American Philosophical Society
Member History

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21Name:  Dr. Kenneth I. Kellermann
 Institution:  National Radio Astronomy Observatory
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
Dr. Kenneth I. Kellermann is a Senior Scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory where he works on the study of radio galaxies, quasars and cosmology, on the development of new instrumentation for radio astronomy, and the history of radio astronomy. He also holds an appointment as a Research Professor at the University of Virginia and as an Outside Scientific member of the German Max Planck Society. Dr. Kellermann received his S.B. degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and his Ph. D. in physics and astronomy from Caltech in 1963. Following his Ph. D. he spent two years at the CSIRO Radiophysics Laboratory in Australia. Since 1965 he has been at NRAO except for extended leaves at Caltech as a Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visitor, and in the Netherlands, Australia, and Germany. He has served as the Assistant Director at NRAO and as Director at the Max Planck Institute fur Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany. Dr. Kellermann is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is a recipient of the Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Gould Prize of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is a member of the International Astronomical Union, where he served as president of the Commission on Radio Astronomy, the American Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and the Astronomical Society of Australia. He has served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences and on the Board of Trustees of the North East Radio Astronomy Corporation.
 
22Name:  Dr. Robert A. Laudise
 Institution:  Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies & Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Rutgers University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  103. Engineering
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1930
 Death Date:  8/20/98
   
23Name:  Dr. Robert E. Lucas
 Institution:  University of Chicago
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1938
 Death Date:  May 15, 2023
   
 
Robert Lucas, who was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1995, has been the single most influential intellectual force in macroeconomic theory in the past 30 years. He has led a generation of macroeconomists into a new style of work: explicitly dynamic, insistent on a particular equilibrium concept, attentive to the influence of expectation but insistent also on a particular way of formulating expectations and processing information. Dr. Lucas earned his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago and joined the faculty of his alma mater in 1975 after an 11-year stint at Carnegie Mellon University. Since 1980 he has held the univeristy's John Dewey Distinguished Service Professorship in Economics.
 
24Name:  Dr. Sabine G. MacCormack
 Institution:  University of Notre Dame
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1941
 Death Date:  June 16, 2012
   
 
Sabine MacCormack was a historian of the Roman empire, late antiquity and the early modern Spanish world, with a special interest in the peoples and cultures of the Andes. She had worked on the reasons for, and consequences of, political and religious change, focusing on the impact of Christianity in the Roman Mediterranean and in the Andes. Another interest was the interrelation between word and image, language and visual culture in the Roman empire and early modernity. She worked on the impact of the classical tradition as formulated in Spain and of memories of the Inca empire on the development of early modern political cultures in the Andes. Her interest in teaching was focused on the nature of knowledge: on what we think we know, and why, and what we might actually know. She was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Professor of Arts and Letters at the University of Notre Dame at the time of her death June 16, 2012, at the age of 71. , Dr. MacCormack had previously taught at Stanford University and the University of Michigan. She earned B.A. and D.Phil. degrees from Oxford University.
 
25Name:  Dr. Robert L. Middlekauff
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1929
 Death Date:  March 10, 2021
   
 
Robert L. Middlekauff was Preston Hotchkiss Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. After earning his Ph.D. in history from Yale University in 1961, he became a member of Berkeley's faculty in 1962. In 1983 he became Director of the Huntington Library, Art Gallery, and Botanical Gardens. Dr. Middlekauff returned to the history department at Berkeley in 1988. Noted for his dedication to his students, he is the recipient of both the Berkeley Citation for Distinguished Achievement and Notable Service to the University (1983) and the Distinguished Teaching Award (1996). Dr. Middlekauff is in the first rank of historians of his generation. His studies of New England Puritan culture are a benchmark in a field that has reached a degree of sophistication above any other in American intellectual history. Major volumes by Dr. Middlekauff include The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, for which he received the 1972 Bancroft Prize, and Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies. He is also a frequent contributor of scholarly articles, chapters, and reviews in various journals and books. Robert Middlekauff was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997. He died on March 10, 2021.
 
