APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Peter Sarnak
	Institution:	Princeton University; Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1953

	Peter Sarnak is Eugene Higgins Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University and a Professor of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study. He received his Ph.D from Stanford University in 1980 and worked at Stanford and at New York University's Courant Institute prior to his appointment at Princeton. He chaired Princeton's Department of Mathematics from 1996-99 and has received numerous honors for his work, including the Polya Prize (1998), the Ostrowski Prize (2001); the Cole Prize (2005); and the Wolf Prize (2014). Sarnak's work has had an impact on areas ranging from computer science (through his 1988 construction of expander graphs which continues to have an impact) to mathematical physics (where he showed that the chaotic properties of waves on a surface depend on the arithmetic properties of the surface). His use of techniques from one area to address problems in another area has led to the solution of problems that were previously viewed as out of reach. His areas of specialty are analysis and number theory. He is the main pioneer of the powerful idea that number theory (the study of whole numbers, which is apparently a deterministic subject) is governed by the ideas of randomness, such as random matrices and quantum chaos. A very social mathematician, he has served as an advisor for many mathematical departments and institutes, worked with many postdoctoral fellows, and supervised 36 Ph.D. theses. Peter Sarnak is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1991); the National Academy of Sciences (2002); and the Royal Society (2002). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

22	Name:	Dr. Randy Wayne Schekman
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Dr. Randy Schekman is a Professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He studied the enzymology of DNA replication as a graduate student with Arthur Kornberg at Stanford University. His current interest in cellular membranes developed during a postdoctoral period with S. J. Singer at the University of California, San Diego. At Berkeley, he developed a genetic and biochemical approach to the study of eukaryotic membrane traffic. Among his awards are the Eli Lilly Award in microbiology and immunology, the Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award in basic biomedical science, the Gairdner International Award, the Amgen Award of the Protein Society, the Albert Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research, the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University and the Dickson Prize in Medicine from the University of Pittsburgh. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2013. He has been awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Geneva and the University of Regensburg. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1999, he was elected President of the American Society for Cell Biology and was appointed Editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. In 2002, he was elected Chair of the Biochemistry Section of the National Academy of Sciences and was selected as Scientific Director of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Biomedical Research. In 2005, he was elected Chair of the Biology Class of the NAS and in 2006 he was appointed Editor-in Chief of the Proceedings of the NAS. At UC Berkeley, Schekman has assumed a number of leadership positions in Departmental and campus affairs. In addition to serving a five-year term as Biochemistry Division Head, Schekman served as Chair of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology. Currently, he serves as Chair of the Chancellor's Advisory Council on Biology, a virtual College of Biology that represents all 250 life science faculty distributed within the College of Letters and Science, School of Public Health, School of Optometry, School of Engineering, College of Chemistry, and College of Natural Resources. In 2004, he organized a campus-wide stem cell biology center to capitalize on California's investment in the application of human embryonic stem cells to regenerative medicine. Randy Wayne Schekman was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

23	Name:	Mr. Martin Scorsese
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Filmmaker Martin Scorsese was born in New York in 1942 and received his MFA from New York University in 1964. Among his numerous awards and honors, he has received the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award in 1997, the Academy Award for Best Director in 2006, the French Legion of Honor in 2007, the Motion Picture Association of America's Jack Valenti Humanitarian Award in 2009, the Cecil B. Demille Award in 2010, and an Emmy in 2011. Additionally, in 2007 he was recognized for career excellence and cultural influence by the Kennedy Center Honors committee and was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. With the pace and energy of his third feature film, Mean Streets (1973), Scorsese led a new generation of directors into the American cinema and introduced the world to the first of nine collaborations with Robert de Niro. Raging Bull (1980) is on the short list of the best films of all time, appearing as the American Film Institute's #1 sports film, while in many minds Goodfellas (1990) has eclipsed The Godfather as the finest gangster movie ever made. Best known for his depiction of a variety of criminal underworlds, Scorsese has also made films exploring religion (The Last Temptation of Christ, Kundun) and American biography (The Aviator). He has directed a total of 21 films, which have won a combined 15 Academy Awards and 9 Golden Globes. His other feature films include: Who's That Knocking at My Door (1968), Boxcar Bertha (1972), Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Taxi Driver (1976), New York, New York (1977), The King of Comedy (1983), After Hours (1985), The Color of Money (1986), Cape Fear (1991), The Age of Innocence (1993), Casino (1995), Bringing Out the Dead (1999), Gangs of New York (2002), The Departed (2006), Shutter Island (2010), Public Speaking (2010), and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). In addition to his own continuing work he is a dedicated supporter of many programs for the restoration and care of classic films. He is a major artist and yet loves his art form as if he were a devoted amateur. His current projects include a film about Frank Sinatra and the restoration and distribution of classic films from around the world through his World Cinema Foundation and the website www.theauteurs.com. Martin Scorsese was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

24	Name:	Dr. Ian Shapiro
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Ian Shapiro is Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University, where he also serves as Henry R. Luce Director of the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies. He has written widely and influentially on democracy, justice, and the methods of social inquiry. A native of South Africa, he received his J.D. from the Yale Law School and his Ph.D from the Yale Political Science Department where he has taught since 1984 and served as chair from 1999 to 2004. Shapiro is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town and Nuffield College, Oxford. His most recent books are The Flight From Reality in the Human Sciences, and Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth (with Michael Graetz) and Containment: Rebuilding a Strategy against Global Terror. Ian Shapiro was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. He will step down from his role as Henry R. Luce Director on June 30, 2019 after 15 years of service.

