American Philosophical Society
Member History

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21Name:  Dr. Thomas P. Hughes
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1923
 Death Date:  February 3, 2014
   
 
Thomas Hughes received his Ph.D. from the University of Virginia in 1953. He served on the faculty of Washington and Lee University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, and Southern Methodist University before joining the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1973 where he became Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus of History and Sociology of Science. He had also been Distinguished Visiting Professor of the History of Technology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Thomas Hughes was considered the dean of American historians of technology. His versatility and style appear in Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer (1971), a definitive biography that incorporates the technical detail required for the life of an engineer; Networks of Power, Electification of Western Society, 1880-1930 (1983), a comparative history of German and American electric power systems conceived as integrations of technical, managerial and financial networks; and American Genesis, A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970 (1989, 1990), a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, a portrayal of the heroic century of American invention for a wide readership. Dr. Hughes' work on systems and his book on cultural history show the same breadth and mastery. He served his profession and the public as a teacher, as a member of several national committees, and as a creator of television documentaries. Dr. Hughes' other books include (with A. Hughes) Lewis Memford: Public Intellectual (1990); Rescuing Prometheus (Managing the Creation of Large Technological Systems) (1997); (with A. Hughes) Systems, Experts, and Computers (2000); and Human-Built World: How to Think about Technology and Culture (2004). He was the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci Medal (1984), the John Desmond Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science (1990), and a two-time recepient of the Dexter Prize of Society for the History of Technology (for Elmer Sperry and Networks of Power). He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and held honorary degrees from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, and from Northwestern University. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Thomas Hughes died February 3, 2014, at the age of 90, in Charlottesville, Virginia.
 
22Name:  Dr. Lynn Hunt
 Institution:  University of California, Los Angeles
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Lynn Hunt is an extraordinarily gifted, imaginative, and tough-minded scholar, the author of a boldly conceived set of eight interlocking books on the French Revolution, gender history, cultural history and historiography. Her books have been translated into French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Portuguese, Chinese and Polish. Her best known book, The Family Romance of the French Revolution, shows how the revolutionaries destroyed the paternal image of King Louis XVI by pornographic attacks on Queen Marie Antoniette and then, having liberated themselves from the royal family, created a new model of domesticity. Her latest works are Inventing Human Rights: A History (2007), the question of time and history writing, Measuring Time: Making History (2008), and early 18th century views of the world's religions, Bernard Picart and the First Global Vision of Religion (with M. Jacob and W. Mijnhardt, 2010). Her current research projects include a study of cultural history in the global era and another of the French Revolution in global context. Lynn Hunt has served as president of the American Historical Association and is currently Distinguished Professor of History and Eugen Weber Professor of Modern European History at the University of California, Los Angeles (1998-). She holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University (1973) and has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley (1974-87) and the University of Pennsylvania (1987-98).
 
23Name:  Dr. Jiri Jonas
 Institution:  Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1932
   
 
Jiri Jonas received his Ph.D. from the Czechoslovak Academy of Science in 1960. He moved to the United States in 1963 to join the faculty of the University of Illinois where he has remained throughout his career. He is now Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Professor Emeritus of the Center for Advanced Study, and Director Emeritus of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Jiri Jonas has been a pioneer in developing and using high pressure NMR to study the structure and dynamics of liquids, including liquids in small pores, the effect of compression on reaction rates in solution, and, in recent years, the conformation of protein molecules and membranes, the mechanism of protein folding and cold denaturation of proteins. In addition, as Director of the Beckman Institute for the past nine years he developed the largest university-operated organization for interdisciplinary research involving engineering, chemistry and physiological psychology. Significant useful devices have resulted. Dr. Jonas received the Hildebrand Award of the American Chemical Society and the U.S. Senior Scientist Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
24Name:  The Honorable Judith S. Kaye
 Institution:  Skadden, Arps; Court of Appeals, State of New York
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1938
 Death Date:  January 7, 2016
   
