American Philosophical Society
Member History

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21Name:  Dr. Ira Katznelson
 Institution:  Columbia University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1944
   
 
Ira Katznelson ranks with the best political scientists of his generation. His works on race, class, and urban politics - all soundly grounded in empirical reality - have set the scholarly and political agenda in the decades since their publication. He is further recognized for the historical and comparative dimensions of his studies while his theoretical explorations have established him in the ranks of contemporary political theorists. Beyond those reaches Dr. Katznelson is an intellectual par excellence and an insightful commentator on the political trends in our civilization. Finally, as a generous and effective teacher and colleague, he has inspired a generation of students to carry forward and expand the scholarly tradition he has created. A graduate of Cambridge University (Ph.D., 1969), Dr. Katznelson has taught at Columbia University, where he is Ruggles Professor of Political Science and History, since 1983. In September 2012 he became President of the Social Science Research Council. His published works include Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics and Migration in the United States, 1900-1930, and Britain, 1948-1968 (1973); City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (1981); (with M. Weir) Schooling for All: Race, Class, and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (1985); Marxism and the City (1992); Liberalism's Crooked Circle: Letters to Adam Michnik (1996); Desolation and Enlightenment: Political Knowledge After Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Holocaust (2003); Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (2013), which won the 2014 Bancroft Prize; and When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (2016).
 
22Name:  Mr. Saul A. Kripke
 Institution:  The Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1940
 Death Date:  September 15, 2022
   
 
Saul Kripke is professor of philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and McCosh Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Princeton University. He earned a B.A. from Harvard University in 1962 and was a Harvard Junior Fellow from 1963-67 before becoming professor of philosophy at Rockefeller University. He joined the Princeton faculty in 1976. Saul Kripke's work has significantly changed the way we look at fundamental philosophical problems today. His 1972 lectures at Princeton University, published as Naming and Necessity (1980), shattered a centuries-old consensus on the nature of the fundamental semantical concepts of connotation and reference, as well as challenging received ideas about necessity and contingency. On the technical side, Kripke transformed the subjects of modal and intuitionistic logic. He has also made fundamental contributions to set theory and generalized recursion theory, and to Boolean Algebra. Subsequently he proposed the first new formal theory of truth since Alfred Tarski's epochal work in the 1930s. He also proposed a radically new interpretation of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, one which continues to be at the center of virtually every discussion of that famous work. Kripke delivered Oxford University's John Locke Lectures in 1973-74 and was awarded the Swedish Academy of Sciences' Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy in 2001. Saul Kripke was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004. He has received honorary degrees from the University of Nebraska, Omaha (1977), Johns Hopkins University (1997) the University of Haifa (1998) and the University of Pennsylvania (2005).
 
23Name:  Dr. Bruce Kuklick
 Institution:  University of Pennsylvania
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
Bruce Kuklick is primarily an intellectual historian, although he has also written about the American presidency, the partition of Germany in 1945, and a Philadelphia baseball stadium. In two of his finest books he analyzes American intellectual life between 1880 and 1930. The Rise of American Philosophy presents a group portrait of Harvard philosophers in the golden age of Josiah Royce and William James, while Puritans in Babylon studies the cultural and institutional impact of the first American archaeological explorations of the ancient Near East. In A History of Philosophy in America, 1720-2000, which received a rave review in the Times Literary Supplement, he focuses with great acuity on the 300-year conflict between religious and secular values in American intellectual life. His more recent published work focuses on the role of academics in the political world (Intellectuals and War: From Kennan to Kissinger, 2006), and at the present time he is engaged in writing an international history of great power intervention in the Congo in 1960-61 and the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D., 1968) and a member of the faculty since 1972, Dr. Kuklick has served as Roy F. and Jeannette P. Nichols Professor of History since 1996. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004. In 2015 he was awarded the Henry Allen Moe Prize from the American Philosophical Society for his paper "Killing Lumumba" presented at the Society’s April Meeting in 2012, and published in the June 2014 Proceedings.
 
