APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Elfriede Regina (Kezia) Knauer
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	June 7, 2010

	Elfriede Knauer has an incredible range of knowledge in the ancient (and even somewhat modern) art world and history. She has travelled well beyond the normal compass of the archaeologist; she is expert in the culture of China, the Russian steppes, Persia and Iran and the ancient Greek and Roman world. She wrote a book on the Silk Road, which she has personally travelled. Dr. Knauer has written on such a variety of subjects that only a perusal of the titles of her publications can give an idea of what this scholar can control. Born in Germany, Dr. Knauer earned her Ph.D. from Frankfurt University and is currently a Consulting Scholar in the Mediterranean Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. She is a member of the Archaeological Institute of America and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

22	Name:	Professor Jean Leclant
	Institution:	Collège de France & Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Institut de France
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	September 16, 2011

	Jean Leclant served as Secrétaire Perpétuel of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres at the Institut de France since 1983 and Professor Emeritus at the Collège de France since 1990. Previously he was a professor at the University of Strasbourg (1955-63), the Sorbonne (1963-79), and the Collège de France (1979-90) and served as Director d'Etudes at the Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes (1964-90). Jean Leclant was among the outstanding Egyptologists of his generation. He participated in many conferences in France and abroad (Africa, Japan, USA) and was an acknowledged administrator. His publication record was outstanding, with emphasis on excavations, Egyptian-Sudanese relations, the cult of Isis abroad, and Pyramid texts. Leclant's bibliography of books, articles, reviews, etc., through 1993 consisted of 993 items. The anniversary publication in his honor, Hommages à Jean Leclant, consisted of four volumes with contributions by 88 colleagues, friends, and students. He is the author of Mentouemhat, Quatrième prophète d'Amon, Prince de la ville (1961); Recherches sur les monuments thébains de la XXVème dynastie dite éthiopienne (1965); (with J. Ph. Lauer) Mission archéologique de Saqqarah I, le temple haut du complexe funéraire du roi Téti (1972); (with J. Goyon and R. Parker) The Edifice of Taharqa by the Sacred Lake of Karnak (1979); (with H. Danin) Le Second Siècle de l'Institut de France, 3 vol. (1994-2005); Les Textes des Pyramides de Pepy I (2001); and (with C. Carrier, C. Rilly, et al) Répertoire d'Epigraphie Méroitique, 3 vols. (2000). Professor Leclant has received many honors, including Grand-Officier, Légion d'honneur; Grand-Officier, Ordre du Mérite; Commdr. Ordre des Palmes Académiques; Commdr. Ordre des Arts et Lettres; Chevalier du Mérite Militaire; Imperial Order of Menelik (Ethiopia); and Grand Officer ordre de la République d'Egypte. In 1993 he received the Balzan Prize. He was a member of many academies, including the Accademia dei Lincei, the British Academy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Academies of Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, and Romania. He was elected as a foreign member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. Jean Leclant died on September 16, 2011, in Paris, France at the age of 91.

23	Name:	Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy
	Institution:	George Mason University; The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1941
	Death Date:	December 25, 2021

	Thomas Lovejoy received his Ph.D. from Yale University. He served as program director, vice president for science, and executive vice president of the World Wildlife Fund before his appointment as Science Advisor to the Secretary, United States Department of Interior, in 1993. He later became Counselor to the Secretary on Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs at the Smithsonian Institution, and Chief Biodiversity Advisor and Lead for Environment for Latin America and Caribbean for the World Bank. In 2002 he became president of the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, and served until 2008. He currently serves as the Heinz Center Biodiviersity Chair. In 2010 he joined the faculty of George Mason University where he has a joint appointment as University Professor in the Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Pulbic and International Affairs. Dr. Lovejoy is the recipient of numerous awards, including Commander, Order of Merit of Mato Grosso, Brazil; the Carr Medal of the Florida Museum of Natural History; the Frances K. Hutchinson Medal of The Garden Club of America; the Global 500 Roll of Honor of the United Nations Environment Program; the John Kimball Scott Award for International Health Leadership of the National Association of Physicians for the Environment; the Spirit of Defenders Award for Science from Defenders of Wildlife; and the 2014 Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service. He serves on the Board of Directors of the New York Botanical Garden, the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the World Resources Institute, Woods Hole Research Center, the Tropical Foundation and the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. Thomas Lovejoy is one of the great modern pioneers of modern conservation biology and practice. In the late 1980s he conceived and initiated the Amazonian forest fragment project, "the world's largest biological experiment," which continues as a cornucopia of new information on tropical ecology and species extinction. In his work, among other advances, he discovered the "edge effect" of forest fragmentation, a key factor in ecological change, among other advances. Dr. Lovejoy is also an extraordinary integrator and leader in the intersection of science, government, and education, especially with reference to the global environment. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