 
Judith S. Kaye joined Skadden Arps's Litigation Group in 2009. Before joining the firm she served as Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals for 15 years. She was appointed New York's Chief Judge in 1993 by Governor Mario M. Cuomo and was the first woman to occupy that post. The state's longest-serving chief judge, she was reappointed by Governor Eliot Spitzer in 2007 and served until reaching mandatory retirement age in December 2008. She was also the first woman appointed to the State's highest court, the Court of Appeals, which she joined in 1983. As New York's top judicial officer, Judge Kaye presided over the seven-member Court of Appeals and headed the State's Unified Court System, with more than 1,200 State-paid judges in 363 courthouses statewide. Her posts have included: Chair of the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children; Founding Member and Honorary Chair, Judges and Lawyers Breast Cancer Alert (JALBCA); member of the Board of Editors, New York State Bar Journal; and Trustee, The William Nelson Cromwell Foundation. She had been President of the Conference of Chief Justices and Chair of the Board of Directors of the National Center for State Courts (2002-03). She authored numerous publications and received several honorary degrees and many awards. Born in Monticello, New York, Judge Kaye is a 1958 graduate of Barnard College and a 1962 cum laude graduate of New York University School of Law. She died January 7, 2016, at age 77, at her home in Manhattan.
 
25Name:  Dr. Charles F. Kennel
 Institution:  Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  105. Physical Earth Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
Charles F. Kennel was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was educated in astronomy and astrophysics at Harvard and Princeton. He then joined the UCLA Department of Physics, pursued research and teaching in space plasma physics and astrophysics, and chaired the department for three years. He eventually became the UCLA Executive Vice Chancellor, its chief academic officer. From 1994 to 1996, he was Associate Administrator at NASA and Director of Mission to Planet Earth, the world's largest Earth science program. His experiences at NASA convinced him to devote the rest of his career to Earth and environmental science. Kennel was the ninth Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Vice Chancellor of Marine Sciences at the University of California, San Diego, from 1998 to 2006. Dr. Kennel now works with the UCSD Environment and Sustainability Initiative, an all-campus effort embracing teaching, research, campus operations, and public outreach, and is a distinguished professor of atmospheric sciences at Scripps. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, Kennel has served on many national and international boards and committees, including the Pew Oceans Commission. He was a member of the NASA Advisory Council from 1998 to 2006, and its Chair from 2001 to 2005. He has had visiting appointments to the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Trieste), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder), the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris), Caltech (Pasadena), Princeton, Space Research Institutes (Brazil, Moscow), and the University of Cambridge. He is a recipient of the James Clerk Maxwell Prize (American Physical Society), the Hannes Alfven Prize (European Geophysical Society), the Aurelio Peccei Prize (Accademia Lincei), and the NASA Distinguished Service and Distinguished Public Service Medals. He was the 2007 C.P. Snow Lecturer at the University of Cambridge.
 
26Name:  Dr. Simon Asher Levin
 Institution:  Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  205. Microbiology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Simon Levin received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Maryland in 1964. In 1965 he joined the faculty of Cornell University and remained for more than twenty-five years, serving as the Charles A. Alexander Professor of Biological Sciences, director of the Ecosystem Research Center, and director of the Center for Environmental Research. He was also director of the Princeton Environmental Institute, 1993-98. At Princeton University since 1992, he is currently James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution. In addition, since 2001 he has served as director of the Center for Biocomplexity and associated faculty of the Princeton Environmental Institute. Simon Levin has been the leader in developing the theoretical foundation for the study of ecology and evolution of populations in heterogeneous environments. Implications and extensions of his work have been among the most influential in ecology and conservation biology. Alone and jointly with others, he developed the theory of evolution of populations in heterogeneous environments, and of implications for biodiversity. This led to his most far-reaching contributions, on problems of scale, self-organization of ecosystems, and mechanisms for extrapolation across scales. In recent years, has been a leader in sustainability science, the interface between ecology and economics. Dr. Levin received the MacArthur Award from the Ecological Society of America in 1988; the Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award from INTERCOL in 1994; the "Most cited paper in the field of Ecology and Environment for the 1990s" from the Institute for Scientific Information in 2000; the Outstanding Paper in the Discipline of Landscape Ecology Award for 2001 from the U.S. Chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology; and the 1st Okubo Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001. He also received the Heineken Environmental Prize of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science in 2004, the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences in 2005, and the National Medal of Science in 2015. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Instituto Veneto. He also served as president of the Ecological Society of America and the Society of Mathematical Biology. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
27Name:  Dr. Susan L. Lindquist
 Institution:  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  207. Genetics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1948
 Death Date:  October 27, 2016
   