24Name:  Dr. Robert P. Langlands
 Institution:  Institute for Advanced Study
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1936
   
 
The "Langlands Philosophy" is widely recognized as the most far-reaching dream that mathematicians currently have for the future development of mathematics. For the past three centuries, the subject of modular forms has been a major strand of mathematics, treated by such great mathematicians as Euler and Gauss. But it had the character of a bag of tricks and special results. Then, in 1967, Dr. Langlands announced the "Langlands conjectures," which displayed for the first time the underlying patterns at work. In the 35 years since then, these conjectures have become increasingly important. Guided by them, an underlying unity has been found, with deep consequences for many branches of mathematics. These include number theory (where Langlands' work played a role in Wiles' proof of Fermat's conjecture), algebraic geometry (where 30 of the best young geometers work in what they call "geometric Langlands theory"), and representation theory (where the Langlands conjectures lead to a classification of the representations that come up in the study of quantum mechanics). Today, the Langlands conjectures provide the basic motivation and guidance for the work of many mathematicians working in diverse fields. Dr. Langlands has also written extensively on mathematical physics, and he has a strong interest in history. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D., 1960), he has been a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study since 1972. He is currently Professor of Mathematics Emeritus. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and has been awarded the Lester R. Ford Prize from the Mathematical Association of America. In 2018 he was awarded the Abel Prize.
 
25Name:  Mr. H. F. (Gerry) Lenfest
 Institution:  The Lenfest Foundation
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1930
 Death Date:  August 5, 2018
   
 
A celebrated leader in business and philanthropy, Gerry Lenfest was an active and generous supporter of educational, civic, and cultural causes. He dedicated his talents and resources to sustaining and enhancing the vitality of the Philadelphia region and communities beyond, especially in the fields of the arts and education. He and his wife received the Philadelphia Award in 2009 in recognition of their contributions to the region. In 2017 he was awarded the Carnegie Medal for Philanthropy. Mr. Lenfest's career began in law, and through his work at Triangle Publications with Walter H. Annenberg, he became engaged with the communications industry. His cable television company, Suburban Cable TV, was a leader in the cable sector until its sale to Comcast in 2000. He launched a televised promotional campaign for all the resident companies of the Kimmel Center and the Academy of Music, as well as the Philadelphia Museum of Art (where he served as chairman of the board), increasing public awareness of the arts in Philadelphia. Lenfest also supported the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Michener Museum, among other arts institutions. Holding a variety of institutional leadership positions, Lenfest aided in the growth of the schools he attended - Columbia Law School, Washington and Lee University, and Mercersburg Academy. In 2000, he and his wife established The Lenfest Foundation, dedicated to supporting programs that provide individuals of all ages and backgrounds with opportunities to help themselves improve the quality of their lives. In 2007 the Librarian of Congress appointed Lenfest as chairman of the James Madison Council, the library's private-sector advisory body. In 2015 Lenfest donated the Philadelphia Media Network, including The Inquirer, Daily News, and philly.com, to the nonprofit Institute for Journalism in New Media in order to ensure the stability and independence of local news. His support and leadership was instrumental to the creation of the Museum of the American Revolution, which opened in 2017. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004. Gerry Lenfest died on August 5, 2018, at the age of 88.
 
26Name:  Mr. A. Bruce Mainwaring
 Institution:  UTI Corporation; Micro-Coax, Inc.; Beaumont Retirement Community; University of Pennsylvania
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1927
 Death Date:  September 6, 2022
   
 
A. Bruce Mainwaring is the retired Chairman of the Board of Directors of the UTI Corporation (now Accellent, Inc.)which manufactures metal tubing and tubular products. He is Chairman of Micro-Coax, Inc. manufacturer of microwave and telecommunications components. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, he served on the university\'s Board of Trustees from 1991-96, assuming an emeritus position in 1997. He has also served on the Board of Overseers of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (1983-96, chair, 1991-96, emeritus, 1997-) and is a former trustee or board member of numerous organizations, including Beaumont Retirement Community, Inc. (chair, 2004-2007), International House of Philadelphia(chair, 1980-82), American Research Center in Egypt, Valley Forge Council of the Boy Scouts of America, Philadelphia Area Council for Economic Education, Chief Executives\' Organization, Academic Affairs Committee of the Monmouth College (Illinois) Senate (Chair) Academic Affairs Committee 1975-1977, and he served on committees to revise the governance and relocate the campus of Episcopal Academy. A highly successful businessman, Mainwaring has also had a lifelong interest in the sciences and has been able to maintain an active interest in scholarly institutions, especially the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology. An enlightened philanthropist, he has generously supported a host of important scholarly activities over the years, has chaired the boards of important cultural institutions such as the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the International House of Philadelphia and is highly knowledgeable about a host of scholarly fields.
 