24	Name:	Dr. Reimar Lüst
	Institution:	Max Planck Institute & University of Hamburg & Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	March 31, 2020

	Reimer Lüst received his D.Sc. at the University of Göttingen. He has served as vice president of ESRO, chairman of the German Science Council, president of the Max Planck Gesellschaft, director-general of the European Space Agency, president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and chairman of the Board of the International University Bremen. He is currently honorary president of the last two institutions and Professor at the University of Hamburg and Professor at the Technical University of Munich. He was visiting professor at New York University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology. He is the reciepient of numerous awards, including the Theodore von Karman Award, the Marin Drinov Medal of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Harnack Medal of the Max Planck Society, the Adenauer de Gaulle Prize, and the Weizmann Award in the Humanities and Science from the Weizmann Institute, Israel. Dr. Lüst has served as Chairman of the board of trustees of the Deutsches Museum, Munich and as chairman of Humboldt Universitats-Gesellschaft. He is a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academy of Sciences, Madrid, the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, and the Ostereichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. Dr. Lüst's scientific career began with a series of research papers in plasma physics, cosmic rays, and magnetic hydrodynamics as related to thermonuclear fusion. He moved on to studies of the aurora and other aspects of planetary science. Early on, he was recognized as a very gifted science administrator and held in succession the most important directorships in European space science. When he became Director of ESA, the European Space Agency, he welded a highly successful union of all the advanced European scientific nations out of what had been a contentious, bickering community. He died on March 31, 2020, at age 97.