 
Susan Lindquist was a worldwide leader in the understanding of protein folding in living cells, of enzymes that mediate this process, and of perturbations that result in the formation of abnormal protein aggregates. Some of these aggregates, called prions, are infectious: they can cause abnormal folding and aggregation of otherwise normal proteins. The work of Dr. Lindquist has been instrumental to our understanding of these processes, which underlie major neurodegenerative diseases. Yet another singular contribution by Dr. Lindquist was her discovery that HSP90, a stress protein, functions as a "capacitor" of phenotypic variation, through the ability of HSP90 to buffer against genetic alterations of biochemical pathways, thereby increasing the diversity of phenotypes available for natural selection. This insight revealed a previously unsuspected source of variation that underlies the evolution of living organisms. From 2001 until 2004 Dr. Lindquist directed the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. She served as professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She earned her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1976 and previously taught at the University of Chicago (1978-2001). She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2010. Susan Lindquist died October 27, 2016, at the age of 67.
 
28Name:  Dr. Michael McCormick
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1951
   
 
Michael McCormick received his Doctorate at the Université Catholique de Louvain in 1979. He joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins University later that year and was a research associate at Dumbarton Oaks from 1979-87. He moved to Harvard University in 1991, where he is currently Goelet Professor of Medieval History. Michael McCormick is among the most original and productive medieval historians active in the United States and Europe today. His early work was on 11th- and 12th-century historiography. He then published an important book on rulership in Late Antiquity. Meanwhile, he discovered five hundred previously-unknown dry-point glosses in the celebrated Palatine manuscript of Virgil. Most recently he published an impressive volume - the most important contribution to the subject since Pirenne's Mohammed and Charlemagne - on East-West communications and commerce in the early Middle Ages. Dr. McCormick is the author of Les annales du haut moyen âge (1975); (with P. Fransen) Index scriptorum operumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi. Nouveau répertoire des oeuvres médiolatines belges, III partie, vol. I: XII siècle, Oeuvres hagiographiques (1977); Index scriptorum operumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi. Nouveau répertoire des oeuvres médiolatines belges, III partie, vol. II: XII siècle, Oeuvres non hagiographiques (1979); Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West (1986); Five Hundred Unknown Glosses from the Palatine Virgil (Vat. Pal. Lat. 1631) (1992); and Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300-900 (2001). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
29Name:  Dr. Arno G. Motulsky
 Institution:  University of Washington
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  207. Genetics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1923
 Death Date:  January 17, 2018
   
 
Arno Motulsky received his M.D. from the University of Illinois in 1947. He joined the faculty of the University of Washington School of Medicine in 1953 and served as the head of the Division of Medical Genetics, director of the Genetics Clinic at the University Hospital, and director of the Center for Inherited Diseases. He was Professor of Medicine and Professor of Genetics Emeritus and associate director of the Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health at the University of Washington at the time of his death January 17, 2018, at the age of 94. Arno Motulsky was one of less than half-a-dozen innovators who established the subspecialty of medical genetics and helped bring genetics into the mainstream of clinical medicine beginning in the late 1950s. He had great influence in the field of medical genetics 1) through his students who include a Nobel laureate (Joseph Goldstein), 2) his pioneering research in a wide area including pharmacogenetics, blood disorders (particularly G6PD deficiency and hemoglobinopathies), hyperlipidemias, colorblindness, and Werner syndrome (he suggested its usefulness in the study of aging); and 3) through his textbooks which are now classics: Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches (with Vogel) and The Genetic Basis of Common Disease (with King and Rotter). Dr. Motulsky received several awards, including: the William Allan Memorial Award from the American Society of Human Genetics; the American College of Medical Genetics Foundation Inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award; and the Victor McKusick Leadership Award from the American Society for Human Genetics. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and American Society of Human Genetics, serving as its president, 1977-78. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
30Name:  Dr. Gloria Ferrari Pinney
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  403. Cultural Anthropology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1941
 Death Date:  September 18, 2023
   