27Name:  Dr. Fedwa Malti-Douglas
 Institution:  Indiana University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  408
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1946
 Death Date:  February 17, 2023
   
 
Fedwa Malti-Douglas served as the Martha C. Kraft Chair of Humanities in the College of Arts and Sciences, Professor of Gender Studies and Comparative Literature and Adjunct Professor of Law in the School of Law at Indiana University. In January 2013 she became College Professor Emeritus at Indiana University. A former Chercheur at the CNRS in Paris, she was a faculty member at the Salzburg Seminar in Salzburg, Austria, a Resident Fellow at the Bellagio Study and Conference Center, and a Senior Fellow at the Society for the Humanities at Cornell University. She was selected by the Cornell College of Arts and Sciences as the James H. Becker Annual Distinguished Alumna. In addition, Dr. Malti-Douglas has delivered many annual, name, and endowed lectures, been the recipient of numerous grants, and served on various boards (including editorial boards) and visiting committees. After winning the 1997 Kuwait Prize for Arts and Letters, Dr. Malti-Douglas went on to receive the 1998 Distinguished Scholar Award from the Office for Women's Affairs as well as the 2000 Distinguished Faculty Research Lecture Award at Indiana University (both university wide). The Indiana University Student Association had already named her an Outstanding Teacher in 1993-94. The author of nine scholarly books and coauthor of three more, she has also published over ninety articles (as well as being editor of coeditor of four volumes). Her book Men, Women, and God(s) was chosen as A Centennial Book by the University of California Press (1995) and her The Starr Report Disrobed (2000) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Dr. Malti-Douglas has also published a novel, Hisland (1998, 1999), an academic satire featured in The Chronicle of Higher Education, where Marjorie Perloff called it "one of the funniest academic novels in recent years." Prof. Malti-Douglas has been a guest on radio and television programs. She served as Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender (4 volumes, 2006). She was awarded the 2014 National Humanities Medal and the 2015 Indiana University President's Medal.
 
28Name:  Dr. Benoit B. Mandelbrot
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1924
 Death Date:  October 14, 2010
   
 
His Wolf Prize citation hails Benoit Mandelbrot for having "changed our view of nature", and IBM had cited him earlier in words that have been repeatedly confirmed: "Few contemporary scholars have made such penetrating contributions to as many fields of physical and social science. . . His success, where others have faltered, has been due to a combination of command of mathematical tools, extraordinary breadth, and even rarer intellectual courage." Fractal geometry, which he pioneered and named, also changed the way students and the world at large view mathematics and science. In pure mathematics, examination of masterful computer graphics led him to conjectures of great taste and difficulty that brought several slowly moving fields to intense activity. His observations revived iteration theory after a half century of forced inactivity; but his MLC conjecture (that the "Mandelbrot set is locally connected") is still unsolved after more than a quarter century. In probability theory, his conjecture that the boundary of a segment of Brownian notion is of dimension 4/3 was only proved after 18 years. He broadened the scope of physics by quantifying for the first time a holdover basic sensation, showing that the roughness of typical surfaces can actually be measured by a fractal dimension or Hölder exponent that turned out to be a new "universal." He showed how the support of intermittent turbulence can be measured and how the physics of diverse clusters is determined by their fractal geometry. In economics he enunciated the scaling principle in the 1960s, and his models for price variation, including his later notion of variable (fractal) trading time, are central to current developments in finance. A native of Poland, Benoit Mandelbrot became Docteur d'Etat ès Sciences Mathématiques in Paris in 1952. He was IBM Fellow Emeritus in Physics and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Sciences at Yale University at the time of his death on October 14,2010, at the age of 85.
 
29Name:  Dr. Douglas S. Massey
 Institution:  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1952
   
 
Douglas S. Massey served as the Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, becoming Emeritus in 2023. Formerly he was the Dorothy Swaine Thomas Professor and Chair of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He is co-author of American Apartheid (Harvard University Press, 1993), which won the Distinguished Publication Award of the American Sociological Association. More recently he co-authored The Source of the River (2003, the first analysis of minority achievement in selective colleges and universities based on a representative sample, as well as the follow up book Taming the River (2009), which examined the determinants of persistence and grade achievement through the first two years of college (both from Princeton University Press. Massey has also published extensively on Mexican immigration, including the books Return to Aztlan (University of California Press, 1987) and Miracles on the Border (University of Arizona Press, 1995), which won a 1996 Southwest Book Award. His latest two books on immigration are Beyond Smoke and Mirrors (Russell Sage, 2002), which won the 2004 Otis Dudley Duncan Award for the best book in social demography, and Brokered Boundaries: Constructing Immigrant Identity in Anti-Immigrant Times (Russell Sage 2010). In 2017 he was awarded the Henry Allen Moe Prize of the American Philosophical Society for his paper " The Mexican-U.S. Border in the American Imagination" presented to the Society at its April 2015 Meeting and published in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume 160, no. 2, June 2016. Massey has also served on the faculty of the University of Chicago where he directed its Latin American Studies Center and Population Research Center. He is also formerly a director of the University of Pennsylvania's Population Studies Center and chair of its Graduate Group in Demography. During 1979 and 1980 he undertook postdoctoral research at the University of California at Berkeley and Princeton University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1978. Massey is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He is Past-President of the Population Association of America and the American Sociological Association and current President of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He was recently elected to the Council of the National Academy of Science.
 