25	Name:	Mr. Yo-Yo Ma
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1955

	The many-faceted career of cellist Yo-Yo Ma is testament to his continual search for new ways to communicate with audiences, and to his personal desire for artistic growth and renewal. Whether performing a new concerto, revisiting a familiar work from the cello repertoire, coming together with colleagues for chamber music or exploring musical forms outside of the Western classical tradition, Mr. Ma strives to find connections that stimulate the imagination. Yo-Yo Ma maintains a balance between his engagements as soloist with orchestras throughout the world and his recital and chamber music activities. He draws inspiration from a wide circle of collaborators, each fueled by the artists' interactions. One of Mr. Ma's goals is the exploration of music as a means of communication and as a vehicle for the migrations of ideas across a range of cultures throughout the world. Expanding upon this interest, in 1998 Mr. Ma established the Silk Road Project to promote the study of the cultural, artistic and intellectual traditions along the ancient Silk Road trade route that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. By examining the flow of ideas throughout this vast area, the Project seeks to illuminate the heritages of the Silk Road countries and identify the voices that represent these traditions today. The Project's major activities have included the 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival, which included more than 400 artists from 25 countries and drew more than 1.3 million visitors, concerts at the 2005 World Expo in Aichi, Japan, and Silk Road Chicago, a city-wide year-long residency in partnership with the Art Institute of Chicago, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the City of Chicago. Mr. Ma and the Silk Road Ensemble performed at the Opening Ceremony of the 2007 Special Olympics in Shanghai. Continuing over the next few years, in collaboration with leading museums in Asia, Europe and North America, the Project will co-produce a series of performance, exhibition and educational events focusing on great works of art from each museum's collections. Mr. Ma is an exclusive Sony Classical artist, and his discography of over 75 albums (including more than 15 Grammy Award winners) reflects his wide-ranging interests. He has made several successful recordings that defy categorization, among them "Hush" with Bobby McFerrin, "Appalachia Waltz" and "Appalachian Journey" with Mark O'Connor and Edgar Meyer and two Grammy-winning tributes to the music of Brazil, "Obrigado Brazil" and "Obrigado Brazil - Live in Concert." Mr. Ma's most recent recordings include "Paris: La Belle Époque," with pianist Kathryn Stott, and "New Impossibilities," a live album recorded with the Silk Road Ensemble and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; he also appears on John Williams' soundtrack for Rob Marshall's film "Memoirs of a Geisha." Across this full range of releases Mr. Ma remains one of the best-selling recording artists in the classical field. All of his recent albums have quickly entered the Billboard chart of classical best sellers, remaining in the Top 15 for extended periods, often with as many as four titles simultaneously on the list. Yo-Yo Ma is strongly committed to educational programs that not only bring young audiences into contact with music but also allow them to participate in its creation. While touring, he takes time whenever possible to conduct master classes as well as more informal programs for students, musicians and non-musicians alike. He has also reached young audiences through appearances on "Arthur," "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" and "Sesame Street." Yo-Yo Ma was born in 1955 to Chinese parents living in Paris. He began to study the cello with his father at age four and soon came with his family to New York, where he spent most of his formative years. Later, his principal teacher was Leonard Rose at the Juilliard School. He sought out a traditional liberal arts education to expand upon his conservatory training, graduating from Harvard University in 1976. He has received numerous awards, including the Avery Fisher Prize (1978), the Glenn Gould Prize (1999), the National Medal of the Arts (2001), the Dan David Prize (2006), the Sonning Prize (2006), the World Economic Forum's Crystal Award (2008), the 2010 Medal of Freedom, the 2015 Antonin Dvorak Prize, and the 2016 Getty Medal. In 2006, then Secretary General Kofi Annan named him a United Nations Messenger of Peace. In 2007, Secretary General Ban Ki-moon extended his appointment. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra brought him aboard as a Creative Consultant in 2009. Mr. Ma and his wife have two children. Mr. Ma plays two instruments, a 1733 Montagnana cello from Venice and the 1712 Davidoff Stradivarius.

26	Name:	Dr. Robert MacPherson
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Robert MacPherson has done decisive research on a variety of problems in geometry, especially for manifolds with singularities. Previously mathematicians had understood only smooth varieties. Dr. MacPherson found he needed wholly new methods for treating those with singular points or singular curves. This has included his understanding of Chern classes; his development with Goresky of the "intersection" homology theory; his work with Fulton on coverings; and his introduction of the important concept of Perverse Sheaves. He has been especially effective in collaboration with other mathematicians, and his extraordinary mobilization of the American math community to rescue the poverty-stricken Russian mathematical community is a most admirable humanitarian act that displays his human concerns as well as his great energy and initiative. Dr. MacPherson received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1970, after which time he joined the faculty of Brown University. He moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 and to the Institute of Advanced Study in 1994. The recipient of the 1992 National Academy of Sciences Award in Mathematics and the 2009 Swiss Federal Institute of Rechnology Heinz Hopf Prize, Dr. Macpherson is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the membership of the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

27	Name:	Dr. Piotr Michalowski
	Institution:	University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Piotr Michalowski is George G. Cameron Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations at the University of Michigan. Educated at Warsaw and Yale Universities, he then went on to do research and teach at Harvard, UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Michalowski's work concentrates on the literatures, religion, history, historiography, and languages of ancient Mesopotamia, with special attention to the early periods. Dr. Michalowski is currently working on a number of projects, including an edition of a major collection of Sumerian magical texts and an anthology of Sumerian poetry. His most recent publications include work on Sumerian goddesses, a study of the ideology of Nabonidus, the last independent king of Babylon, and a grammatical sketch of the Sumerian language. Also, for the last decade, he has been editor of the Journal of Cuneiform Studies. In light of recent world events, Dr. Michalowski organized and continues to guide the American Coordinating Committee for Iraqi Cultural Heritage. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999, was elected President of the International Association of Assyriologists in 2009, and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2007.