 
Born in Italy, Gloria Ferrari Pinney received her Laurea in Lettere Classiche at Università degli Studi in Rome in 1964. In 1976 she received her Ph.D. from the University of Cincinnati. She was a professor of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology for twelve years at Bryn Mawr College. In 1993 she became a professor in the departments of Art and Classical Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. She has been Professor of Classical Archaeology at Harvard University since 1998, a post from which she retired in 2003. Gloria Ferrari Pinney combines a deep knowledge of classical philology and keen artistic sensitivity with a penetrating critical acumen that allows her to reach unprecedented and often revolutionary conclusions about even well-known ancient monuments. Her pioneering study on the origin of Asiatic sarcophagi was in fact disregarded by scholars for almost twenty years until excavational finds confirmed her hypothesis. Within her great range, she is an expert in Greek vase painting, with emphasis on iconography, yet two of her recent publications - on the North metopes of the Parthenon (2000) and the architecture of the Archaic Akropolis (2002) - are among her most startling contributions. Although well versed in current art-historical and linguistic theory, she produces terse and concise analyses that carry conviction with their strict logic. Some of her publications include Il commercio dei sarcofagi asiatici (1966); "Achilles Lord of Scythia," Ancient Greek Art and Iconography (1983); "For the Heroes are at Hand," The Journal of Hellenic Studies (1984); "Eye-cup," Revue Archeologique (1986); "Pallas and Panathenaea," Proceedings, 3rd Symposium on Ancient Greek and Related Pottery (1988); Materiali del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia XI: I vasi attici a figure rosse del periodo arcaico (1988); "Figures in the Text: Metaphor and Riddles in the Agamemnon," Classical Philology (1997); "The Geography of Time," Ostraka (2000); Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece (2002); and "The Ancient Temple on the Acropolis at Athens," American Journal of Archaeology (2002). Dr. Pinney was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
31Name:  Dr. Earl A. Powell
 Institution:  National Gallery of Art
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Earl A. Powell III of Washington, D.C. was director of the National Gallery of Art from 1992-2019 and is an expert in 19th- and 20th-century European and American art. He was an assistant professor of art history at the University of Texas from 1974-76. Between 1976 and 1980 he held curatorial posts at the National Gallery of Art. From 1980-92 Mr. Powell was director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which he transformed, according to Art in America magazine, "from a local institution to a museum of international stature." Mr. Powell serves as a trustee of the American Federation of the Arts, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and the White House Historical Association, among others. He is a member of numerous arts organizations, including the Commission of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery Commission, and the Committee for the Preservation of the White House. Mr. Powell's awards include Norway's King Olav Medal and the Officier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France. Mr. Powell graduated with honors from Williams College and received his masters and doctorate degrees from the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University. He also holds honorary doctorate degrees in Fine Arts from Otis Parsons Art Institute and Williams College. In addition to writing many journal articles and exhibition catalogue essays, Mr. Powell has authored a monograph on the 19th-century American artist Thomas Cole. He served as an officer in the U.S. Navy from 1966-69 and was in the Naval Reserve from 1969-80.
 
32Name:  Dr. Burton Richter
 Institution:  Stanford University; Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1931
 Death Date:  July 18, 2018
   
 
Burton Richter was the Paul Pigott Professor in the Physical Sciences at Stanford University and Director Emeritus of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at the time of his death on July 18, 2018. Born in 1931 in New York, he received his B.S. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1952 and 1956, respectively. He began as a post doc at Stanford University in 1956, became a professor in 1967, and was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center from 1984-99. His research centered on experimental particle physics with high-energy electrons and electron- positron colliding beams. After 1999 he devoted an increasing amount of time to issues relating to energy and sustainable development. Dr. Richter received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the E. O. Lawrence Medal of the Department of Energy in 1976, and the National Medal of Science in 2014. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences; a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Physical Society (president, 1994). He was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics from 1999-2002 and served on many advisory committees to governments, laboratories and universities. He also served as a member of the Department of Energy's Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Laboratory Operations Board, the Transmutation Subcommittee of the Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, and the French Commissaire a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Visiting Group. He was also a member of the Jason Group, and chaired the National Research Council's Board on Physics and Astronomy. He was interested in industry and its use of science and technology and had been a member of the General Motors Science Advisory Committee, chairman of the technology advisory board of an artificial intelligence company, a member of the Board of Directors of Varian Associates and Varian Medical Systems, and Litel Instruments and AREVA Enterprises, Inc.
 