30Name:  Mr. David McCullough
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1933
 Death Date:  August 7, 2022
   
 
David McCullough has been called "a master of the art of narrative history." Born in Pennsylvania in 1933, he earned his B.A. from Yale University and went on to craft a brilliant career as an author, editor, essayist, teacher and television narrator. He is the author of seven distinguished books: The Johnstown Flood (1968); The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (1972); The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914 (1977); Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt (1981); Brave Companions (1991); Truman (1992); John Adams (2001); and The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris (2011). A master of his craft, Mr. McCullough has consistently reached a wide audience with his historical narratives on dramatic themes. Combining scrupulous scholarship with literary distinction. Mr. McCullough's writing has been recognized with multiple Pulitzer Prizes (1993, 2002), National Book Awards (1978, 1993) and Francis Parkman Prizes as well as the National Humanities Medal, among other honors. He is a member of the Society of American Historians (past president) and of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was named a Library of Congress "Living Legend" in 2008.
 
31Name:  Mr. Robert L. McNeil
 Institution:  The Barra Foundation; McNeil Laboratories, Inc.
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1915
 Death Date:  May 20, 2010
   
 
Robert L. McNeil, Jr. is a philanthropist who has devoted more than forty years to strengthening the artistic and intellectual environment of the Philadelphia area. Born in Connecticut in 1915, he holds a B.S. from Yale University (1936) and a B.Sc. from Philadelphia College of Pharmacy & Science (1938). From 1938-65 he worked at McNeil Laboratories as research chemist to director of research department to vice president (1938-56); director (1941-65); and chairman (1956-65). Since 1964, through the Barra Foundation, Mr. McNeil has done a great deal to support research and publication in early American history and culture. He has supported the publication of scores of difficult-to-fund art books and scholarly editions, has endowed professorships of American art history at Yale University and Wellesley College, and has endowed fellowships at the Winterthur Museum, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Library Company of Philadelphia, and the American Philosophical Society Library. He has also generously endowed the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, which was renamed in his honor. A noted collector of American art, silver and furniture of the period 1750-1825, he has made important gifts to such institutions as the National Gallery, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Winterthur Museum, and the National Constitution Center. Mr. McNeil has served as a director of corporations such as Johnson & Johnson, Arrow International, Inc., Island Gem Enterprises and Resco Products, Inc. He has also been vice president and trustee of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; governor of the Yale University Art Gallery; director of the Archives of American Art, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Valley Forge Historical Society; and a trustee of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy & Science, Princeton Theological Seminary and Germantown Academy. In sum, Robert McNeil is a remarkably active and effective supporter of art, education, and public service.
 
32Name:  Dr. J. Hillis Miller
 Institution:  University of California, Irvine
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1928
 Death Date:  February 9, 2021
   
 
J. Hillis Miller taught for many years at the Johns Hopkins University and then at Yale University before moving in 1986 to the University of California, Irvine, where he was UCI Distinguished Research Professor of English and Comparative Literature Emeritus. He was the author of many books and essays on nineteenth and twentieth-century English, European, and American literature, and on literary theory. His most recent books are Others (2001), Speech Acts in Literature (2002), On Literature (2002), and Zero Plus One (2003). His recent work includes a book on speech acts in the novels and stories of Henry James. A J. Hillis Miller Reader has also recently appeared from Edinburgh University Press and Stanford University Press. He died on February 9, 2021.
 