28	Name:	Dr. David G. Nathan
	Institution:	Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1929

	David Nathan is one of the most distinguished pediatric hematologists in the country. He has spent his career at Harvard University, where he has been a professor of medicine and professor of pediatrics, and in 1985 he was appointed Pediatrician-in-Chief at Childrens Hospital in Boston. In 1995 he became President of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Dr. Nathan has brought to his position scientific excellence, great integrity and a warm humanity. Among other awards he has received the National Medal of Science (1990) and the Henry Stratton Medal of the American Society of Hematology (1995). He earned his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1955.

29	Name:	Ms. Ida Nicolaisen
	Institution:	Nordic Institute of Asian Studies & Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Ida Nicolaisen is one of the most distinguished social anthropologists in Denmark today. In addition to her scientific studies, she is active in promoting environmental research in developing countries. The work for which she is best known relates to Malaysia. She has conducted fieldwork among the Punan Bah, in Sarawak, heads the Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project, and took the initiative in the building of a traditional sewn longboat by a Punan Bah man at the Viking Ship Museum in Denmark, as well as the erection of two remarkable totem poles at the National Museum. In addition to Malaysia, she has done fieldwork in the Philippines, Greenland, Niger, Chad, and Norway, and speaks many foreign languages, including Punan Bah. She is the editor of the multivolumed Danish Nomad Research publications. Her contributions are classical and have earned her an international reputation. Dr. Nicolaisen was the first woman to give the Annual Celebration at the University of Copenhagen (after 510 years). She is a Knight of the Order of Danneburg (Denmark), a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Arts and Sciences and Senior Research Fellow at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.

30	Name:	Mr. Kenneth H. Olsen
	Institution:	Advanced Modular Solutions, Inc.
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	February 6, 2011

	Kenneth Olsen was well known as the cofounder of Digital Equipment Corporation. Under his leadership, DEC produced the first small interactive computer, the PDP-1 in 1960, the first mass produced minicomputer, the PDP-8 in the late 1960's, and the popular 32-bit VAX computer line in 1977. The VAX immediately became the "workhorse" of the research community. Early in his career as a post World War II graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology he developed basic circuits for driving the first magnetic core memories, for which he was recognized by induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Dr. Olsen served on the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Computer Science and Engineering Board of the National Academy of Sciences. He received an M.S.E.E. from M.I.T. (1952) and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering; the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Ken Olsen died February 6, 2011, at the age of 84.

31	Name:	Dr. Robert O. Paxton
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Robert O. Paxton taught modern European history at the University of California, Berkeley and at the State University of New York, Stony Brook in the 1960s and at Columbia University from 1969-97. He served as chairman of the History Department at Columbia from 1980-82, specializing in the study of France under the Nazi Occupation. His principal works in this area are Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order (2nd edition, 2001) and, with Michael Marrus, Vichy France and the Jews (2nd edition, 1995). He published The Anatomy of Fascism, which has been translated into ten languages, in 2004. Dr. Paxton currently holds the title of Mellon Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Columbia University.

32	Name:	Sir Keith Peters
	Institution:	University of Cambridge & Christ's College
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Sir Keith Peters received his M.B. B.Ch. in Wales. He was a MRC clinical research fellow at the University of Birmingham and National Institute for Medical Research, London. He served as a lecturer in medicine at the Welsh National School of Medicine, honorary senior registrar in medicine at United Cardiff Hospitals, and professor of medicine and director of the department of medicine at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. He is currently the Regius Professor of Physics and Head of the Clinical School at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College. He was honored as Knight Bachelor in 1993 and FRS in 1995. He is a member of the Academia Europaea, Association of Physicians, Association of American Physicians, British Society for Immunology, European Society of Clinical Investigation, Scandinavian Society for Immunology, and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences. Sir Keith Peters is the preeminent physician-scientist in the UK. His principle scientific contributions relate to kidney disease and, in particular, the immunopathology and therapy for nephritis. He utilized the technique of plasmaphoresis and demonstrated its usefulness in the arrest of certain immunologically related diseases. His scientific contributions to medicine earned him election to the Royal Society, an unusual honor for one who is predominately a clinical scientist. This honor represents only one aspect of Sir Keith's contribution to medicine and science. He has trained many of the current leaders in UK academic medicine and has transformed the Cambridge Medical Schools, not only by the erection of new buildings but by elegant and successful recruitment to Cambridge of scientifically committed physicians. The intellectual merger of medicine in Cambridge with the existing strengths in the biological sciences has now positioned Cambridge as the leading academic medical center in Europe. That he serves on the Gairdner Foundation Award Committee and the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation reflects the high opinion that Sir Keith enjoys in this country as well. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