26Name:  Dr. George L. Mosse
 Institution:  University of Wisconsin, Madison; Hebrew University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1918
 Death Date:  1/22/99
   
27Name:  Dr. David Mumford
 Institution:  Brown University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  104. Mathematics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1937
   
 
David Mumford is a mathematician known both for his distinguished work in algebraic geometry and for his research into vision and pattern theory. Currently a professor emeritus in the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown University, he previously had a long academic career at Harvard University, where he became a full professor of mathematics at Harvard University at the age of 30. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1961. Dr. Mumford's work in geometry always combined the traditional geometric insights with the latest algebraic techniques. He published on moduli spaces, with a theory summed up in his book Geometric Invariant Theory, on the equations defining an abelian variety, and on algebraic surfaces. He essentially founded the subject of the global moduli of algebraic curves, and in 1974, he was awarded the highest distinction in mathematics, the Fields Medal. During the 1980s Dr. Mumford left algebraic geometry in order to study brain structure. He was a MacArthur Fellow from 1987-92, won the Shaw Prize in 2006, and was awarded the 2010 National Medal of Science. His current area of work is pattern theory.
 
28Name:  Dr. Sanford Louis Palay
 Institution:  Harvard University & Boston College
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  209. Neurobiology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1918
 Death Date:  August 5, 2002
   
29Name:  Mr. Itzhak Perlman
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
Israeli-born violinist Itzhak Perlman is known worldwide for his flawless technique and warm stage presence. Propelled into the international arena with his 1958 appearance on the "Ed Sullivan Show" at age 13, Mr. Perlman has since gone on to tour internationally both in recital and with orchestra and earned 13 Grammy awards for his recordings. Among the few classical artists to be on the cover of Newsweek magazine, he has appeared on television shows as diverse as the Tonight Show and Sesame Street. As a performer, speaker, teacher, collaborator and friend to countless young musicians, he is an invaluable ambassador for the human spirit and has transcended the traditional bounds of musicianship. Mr. Perlman was appointed artistic director of the Westchester Philharmonic, from 2008 to 2011. He will conduct the orchestra at three of its five programs for three seasons beginning in October 2008. In 2015 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2016 he was awarded the Genesis Prize.
 
30Name:  The Honorable William Warren Scranton
 Institution:  United Nations
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1917
 Death Date:  July 28, 2013
   
 
William Scranton had long served the public through his effective leadership on the state, national and international levels. He served as a Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1961-63, then as governor of Pennsylvania from 1963-67 and as United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1976-77. Known for his education reforms as governor and for his measured approach to diplomacy and interest in human rights as ambassador, Mr. Scranton received numerous honors, including the American Philosophical Society's Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1997. The citation read "in recognition of his leadership on the state, national and international level as a political leader who earned the respect of colleagues in both political parties. His voice of reason guided important studies which revealed what troubled American society at home, and suggested paths toward greater amity among nations." William Warren Scranton died July 28, 2013, at the age of 96 in Montecito, California.
 
31Name:  Dr. Vincent Scully
 Institution:  Yale University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  504. Scholars in the Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1920
 Death Date:  November 30, 2017
   
 
Vincent J. Scully Jr. was born in New Haven, Connecticut and attended Hillhouse High School, on the site of what would later become Morse College, where he served as master from 1969-75. For a half a century he taught hundreds of students in packed lecture halls at Yale University. Even after retiring as Sterling Professor Emeritus of the History of Art, he was one of the university's most recognized scholars and has published many articles and more than a dozen books which span a wide spectrum of subject matter. Observing early in his teaching career that urban development during the 1950s tended to destroy neighborhoods by the imposition of freeways and superblocks, Dr. Scully argued fervently that the principles of modernism are incompatible with communal values. Several of his students have gone on to become important American architects, and his influence now manifests itself in the design of many urban and suburban sites throughout the nation. Among Dr. Scully's best-known works are The Shingle Style: Architectural Theory and Design from Richardson to the Origins of Wright; Frank Lloyd Wright; The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture; Louis I. Kahn; Pueblo: Mountain, Village, Dance; The Villas of Palladio; and Architecture: the Natural and the Manmade. Vincent J. Scully died on November 30, 2017 in Lynchburg, VA at the age of 97.
 