25	Name:	Dr. Michael Silverstein
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1945
	Death Date:	July 17, 2020

	Michael Silverstein (Ph.D., Harvard University, 1972) was Charles F. Grey Distinguished Service Professor of Anthropology, of Linguistics, and of Psychology, and was in the Committee on Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, at the University of Chicago. He studied language structure and its functional contextualization, language history and prehistory, the anthropology of language use, sociolinguistics, semiotics, language and cognition (and their development), and history of linguistic and ethnographic studies. His fieldwork in northwestern North America and northwestern Australia has been the basis of various descriptive, theoretical and generalizing contributions. He was also investigating language use and textuality as sites of contestation and transformation of cultural value in contemporary American society, reconceptualizing sociocultural and rhetorical practices in light of the semiotic anthropology of communication. Michael Silverstein was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

26	Name:	Dr. Susan Solomon
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Susan Solomon is widely recognized as one of the leaders in the field of atmospheric science. After receiving her Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981, she was employed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as a research scientist. She retired in 2011 after 30 years with NOAA. In 2012 she joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where she serves as the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Atomospheric Chemistry & Climate Science in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. Her scientific papers have provided not only key measurements but also theoretical understanding regarding ozone destruction, especially the role of surface chemistry. In 1986 and 1987 she served as the head project scientist of the National Ozone Expedition at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and made some of the first measurements there that pointed towards chlorofluorocarbons as the cause of the ozone hole. In 1994, an Antarctic glacier was named in her honor in recognition of that work. In March of 2000 she received the National Medal of Science, the United States' highest scientific honor, for "key insights in explaining the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole." She is the recipient of many other honors and awards, including the highest awards of the American Geophysical Union (the Bowie Medal), the American Meteorological Society (the Rossby Medal), and the Geochemical Society (the Goldschmidt Medal). She is also the recipient of the Commonwealth Prize and the Lemaitre Prize, as well as the ozone award and Vienna Convention Award from the United Nations Environment Programme. In 1992 R&D magazine honored her as its scientist of the year. In 2004 she received the prestigious Blue Planet Prize for "pioneering research identifying the causative mechanisms producing the Antarctic ozone hole." In January 2017 she was awarded the National Academy of Sciences' Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship. She is a recipient of numerous honorary doctoral degrees from universities in the U.S. and abroad. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the European Academy of Sciences. Her current research includes climate change and ozone depletion. She served as co-chair of the Working Group 1 Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), providing scientific information to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. IPCC and Albert Gore, Jr. jointly received the Nobel Prize on 2007. She was named one of the year's 100 most influential people in Time magazine in 2008. She also received the Grande Medaille of the Academy of Sciences in Paris for her leadership in ozone and climate science in 2008. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

27	Name:	Dr. Claude M. Steele
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Claude Steele is currently Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University in 1971 and taught at the University of Utah, the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, before arriving at Stanford. As a member of the faculty at Stanford University from 1991 to 2009, he held appointments as the Lucie Stern Professor of the Social Sciences, director of the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, and director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He left Stanford to serve as Provost at Columbia University from 2009-11, where he also taught psychology. Upon returning to Stanford, he assumed the role of I. James Quillen Dean of the School of Education, which he left in 2014 to move to Berkeley. From 2014-2017, he served as the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at the University of California, Berkeley, and was also a professor in the Department of Psychology and the Graduate School of Education. Claude Steele is distinguished for his discovery and exploration of a psychological phenomenon known as "stereotype threat". He found that people's mere act of identifying their membership within a stereotyped group degrades their performance in related tests, e.g. members of a minority such as African Americans, aware of a societal stereotype regarding their poor academic performance, score less well when the test conditions prime them to think about their membership in the minority than when they do not. Women likewise do not perform as well on mathematical ability tests when the test conditions make their gender salient. Facing a challenge, the mere threat of conforming to a negative stereotype impairs performance. Steele and colleagues have shown that this dramatic and socially significant effect is quite robust, even if test takers are unaware of its influence. His book Whistling Vivaldi, and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us (2010) addresses these themes. Additionally, Steele has made major contributions to the understanding of addictive behaviors and the way people cope with threats to their self-image. Claude Steele is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996) and the National Academy of Sciences (2003). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

28	Name:	The Honorable John Paul Stevens
	Institution:	United States Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	July 16, 2019