33Name:  Dr. Linda Nochlin
 Institution:  Institute of Fine Arts, New York University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1931
 Death Date:  October 29, 2017
   
 
One of the most important and influential art historians of the later twentieth century, Linda Nochlin was a pioneer in the feminist approach to art history. Functioning both as a scholar and as a role model for younger art historians, Dr. Nochlin conducted important research in the field of late nineteenth and early twentieth century French art. Her writings on Courbet are essential to the bibliography on this important painter, and in a series of important essays she explored with erudition and great eloquence questions of the relationship between art and power, particularly in the areas of politics and gender. Deeply versed in theoretical approaches to the field, Dr. Nochlin's work is informed by a profound humanity and generosity of spirit, qualities which have made her an inspiring teacher and mentor to many students and younger scholars. She was the Lila Acheson Wallace Professor of Modern Art at New York University's Institute of Fine Arts. Dr. Nochlin has also taught at Yale University (1990-92), Vassar College (1963-80) and the City University of New York (1980-90). She is the author of books including Realism (1972); Gustave Courbet: A Study of Style and Society (1976); Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics (1978); Courbet Reconsidered (1988); Women, Art, Power & Other Essays (1988); and The Politics of Vision (1990). Linda Nochlin died October 29, 2017, at the age of 86 in Manhattan.
 
34Name:  Ms. Julie Packard
 Institution:  Monterey Bay Aquarium
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  105. Physical Earth Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1953
   
 
Through her leadership of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, support of projects via the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and service of the Pew Oceans Commission, Julie Packard has become an icon for understanding and protecting the Earth\'s environment. She helped found the Monterey Bay Aquarium twenty years ago, providing strong leadership ans the first and only executive director of an institution whose mission is to promote and inspire ocean conservation. With teh Monterey Bay Aquarium success, in 1987 the Packard family founded the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, dedicated to the advancement of ocean sciences. Julie Packard has served as a member of its board since its inception and as chair since 1996. A trustee of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for 25 years, she has helped share the foundation\'s philanthropic programs to support conservation and science. Born in California, Ms. Packard hold an M.A. from University of California, Santa Cruz (1978). She was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservation in 1998.
 
35Name:  Dr. P. James E. Peebles
 Institution:  Princeton University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1935
   
 
An outstanding theoretical cosmologist, Jim Peebles has pioneered two important themes of modern cosmology: using physics and observations to reach a better understanding of cosmic evolution from the big bang, and seeking a quantitative understanding of the large-scale structure of the universe. After receiving his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1962, Dr. Peebles started to look into testable effects of a hot dense epoch after the big bang. In particular, he found that if thermal radiation exists, the universe must have gone through a stage about 100 seconds after the big bang when about 25 percent of the matter combined to form helium nuclei (the sun is about 25 percent helium). The agreement between observations and the theory of the abundance of light nuclei is a major factor in support of the modern cosmological model. Dr. Peebles has been associated with Princeton University, where he is presently Albert Einstein Professor of Science Emeritus, for over 40 years. A member of the American Physical Society, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Peebles has received many honors for his accomplishments, including the A.C. Morrison Award in National Science (1977), the Royal Astronomical Society's Eddington Medal (1981) and Gold Medal (1998) and the Gruber Cosmology Prize (2000). In 2019 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 
36Name:  Dr. Donald F. Steiner
 Institution:  University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1930
 Death Date:  November 11, 2014
   
 
Donald F. Steiner was born in Lima, Ohio in 1930. He received his M.D. degree from the University of Chicago in 1956 and had a distinguished career at the university as professor of biochemistry (1968-70); A. N. Pritzker Professor of Biochemistry and Medicine (1970-84); chairman of the department of biochemistry (1973-79); director of the Diabetes-Endocrinology Center (1974-78); associate director of the Diabetes and Research Training Center (1977-81); and A. N. Pritzker Distinguished Service Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medicine (1984-2014). He has also been a senior investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1985-2006) and director or co-director of the University of Chicago Diabetes and Research Training Center. In 1967 Dr. Steiner discovered proinsulin, the single-chain precursor of insulin. He purified it and studied its structure, properties, biosynthesis, and cell biology, demonstrating its intracellular conversion into insulin and the cosecreted C-peptide. With Dr. A. H. Rubenstein, radioimmunoassays were developed for proinsulin and C-peptide in serum, which have been widely applied in diabetes research. Dr. Steiner's pioneering studies thus opened the now very broad field of precursor protein processing, leading to the identification of many other proproteins and more recently to the discovery of the mammalian proprotein convertase family of cellular processing endoproteases. His laboratory also first demonstrated receptor-mediated uptake and degradation of insulin. His discoveries have strongly influenced insulin and islet cell research, ranging from the commercial production of human insulin for diabetes therapy to the evolution of insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). The recipient of honors including the Gairdner Award (1971), Wolf Foundation Prize in Medicine (1985) and the Endocrine Society's Fred C. Koch Award (1990), Dr. Steiner was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member ofthe American Philosophical Society in 2004. Donald Steiner died November 11, 2014, at age 84 at his home in Chicago, Illinois.
 