33Name:  Dr. Lucy Shapiro
 Institution:  Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1940
   
 
Lucy Shapiro received her Ph.D. in molecular biology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1966. She joined the faculty of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1967 and served as chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology (1977-86), Kramer Professor of Molecular Biology (1977-86) and director of the Division of Biological Sciences (1981-86). In 1986 she moved to Columbia University as the Higgins Professor of Microbiology and chairman of the Department of Microbiology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Crossing to the other coast in 1989 to the Stanford University School of Medicine, Dr. Shapiro became the founder and chairman of its Department of Developmental Biology, and the Joseph D. Grant Professor of Developmental Biology. She is currently Stanford's Ludwig Professor of Cancer Research, and, as of 2001, director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. Lucy Shapiro cultivated a single organism into one of the most powerful experimental systems for understanding the control of the bacterial cell cycle and the establishment of cell fate. Her research has yielded fundamental insights into the bacterial cell as an integrated system in which the transcriptional circuitry is interwoven with the three-dimensional deployment of regulatory and morphological proteins. Her genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed basic rules for bacterial cell cycle control. In pioneering work, Dr. Shapiro initiated the "cell biology" of prokaryotes, resulting in the first demonstration that proteins are dynamically localized in the cell, adding a spatial dimension to regulatory networks. Dr. Shapiro is a member of the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She was awarded the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the Natural Academy of Sciences, the 2010 Abbott-ASM Lifetime Acheivement Award, the 2012 Horwitz Prize, and the 2012 National Medal of Science. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
34Name:  Dr. Judith R. Shapiro
 Institution:  Barnard College; Bryn Mawr College
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1942
   
 
Judith R. Shapiro was president of Barnard College from 1994 to 2008. Previously she served eight years as Provost of Bryn Mawr College. She taught at the University of Chicago before joining Bryn Mawr's Department of Anthropology in 1975, serving successively as assistant professor, associate Professor and professor before becoming chair of the department in 1982. A native of New York City, she received her undergraduate degree from Brandeis University and her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia University. She is the author of numerous articles in the areas of gender differentiation, social theory, and missionization, many based on her field research in lowland South America. She has been president of the American Ethnological Society, a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences and a Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies. She is currently a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York City Partnership and Chamber of Commerce, and the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and is a member of the Board of Directors of JSTOR and the New York Building Congress. She is President of the Board of Directors of the Morningside Area Alliance and also serves on the Executive Board of the Women's College Coalition, the Advisory Committee of Save the Children (Every Mother/Every Child), and on the National Advisory Committee of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. In March, 2004, she received the Athena Award in Education from the Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine at Columbia University and in May, 2004, she was an honoree at the Women with Heart luncheon hosted by the American Heart Association. She also received the Gershom Mendes Seixas Award from the Kraft Center for Jewish Student Life in 2004 and, upon her retirement, she was awarded the Barnard Medal of Distinction in 2008. She was President of the Teagle Foundation 2013-18, and served on the foundation's board since 2009.
 
35Name:  Dr. Robert J. Shiller
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Robert J. Shiller is the Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, and Professor of Finance at the International Center for Finance, Yale School of Management. He received his B. A. from the University of Michigan in 1967 and his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972. He has written on financial markets, financial innovation, behavioral economics, macroeconomics, real estate, statistical methods, and on public attitudes, opinions, and moral judgments regarding markets. His 1989 book Market Volatility (MIT Press) is a mathematical and behavioral analysis of price fluctuations in speculative markets. His 1993 book Macro Markets: Creating Institutions for Managing Society's Largest Economic Risks proposes a variety of new risk-management contracts, such as futures contracts in national incomes or in real estate that would permit the management of risks to standards of living. His book Irrational Exuberance (2000) is an analysis and explication of speculative bubbles, with special reference to the stock market and real estate. His book The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (2003) is an analysis of an expanding role of finance, insurance, and public finance in our future. He was vice president of the American Economic Association (2005) and a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research. He writes a column "Finance in the 21st Century" for Project Syndicate, which publishes around the world. He is co-founder of Case Shiller Weiss, Inc., an economics research and information firm, which was sold in 2002 and renamed Fiserv CSW, Inc. He is also co-founder and principal of MacroMarkets, LLC, a firm devoted to the securitization of new risks, and of Macro Financial, LLC, a boutique investment bank. His book Subprime Solution: How Today's Financial Crisis Happened and What to Do About It (2008) outlines important new economic measures. He recently wrote (with George A. Akerlof) Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism (2009) and Finance and the Good Society (2012). In 2013 he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science with Eugene Fama.
 