32Name:  Dr. Amartya Kumar Sen
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1933
   
 
Amartya Sen is Lamont University Professor at Harvard University and was until recently the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1998 he received the Nobel Prize in Economics for his "contributions to welfare economics." Educated at Presidency College in Calcutta and at Trinity College, Dr. Sen served as Professor of Economics at Delhi University and at the London School of Economics as well as Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University. He is past president of the Econometric Society, the Indian Economic Association, the American Economic Association and the International Economic Association. He is also a former president of OXFAM and continues to serve as its Honorary Advisory. Professor Sen's work ranges over a number of fields in economics, philosophy, and decision theory, including social choice theory, welfare economics, theory of measurement, development economics, moral and political philosophy, and the economics of peace and war. Amartya Sen's books include Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970), On Economic Inequality (1973, 1997), Poverty and Famines (1981), Choice, Welfare and Measurement (1982), Resources, Values and Development (1984), On Ethics and Economics (1987), The Standard of Living (1987) Inequality Reexamined (1992), and Development as Freedom (1999). Rationality and Freedom (2004) was followed by a companion volume, Freedom and Justice. In 2009, he published The Idea of Justice, in 2013 An Uncertain Glory, and in 2016 The Country of the First Boys. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Professor Sen's work has been recognized with the "Bharat Ratna" (the highest honor awarded by the President of India), the Edinburgh Medal, the Eisenhower Medal, the National Humanities Medal (2011), the inaugural John Maynard Keynes Prize (2015), and the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (2017). Amartya Sen was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997.
 
33Name:  Dr. Carla J. Shatz
 Institution:  Stanford University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  208. Plant Sciences
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1947
   
 
Carla Shatz conducts basic research in brain development and function that helps lead to a better understating of neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and dyslexia, as well as learning and memory. She studies how neural signaling - first in the womb and later from what our senses pick up - sculpts and reinforces proper brain circuits as they form between nerve cells in the eye and brain. Dr. Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a B.A. in chemistry and then won a Marshall Scholarship to study physiology at University College London. She was awarded a Harvard Junior Fellowship at Harvard Medical School, where she received a Ph.D. in neurobiology in 1976. In 1978 Dr. Shatz established her own lab at Stanford University where she became Professor of Neurobiology. In 1992, she moved to the University of California, Berkeley as professor and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical School, then to Harvard Medical School as Nathan March Pusey Professor and Chair of the Department of Neurobiology. In 2007 she returned to Stanford as the Director of BioX. Her work has gained her numerous honors, including the Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education (1995), the Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions for Vision Research (1997), the Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society (1999), the Weizman Women and Science Award (2000), the Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D., Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology (2013), the Gruber Prize (2015), and the Kavli Neuroscience Prize (2016). Her expertise on brain development and learning has led to service on many advisory panels including the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning in 1997. In 1992, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, in 1995 to the National Academy of Sciences, in 1997 to the American Philosophical Society, and in 1999 to the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Shatz is past president (1994-1995) of the 28,000 member Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998-2001.
 
34Name:  Dr. Ruth J. Simmons
 Institution:  Prairie View A&M University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1945
   
 
On December 4, 2017, Ruth J. Simmons was officially named the eighth president of Prairie View A&M University. She is the first woman to serve as president of the university. From 2001-2012, she served as the 18th president of Brown University. A French professor before entering university administration, Dr. Simmons previously held an appointment as a professor of comparative literature and of Africana studies at Brown. She graduated from Dillard University in New Orleans before completing her Ph.D. in Romance languages and literatures at Harvard University. She served in various administrative roles at the University of Southern California, Princeton University and Spelman College before becoming president of Smith College, the largest women's college in the United States, in 1995. At Smith, she launched a number of initiatives including an engineering program, the first at an American women's college. Dr. Simmons is the recipient of many honors, including a Fulbright Fellowship, the 2001 President's Award from the United Negro College Fund, the 2002 Fulbright Lifetime Achievement Medal, the 2004 Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medal, and the 2012 Susan Colver Rosenberger Medal of Honor. She has been a featured speaker in many public venues, including the White House, the World Economic Forum, the National Press Club, the American Council on Education, and the Phi Beta Kappa Lecture at Harvard University. In 2012, she was named a ‘chevalier’ of the French Legion of Honor.
 