33	Name:	Dr. Hilary Putnam
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	407. Philosophy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	March 13, 2016

	Hilary W. Putnam is the Cogan University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at Harvard University. Before joining the faculty of Harvard, he was Professor of the Philosophy of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has also taught at Northwestern University and Princeton University (in both the Philosophy Department and Mathematics Departments). He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles as well as several honorary degrees. Dr. Putnam is past president of the American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division), the Philosophy of Science Association, and the Association for Symbolic Logic. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and of the British Academy. His books include three volumes of Philosophical Papers published by Cambridge University Press, a book on mind, language and computers titled Representation and Reality, and two volumes of collected papers published by Harvard University Press under the titles Realism with a Human Face and Words and Life. His new book, The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body and World has just been published by Columbia University Press. Dr. Putnam was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1998.

34	Name:	The Honorable Mary Robinson
	Institution:	Ethical Globalization Initiative; United Nations; Ireland
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	A brilliant academic who studied in Dublin and at Harvard, Mary Robinson, at age 25, became Reid Professor of Constitutional and Criminal Law (1969-75) at Trinity College, Dublin, and lecturer in European Community Law (1975-90). In 1988, with her husband Nicholas, she was co-founder and director of the Irish Centre for European Law, which promotes, among other things, the study of European human rights law in Ireland. From 1969-89 she was a member of Seanad Eireann, the Upper House of Parliament. She also served on the Dublin City Council, 1979-83, and the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva, 1987-90. In 1990, Mary Robinson became the first woman president of Ireland, at age 46, and redefined this primarily ceremonial role, representing her country internationally and developing a new sense of Ireland's economic, political and cultural links with other countries and cultures, with special emphasis on the needs of developing countries. In 1997, she was appointed the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, serving until 2002. An outspoken crusader, she both criticizes governments with poor human rights records and at the same time coaxes them into making improvements. She has personally visited more than 80 countries, including dangerous areas such as Sierra Leone, Chechnya, Kosovo and East Timor. She was the recipient of the Society's 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service. The citation for the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service reads, "Distinguished legal scholar; Professor of Law at Trinity College, Dublin. Exemplary barrister; devoted to human rights. Admired legislator, member of Seanad Eireann. Beloved President of the Republic of Ireland. Dedicated international public servant; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Tireless champion for the homeless, the dispossessed and the oppressed. The American Philosophical Society salutes this daughter of Ireland and citizen of the world, commends her unswerving devotion to human dignity and freedom, and awards her its Franklin Medal for outstanding public service." Mary Robinson is a member of the Royal Irish Academy and was elected a foreign member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. In 2002 she moved to New York City and presided over Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative. She is Honorary President of OxFam International and Vice President of the Club of Madrid. She chairs the Council of Women World Leaders, the GAVI Fund Board and the Fund for Global Human Rights. She is a Chancellor of Dublin University. In 2007 she was invited to become a founding member of the Elders, a group brought together by Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel that is dedicated to working for the common good. The alliance also includes former President Jimmy Carter, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and the retired Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu. In 2008 she was named to the board of trustees of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and in 2009 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. As Realizing Rights reached its planned end in December 2010, Mary Robinson returned to Dublin and set up the Mary Robinson Foundation for Climate Justice within the Innovation Academy established by Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin. The Foundation will work to foster Irish and international leadership on issues of climate change and sustainable development and promote climate justice and equity - ensuring human rights are at the center of the climate change agenda. She is the author of Everybody Matters: My Life Giving Voice (2013) and of Climate Justice (2017).