36Name:  Dr. Frank H. Shu
 Institution:  National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
In 2003 Frank Shu left his University Professor position at the University of California, Berkeley to become president of "Taiwan's MIT," National Tsing Hua University. In 2007, he returned to the University of California - this time UC San Diego. He initially made his reputation with the density wave theory of spiral arms in spiral galaxies (with C.C. Lin) and has developed a picture of how stars are formed in pressure waves in these gas clouds. His work on star formation today provides the basic framework guiding both theory and observation. More recently he has turned to the distribution of chondrules in meteorites to help understand the formation of planets from stellar disks. A particularly lucid lecturer, his text, The Physical Universe, is considered "the Feynman Lectures of astronomy." Dr. Shu was awarded the Shaw Prize in Astrophysics in 2009. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1987); the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1992); the Academia Sinica; and the American Astronomical Society (president, 1994-96).
 
37Name:  Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich received her Ph.D. at the University of New Hampshire in 1980, then joined the UNH faculty, remaining until 1995. She then moved to Harvard University where she is currently the 300th Anniversary University Professor, having previously been the James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History. She is the author of Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1982); A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard Based on Her Diary, 1785-1820 (1990); and The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Making of an American Myth (2001). Her latest work is entitled "We're No Angels: Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History" (2007). Dr. Ulrich is one of the finest, most innovative historians working today. Her three books are compelling. A Midwife's Tale is a trail-blazing book that has had an extraordinary impact on the history profession because of its innovative shift in the angle from which local history is viewed. It has won the most distinguished prizes in American history. Dr. Ulrich is credited with having made a major breakthrough in the history of women in the colonial era, as she found ways to make them real instead of abstractions from statistics or representatives of an elite class. Her use of material objects as evidence has changed the way we think about early American domestic life and work and has reconstructed an important dimension of eighteenth-century culture. She is a wonderful stylist, and her works are widely read. Dr. Ulrich received the Best Book Award from the Society for History of the Early Republic in 1990; the Best Book Award from the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians in 1990; the John Dunning Prize and Joan Kelly Prize from the American Historical Association in 1990; the Bancroft Prize for American History in 1991; and the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1991. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.
 
38Name:  Dr. Sidney Verba
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1932
 Death Date:  March 4, 2019
   
 
Sidney Verba was one of the most prominent political scientists of his time. His books explored the many dimensions of political participation, and he is credited with profoundly changing the field of political behavior and the political science profession. When he won the Warren E. Miller prize, the citation asserted that he was "unsurpassed in the quality of his research, in his devotion to social science standards, and his concern with improving society through social science research." The Skytte Foundation, whose prize is one of the world's largest and most prestigious in the social sciences, said that Dr. Verba was chosen "for his penetrating empirical analysis of political participation and its significance for the functioning of democracy." In addition, he was a brilliant leader of the Harvard University Library, having brought the many libraries in that system into a collaborative working relationship. The Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor and Director of the University Library at Harvard for 23 years, Dr. Verba retired from these posts in 2007. A former president of the American Political Science Association, he published such works as Small Groups and Political Behavior (1961); The Civic Culture (1963); Caste, Race and Politics (1969); Participation in America (1972); Vietnam and the Silent Majority (1972); The Changing American Voter (1976); Participation and Political Equality (1978); Injury to Insult (1979); Equality in America (1985); Elites and the Idea of Equality (1987); Designing Social Inquiry (1994); Voice and Equality (1995); and The Private Roots of Public Action (2001). Sidney Verba died on March 4, 2019 in Cambridge, Massachusetts at the age of 86.
 
39Name:  Dr. Christopher Walsh
 Institution:  Harvard Medical School
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1944
 Death Date:  January 10, 2023
   
 
Christopher Walsh is a great enzymologist, a worldwide leader in studies of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis, with an emphasis on enzymes that are the targets of antibiotics. The Hamilton Kuhn Professor at Harvard University Medical School, he is also the author of major monographs in his field, including the classic "Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms". Dr. Walsh's exceptionally wide-ranging oeuvre includes the dissection of enzymes that mediate the synthesis of antibiotics; the resistance to antibiotics; cell wall biosynthesis; detoxification of mercury-containing compounds; methanogenesis; and other processes. His work has also encompassed the design of mechanism-based inhibitors of medically important enzymes, the enzymatic synthesis of natural products such as antibiotic rifamycin and antitumor agent epothilone, and the understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort. In 2014 he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry from the Franklin Institute.
 
