APS Member History

1	Name:	Dr. James L. McClelland
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	James L. (Jay) McClelland received his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975. He served on the faculty of the University of California, San Diego, before moving to Carnegie Mellon University in 1984, where he became a University Professor and held the Walter Van Dyke Bingham Chair in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. He was a founding co-director of the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, a joint project of Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh. In 2006 he moved to Stanford University, where he is now Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Chair of the Department of Psychology, and the founding director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Computation. Over his career, McClelland has contributed to both the experimental and theoretical literatures in a number of areas, most notably in the application of connectionist/ parallel distributed processing/ neural network models to problems in perception, cognitive development, language learning, and the neurobiology of memory. Together with David E. Rumelhart he led the group that produced, in 1986, the two volume book Parallel Distributed Processing, laying out a neurally inspired framework for cognitive modeling and applying it to a wide range of topics in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. McClelland and Rumelhart jointly received the 1993 Howard Crosby Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the 1996 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association, the 2001 Garwemeyer Prize in Psychology, and the 2002 IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award for their pioneering work in this area. In 2014, he shared the NAS Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences with Elizabeth Shilin Spelke. McClelland has served as senior editor of Cognitive Science, as president of the Cognitive Science Society, and as a member of the National Advisory Mental Health Council. He is currently president-elect of the Federation of the Psychological, Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and he has received the APS William James Fellow Award for lifetime contributions to the basic science of psychology. McClelland currently teaches cognitive neuroscience and conducts research on learning, memory, conceptual development, spoken language, decision making, and semantic cognition. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

2	Name:	Dr. Claude M. Steele
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Claude Steele is currently Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University in 1971 and taught at the University of Utah, the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, before arriving at Stanford. As a member of the faculty at Stanford University from 1991 to 2009, he held appointments as the Lucie Stern Professor of the Social Sciences, director of the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, and director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He left Stanford to serve as Provost at Columbia University from 2009-11, where he also taught psychology. Upon returning to Stanford, he assumed the role of I. James Quillen Dean of the School of Education, which he left in 2014 to move to Berkeley. From 2014-2017, he served as the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at the University of California, Berkeley, and was also a professor in the Department of Psychology and the Graduate School of Education. Claude Steele is distinguished for his discovery and exploration of a psychological phenomenon known as "stereotype threat". He found that people's mere act of identifying their membership within a stereotyped group degrades their performance in related tests, e.g. members of a minority such as African Americans, aware of a societal stereotype regarding their poor academic performance, score less well when the test conditions prime them to think about their membership in the minority than when they do not. Women likewise do not perform as well on mathematical ability tests when the test conditions make their gender salient. Facing a challenge, the mere threat of conforming to a negative stereotype impairs performance. Steele and colleagues have shown that this dramatic and socially significant effect is quite robust, even if test takers are unaware of its influence. His book Whistling Vivaldi, and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us (2010) addresses these themes. Additionally, Steele has made major contributions to the understanding of addictive behaviors and the way people cope with threats to their self-image. Claude Steele is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996) and the National Academy of Sciences (2003). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

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