	John Paul Stevens served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from December 19, 1975 until his retirement on June 29, 2010. For more than three decades he was one of the shaping architects of American constitutional law. However, he was not always law-directed. As an undergraduate at the University of Chicago, he was an English major, but following service as a naval officer in World War II, he turned to law. After graduating from Northwestern Law School in 1947, Stevens served as law clerk to Justice Wiley B. Rutledge during the Supreme Court's 1947-48 term. Following the clerkship, Stevens practiced law in Chicago for some twenty years, with a two-year Washington detour as counsel to a congressional committee. In 1970, President Nixon appointed Stevens a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. In 1975, President Ford named Stevens to the Supreme Court, thereby returning him, as a Justice, to the courthouse where, as a law clerk, he had apprenticed almost thirty years before. John Paul Stevens was the senior Justice, having been a member of the Court for just under thirty-five years. On a Court which moved to the right, Stevens stayed in place: rock-solid for the maintenance of constitutional rights, and - as a steadfast adherent of the Constitution's separation of powers - a strong voice against undue accretion of the authority of the executive branch. Animating Stevens's jurisprudence is a set of perspectives that may be thought to trace back to his undergraduate concentration in English. In a 1992 lecture entitled The Shakespeare Canon of Statutory Construction, Stevens wrote: "As times change there is…a fluctuation in perceptions about the importance of studying humanistic values and their relation to rules of law. Nevertheless, a society that is determined and destined to remain free must find time to nourish these values." John Paul Stevens was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. His memoir Five Chiefs was published in 2011 and in 2012 he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Obama. He died July 16, 2019 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, at the age of 99.

29	Name:	Dr. Charles M. Vest
	Institution:	National Academy of Engineering
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1941
	Death Date:	December 12, 2013

	Charles M. Vest was President Emeritus of the National Academy of Engineering and President Emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the time of his death December 12, 2013, at the age of 72, in Washington, DC. Dr. Vest earned a B.S. in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University in 1963, and M.S.E. and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1964 and 1967 respectively. He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan as an assistant professor in 1968 where he taught in the areas of heat transfer, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanic, and conducted research in heat transfer and engineering applications of laser optics and holography. He and his graduate students developed techniques for making quantitative measurements of various properties and motions from holographic interferograms, especially the measurement of three-dimensional temperature and density fields using computer tomography. He became an associate professor in 1972 and a full professor in 1977. In 1981 Dr. Vest turned much of his attention to academic administration at the University of Michigan, serving as associate dean of engineering from 1981-86, dean of engineering from 1986-1989, when he became provost and vice president for academic affairs. In 1990 he became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and served in that position until December 2004. He then became professor and president emeritus. As president of MIT, he was active in science, technology, and innovation policy; building partnerships among academia, government and industry; and championing the importance of open, global scientific communication, travel, and sharing of intellectual resources. During his tenure, MIT launched its OpenCourseWare (OCW) initiative; co-founded the Alliance for Global Sustainability; enhanced the racial, gender, and cultural diversity of its students and faculty; established major new institutes in neuroscience and genomic medicine; and redeveloped much of its campus. He was a director of DuPont for 14 years and of IBM for 13 years; was vice chair of the U.S. Council on Competitiveness for eight years; and served on various federal committees and commissions, including the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) during the Clinton and Bush administrations, the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, the Secretary of Education's Commission on the Future of Higher Education, the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on Transformational Diplomacy and the Rice-Chertoff Secure Borders and Open Doors Advisory Committee. He served on the boards of several non-profit organizations and foundations devoted to education, science, and technology. In July 2007 he was elected to serve as president of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for six years and he became president emeritus in 2013. He had authored a book on holographic interferometry, and two books on higher education. He received honorary doctoral degrees from ten universities, was awarded the 2006 National Medal of Technology by President Bush, and won the National Science Board's Vannevar Bush Award in 2011. Charles Vest was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

30	Name:	Dr. Irving Weissman
	Institution:	Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Irving Weissman is Professor of Pathology, Professor of Developmental Biology, and Director of the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine. A major contributor to cellular immunology, virology and oncology, he clarified the thymus's role in producing T-lymphocytes; implicated viral receptors in leukomogenesis; discovered lymphocyte homing receptors for lymph node venules; and characterized cellular recognition in protochordates. Weissman was the first to isolate mammalian stem cells, identifying these blood forming cells in mice and humans and defining the stages of development between stem cells and mature blood cells and cells of the immune system. This has led to important new treatments for leukemia and lymphoma since the stem cells he isolated are the ones that allow successful human bone marrow transplantation. Another important contribution by Weissman and his colleagues was the development of the SCID-hu mouse, which has functional human immune cells. This model allows human disease to be studied in vivo in experimental rodents. Weismann's transplantation of human tissue and cells to an immunodeficient mouse model has allowed him to isolate human hematopoietic stem cells. Most recently, he has isolated human stem cells capable of generating brain neurons. Irving Weissman received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1965 and has served on the university's faculty since 1969. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1989) and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1990) and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2009). He has been awarded the Linus Pauling Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Science; the Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal of the National Academy of Sciences; the E. Donnall Thomas Prize of the American Society of Hematology; and the Robert Koch Award. Irving Weissman was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

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