35	Name:	Dr. Paul Schimmel
	Institution:	The Scripps Research Institute
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Paul Schimmel is the Ernest and Jean Hahn Professor of Molecular Biology and Chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute. He received his Ph.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and remained on the faculty of MIT until 1997. Dr. Schimmel is the recipient of the Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society and is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Dr. Schimmel has contributed extensively to the understanding of the protein-RNA interactions that are the basis of the universal genetic code. He showed how features in small RNA structures are interpreted as specific amino acids referred to by some as a "second genetic code." Most recently he established how RNA structure plays an essential role in enhancing the accuracy of the genetic code by an error correction mechanism. Also, in other work, Nature magazine cited his development of "expressed sequence tags" as one of the four key developments that launched the human genome project. Author or co-author of 400 scientific papers and of a widely used three-volume textbook on biophysical chemistry, Dr. Schimmel has also applied basic biomedical research to human health. For example, his laboratory discovered human proteins active in blood vessel formation, developed them, and brought them to clinical medicine. He holds several patents and is cofounder or founding director of ten biotechnology companies, of which 5 are publicly traded. These companies are developing new therapies for human disease. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

36	Name:	Dr. Roger Newland Shepard
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	May 30, 2022

	Roger Shepard received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Currently the Ray Lyman Wilber Professor of Social Science Emeritus at Stanford University, Dr. Shepard has also served as professor of psychology and director of the psychological laboratories at Harvard University and as a department head at Bell Telephone Laboratories. He is the recipient of the James McKeen Cattell Fund Award, the Howard Crosby Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the Award in the Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation, the Wilbur Lucius Cross medal of the Yale Graduate School Alumni Association, the Rumelhart Prize in Cognitive Science, and the National Medal of Science. He has also received honorary degrees from Harvard, Rutgers, and the University of Arizona. Dr. Shepard is the author of over 100 scientific papers and three books, including: (with L.A. Cooper) Mental Images and Their Transformations (1982) and Mind Sights (1990, with translations published in German, 1991, French, 1992, Japanese, 1993, and Korean, 1994). He has served as president of the Psychometric Society. Roger Shepard's influential experimental and theoretical contributions to the cognitive and behavioral sciences include his development of widely used methods of multidimensional scaling and clustering for the discovery and quantification of structures implied by qualitative data; his objective demonstration and quantification of the analog nature of imagined spatial transformations and mental imagery; his establishment of a universal law of generalization; and his demonstrations of the role of cognitive structures in visual perception, illusion, and art and in auditory perception, illusion, and music. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

37	Name:	Professor Michael I. Sovern
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	January 20, 2020

	Michael Sovern was an internationally renowned legal scholar, a well-known labor arbitrator and mediator, and a prominent scholar in the fields of labor relations, employment discrimination, and conflict resolution. As dean, provost, and president of Columbia University, Dr. Sovern made notable contributions to Columbia, New York, and the nation. He became a leading spokesman for higher education in efforts to secure adequate federal funding for basic research and student aid through his published articles, speeches, and testimony before legislative committees. He spearheaded efforts to increase education opportunities for minority students. In his 13 years at Columbia, the university's endowment grew by more than a billion dollars, supporting new scholarships and fellowships, and a score of new academic centers, including the Harriman Institute, the National Center for Telecommunications Research, the National Center for Children in Poverty, and the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America. A graduate of Columbia University Law School (L.L.B., 1955), Dr. Sovern continued to serve as president emeritus and Chancellor Kent Professor of Law at Columbia, after stepping down as university president in 1993. Michael Sovern died January 20, 2020 in New York, New York at the age of 88.