40Name:  Dr. Warren M. Washington
 Institution:  National Center for Atmospheric Research
 Year Elected:  2003
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  105. Physical Earth Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1936
   
 
Warren Washington is a consultant and advisor to a number of government officials and committees on climate system modeling. From 1978 to 1984, he served on the President's National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. He participated in several panels of the National Research Council and chaired its Advisory Panel for Climate Puzzle, a film produced for the 1986 PBS television series Planet Earth. Washington was a member of the Secretary of Energy's Advisory Board from 1990 to 1993 and has been on the Secretary of Energy's Biological and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (BERAC) since 1990. Washington was elected President of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1994 and was Past President in 1995. Washington received the Charles Franklin Brooks Award from the AMS for outstanding services to the Society in January 2007. He served on the Modernization Transition Committee and the National Centers for Environment Prediction Advisory Committee of the U.S. National Weather Service. In 1998, he was appointed to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency Science Advisory Board. In May of 1995, he was appointed by President Clinton to a six-year term on the National Science Board, which helps oversee the National Science Foundation and advises the Executive Branch and Congress on science related matters. In March 2000 he was nominated by President Clinton for a second six-year term and was confirmed by the Senate in September 2000. In May 2002, The National Science Board (NSB) elected Washington as its new Chair. He was re-elected to a second term two year term in May of 2004. The National Science Board has dual responsibilities as national science policy adviser to the president and Congress and as governing board for the National Science Foundation, an independent federal agency. Washington's term ended on 10 May 2006. He is a Fellow of the AMS and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and from 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the AAAS Board of Directors. Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. He is a Distinguished Alumnus of Pennsylvania State University and Oregon State University, an Alumni Fellow of Pennsylvania State University and Oregon State University, a Fellow of the African Scientific Institute, and a member of the American Geophysical Union, In 1995 Washington received the Le Verrier Medal of the Societe Meteorologique de France. In February 1997, he was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences Portrait Collection of African Americans in Science, Engineering, and Medicine and in May 1997, he was awarded the Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research Program Exceptional Service Award for Atmospheric Sciences in the development and application of advanced coupled atmospheric-ocean general circulation models to study the impacts of anthropogenic activities on future climate. Also, in 1998 he delivered the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Walter Orr Roberts Distinguished Lecture and a Rice University Computer and Information Technology Institute Distinguished Lecture. In 1999, Washington received the National Weather Service Modernization Award and the American Meteorological Society's Dr. Charles Anderson Award "for pioneering efforts as a mentor and passionate support of individuals, educational programs, and outreach initiatives designed to foster a diverse population of atmospheric scientists." In March 2000, Washington received the Celebrating 20th Century Pioneers in Atmospheric Sciences Award at Howard University and in April 2000, the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Award "in recognition of significant and unique contributions in the field of science." In 2001, he gave the first Ralph W. Bromery lecture at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. In February 2002, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) announced that it had elected Washington to its membership "for pioneering the development of coupled climate models, their use on parallel supercomputing architectures, and their interpretation." That same year, he was appointed to the Science Advisory Panel of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy and the National Academies of Science Coordinating Committee on Global Change. On April 26, 2003 Washington was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In August 2004 Washington received the Vollum Award for Distinguished Accomplishment in Science and Technology from Reed College in Portland, Oregon. The Vollum Award winners are selected for the perseverance, fresh approach to problems and solutions, and creative imagination. In June 2006, Washington was the commencement speaker and recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Science at Oregon State University. In 2010, he was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Obama and in 2019 was awarded the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, often referred to as the 'Nobel Prize for the environment'. In honor of his immense achievements a building in Penn State's Innovation Park was named the Warren M. Washington Building. In 2020 the American Meteorological Society created the Warren Washington Medal, to be awarded to individuals recorgnized for highly significant research and distinguished scientific leadership. He received the NCSE Lifetime Achievement Award for Science, Service, and Leadership in 2021. His current research involves the use of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) for studies of future climate change. He currently serves as a co-chair of the Climate Change Working Group within CCSM. His research is supported by NSF and the DOE.
 
Election Year
2003[X]
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