37Name:  Ms. Jean Strouse
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Jean Strouse is an author and the Sue Ann and John Weinberg Director of the New York Public Library's Dorothy and Lewis B. Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers. She earned her B.A. from Radcliffe College in 1967 and went on to work as an editorial assistant for The New York Review of Books (1967-69), as a freelance writer and editor (1969-72); as an editor at Pantheon Books (1972-75); and as a book critic for Newsweek magazine (1979-83). In 1975 she published her first book, Women & Analysis, Dialogues on Psychoanalytic Views of Femininity and followed that in 1980 with a biography of Alice James that won the Bancroft Prize in American History and Diplomacy. In 1999 she published another biography, Morgan: American Financier, to much praise. Ms. Strouse's essays and reviews have also appeared in The New York Times Book Review, The New Yorker, Grand Street, The Washington Post, The New York Review of Books, Vogue, and Newsweek. She has served as a trustee of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and The Harvard Advocate; on the executive board of The Readers' Encyclopedia of American History; and on the executive council of the Authors Guild.
 
38Name:  Dr. JoAnne Stubbe
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
JoAnne Stubbe is one of the world's leading enzymologists. Her specific interest is in how reactive chemical intermediates such as free radicals are exploited and controlled in biochemical processes to effect difficult chemical transformations. With experiments of sparkling originality, she showed that a key enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase, that is involved in the synthesis of deoxynucleotides, initiates its chemistry through an unusual diferrictyrosyl radical that abstracts a key hydrogen from the sugar nucleus. Surprisingly, an important chemotherapeutic agent, bleomycin, was shown by Dr. Stubbe to owe its antitumor activity to a free radical mechanism that neatly explains its chemical and sequence specificity. Currently Novartis Professor of Chemistry and Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dr. Stubbe has previously held faculty positions at Williams College (1972-77), Yale University Medical School (1977-80) and the University of Wisconsin (1980-87). She holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (1971). The recipient of honors including the Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry (1986), the Alfred Bader Award in Bioorganic & Bioinorganic Chemistry (1997), the National Medal of Science (2009), and the Franklin Institute's Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science (2009). Dr. Stubbe was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1991 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1992.
 
39Name:  Dr. Samuel O. Thier
 Institution:  Harvard Medical School
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
Samuel Thier, nationally-known authority on internal medicine, kidney disease, biomedical research, national health policy, and medical education, has reshaped every institution he has led. At Yale University, he raised the status of the academic medicine department chair. As president of the Institute of Medicine (1985-91), he established the institute as an objective and expert source of health policy. As president of Brandeis University (1991-94), he raised the level of intellectual ferment and reclarified the university's mission. As president and CEO of Partners HealthCare System (1997-2002), he has made perhaps his most important contribution in demonstrating that a large, fully-integrated academic health system can provide excellent clinical care while maintaining financial stability and strenghthening research and education programs. Born in New York, Dr. Thier received his M.D. from the State University of New York at Syracuse in 1960. He subsequently worked at Massachusetts General Hospital (1967-69) and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (1969-71) and as vice chairman of the Department of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (1971-75) before joining the Yale University School of Medicine as chairman of the department of internal medicine in 1975. From 1994-97 he served as president of Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Thier's many accolades include the John Phillips Memorial Award of the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (2001) and the Robert H. Williams, M.D., Distinguished Chair of Medicine Award from the Association of Professors of Medicine (2003). He was elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1988.
 
40Name:  Dr. Ronald G. Witt
 Institution:  Duke University
 Year Elected:  2004
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1932
 Death Date:  March 15, 2017
   
 
Ronald Witt was a distinguished scholar of Renaissance humanism with an extensive publication record. His book In the Footsteps of the Ancients is considered the most important book on the medieval origins of Renaissance humanism in the past fifty years, and it has gained widespread international recognition as a ground-breaking contribution to the early history of the humanist movement in Italy. He is a recipient of the American Philosophical Society's Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History and of the American Historical Society's Marraro Prize, given for the best book in Italian studies. His election as vice president (with automatic succession to the office of president) of the Renaissance Society of America was further testimony to his leadership in the field of Renaissance studies. At the time of his death on March 15, 2017, at age 84, he was William B. Hamilton Professor of History Emeritus at Duke University, where he had taught since 1971, Dr. Witt received his Ph.D. from Harvard University (1965). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004.
 
Election Year
2004[X]
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