | Dr. Frans B. M. de Waal | | | Institution: | Yerkes Primate Research Center; Emory University | | | Year Elected: | 2005 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1948 | | | | | | |
At a time when animal behavior was classified as either instinctive or acquired through trial-and-error learning, Frans de Waal produced convincing evidence that chimpanzees jockey for status with cunning and strategic foresight. His observations of "chimpanzee politics" were documented with such care for detail, both qualitative and quantitative, that they greatly stimulated the cognitive study and interpretation of animal behavior. At the same time, Dr. de Waal reported how chimpanzees resolve conflicts, assist one another reciprocally and console distressed individuals. His research on peacemaking, tit-for-tat, and empathy has inspired a new approach to the study of animal behavior. To date, it has produced over 125 scientific publications on conflict resolution in animals and children and is in the process of replacing the traditional evolutionary view of "everyone for itself" with a postulate of shared interests among social animals and a consequent need for compromise and reconciliation. In his work, Dr. de Waal has skillfully translated novel ideas into testable hypotheses, leading to elegant studies in peer-reviewed journals, including Science and Nature. He has significantly raised methodological standards for the study of animal social behavior and is internationally recognized for his depiction of primates as complex social beings as well as his empirically supported opposition to the view that the natural world is necessarily ruled by selfishness. Dr. de Waal has directed the Living Links, Yerkes Primate Research Center since 1997 and has been Research Professor of Psychobiology at Emory University since 1991 and Charles Howard Candler Professor of Primate Behavior since 1996. Winner of the 1989 Los Angeles Times Book Award, he is the author of works such as Peacemaking Among Primates (1989); Good Natured (1996); Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (1997); Chimpanzee Politics (1998); The Ape and the Sushi Master (2001); The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society (2009); The Bonobo and the Atheist (2013); Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? (2016); and Mama's Last Hug: Animal and Human Emotions (2019). | |
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