38	Name:	Dr. T. N. Srinivasan
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	November 11, 2018

	T. N. Srinivasan was a scholar of world renown in the fields of international trade and economic development. He made innovative contributions to the analysis of poverty, income distribution, and the world trading system. The founder and co-editor of the Journal of Development Economics (1972-76), Dr. Srinivasan was the Samuel C. Park, Jr. Professor of Economics at Yale University from 1980 until his retirement. He received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1962 and was elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1982. In addition to his impressive theoretical work, he has a genuine impact on Indian economic policy. He worked for the Perspective Planning Division from 1961-76 and was tapped in by Manmohan Singh to do a review of economic reforms in 1993. T.N. Srinivasan died in Chennai, India on November 11, 2018 at the age of 85.

39	Name:	Dr. Thomas E. Starzl
	Institution:	University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	March 4, 2017

	Thomas E. Starzl was director emeritus of the Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute of the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center at the time of his death March 4, 2017, at age 90. He received his Ph.D. in neurophysiology and his M.D. degrees at Northwestern University. Completing surgical training at The Johns Hopkins University and the University of Miami, he became a Markle Scholar and faculty member at Northwestern University. In 1962, shortly after joining the faculty at the University of Colorado, Dr. Starzl performed his first kidney transplant and subsequently the world's first human liver transplant. Within a year, he had more kidney transplant recipients surviving than all other surgeons combined. He improved immunosuppression with anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG), cyclosporine-based treatment and tacrolimus. Largely through Dr. Starzl's efforts, transplantation of all organs came of age. Dr. Starzl joined the University of Pittsburgh faculty in 1981and performed the first of 30 liver transplants at the university that year, helping make the city the "transplant capital of the world." Retiring from clinical practice in 1991, Dr. Starzl (in collaboration with fellow APS member and Nobel laureate Rolf Zinkernagel) delineated the previously enigmatic mechanisms of organ engraftment and proposed radical modifications of immunosuppression strategy that facilitates these mechanisms. This work served to improve clinical outcomes as well as the overall understanding of the function of the immune system. In recognition of his groundbreaking work, he was awarded the Jonathan E. Rhoads Medal for Distinguished Service to Medicine in 2002 and the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor, in 2004. He received many other honors and awards, including the 2012 Lasker Award and the Blumberg Award from the Hepatitis B Foundation (2014), as well as 24 honorary doctorates from around the world. He published almost 2,200 scientific articles and four books, including his memoir entitled The Puzzle People: Memoirs of a Transplant Surgeon. Thomas Starzl was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1999. In 2016 the Society presented him with the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in Science. The citation read, "Tom Starzl has transformed human organ transplantation from science fiction to reliable treatment of fatal diseases, virtually changing medical practice. Fifty years ago when the world had only a handful of surviving kidney transplant recipients he showed that rejection was reversible, allowing consistent success. His introduction of new immunosuppressive agents helped him to accomplish the first liver and multivisceral transplants. His studies explain liver regeneration and determine that this organ controls lipid metabolism. His discovery of persistent donor cell chimerism in successful recipients points the way to allograft tolerance without chronic immunosuppression. In recognition of his profound contributions the American Philosophical Society salutes Thomas E. Starzl by awarding him its highest honor."

40	Name:	Mr. Frank Stella
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	One of the most significant abstract painters of the last fifty years, Frank Stella is an important figure in minimalism, post-painterly abstraction and offset lithography (a technique he devised). After studying history at Princeton University, he began work in 1958 on a series of strikingly sombre and intelligent paintings known as the black paintings. The Museum of Modern Art recognized the power of these paintings, which addressed themselves simultaneously to the empirical limitations of the flat space of paintings and the temporal extent of human life. Soon after this work was recognized with a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art, his restrained style was unleashed in a series of paintings that broke open the pictorial surface, appearing now as large 3-dimensional planes of aluminum. Painted in bright colors, these paintings launched a novel investigation of pictorial space that was uniquely recognized by a second retrospective. In 1983, in recognition of Stella's interest in aesthetic theory, he delivered the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard. In recent years he has taken on large-scale projects for public spaces and has received architectural commissions. He was presented with the John Singleton Copley Award in 2012 and the National Artists Award of the Anderson Ranch Arts Center in 2015.

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