35Name:  Dr. Nancy Siraisi
 Institution:  City University of New York
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404c
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1932
   
 
Nancy Siraisi is a MacArthur Fellow (2008) and Professor Emerita of History at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, where she has served on the faculty since 1970. Her work spans six centuries of medical history, beginning with a distinguished study of the medieval university of Padua and continuing through the theory and practice of medicine in medieval and Renaissance Italy, a domain she has made her own. Her many books and articles are based on massive excavation of manuscripts and early printed sources and distinguished by their clarity of thought, elegance of argument and lucidity of style; more than half a millennium later, they have illuminated the theories and practices, the works and the lives of learned doctors from the beginning of modern learned medicine in Salerno to the great age of the high Renaissance anatomists. No historian has done more over the last thirty years to prove the vitality, the complexity or the lively interest of pre-modern Europe's traditions of Latin learning.
 
36Name:  Dr. Heinrich von Staden
 Institution:  Institute for Advanced Study
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  404c
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
Heinrich von Staden received his Dr. phil. at Universität Tübingen. A professor at Yale University in the Departments of Classics and Comparative Studies for more than thirty years, he is currently Professor of Classics and History of Science Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study. He is the recipient of the Charles Goodwin Award of Merit of the American Philological Association, Best Teacher in the Humanities at Yale University, and the William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine. Dr. von Staden is the author of Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (1989, second edition, 1994); "Nietzsche and Marx on Greek Art and Literature" (Daedalus, 1976); "Incurability and Hopelessness: The Hippocratic Corpus" (in La maladie et les maladies dans la Collection hippocratique, 1990); and "Body and Machine: Interactions between medicine, mechanisms, and philosophy in early Alexandria" (Alexandria and Alexandrianism, 1995). Heinrich von Staden is a humanistic scholar of extraordinary range and depth, equally at home in literary criticism and in Greek and Latin literature. Internationally, he is recognized as an authority on ancient science and medicine. With his magisterial edition of Herophilus, he established himself as one of no more than three leading scholars in the field. His election to the British Academy and to the Presidency of the Society for Ancient Medicine are but two distinctions that attest to his standing. A teacher in two departments while at Yale, Dr. von Staden has been honored with the endowment of a graduate fellowship and an annual lectureship in his name. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997.
 
37Name:  Dr. Joseph E. Stiglitz
 Institution:  Columbia University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  302. Economics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Joseph E. Stiglitz was born in Gary, Indiana in 1943. A graduate of Amherst College, he received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967, became a full professor at Yale University in 1970, and in 1979 was awarded the John Bates Clark Award, given biennially by the American Economic Association to the economist under 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the field. He has also taught at Princeton University, Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the Drummond Professor and a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. He is now University Professor at Columbia University and Chair of Columbia University's Committee on Global Thought. In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information. Dr. Stiglitz has been credited with helping create "The Economics of Information," a new branch of economics exploring the consequences of information asymmetries and pioneering such pivotal concepts as adverse selection and moral hazard, which have now become standard tools not only of theorists, but of policy analysts. He has made major contributions to macro-economics and monetary theory, to development economics and trade theory, to public and corporate finance, to the theories of industrial organization and rural organization, and to the theories of welfare economics and of income and wealth distribution. In the 1980s, he helped revive interest in the economics of research and development. His work has helped explain the circumstances in which markets do not work well and how selective government intervention can improve their performance. Recognized around the world as a leading economic educator, he has written textbooks that have been translated into more than a dozen languages. He founded one of the leading economics journals, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, and his book Globalization and Its Discontents (2001) has been translated into 35 languages and has sold more than one million copies worldwide. Other recent books include Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy; The Roaring Nineties; (with Bruce Greenwald) Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics; (with Andrew Charlton) Fair Trade for All; Making Globalization Work (2006); and The Price of Inequality (2012); People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent (2019). Dr. Stiglitz was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1993-95, during the Clinton administration, and served as CEA chairman from 1995-97. He then became Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World Bank from 1997-2000. He also holds a part-time appointment at the University of Manchester as Chair of the Management Board and Director of Graduate Summer Programs at the Brooks World Poverty Institute. In 2018 he was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize.
 
38Name:  Dr. Cornel West
 Institution:  Union Theological Seminary
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1953
   
 
Cornel West is Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor at Union Theological Seminary, having previously held the position Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy at Harvard University until 2021. In 1984, he went to Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American Studies. In 1988, he moved to Princeton University where he became a Professor of Religion and Director of the Program in African-American Studies. In 1994 he accepted an appointment as Professor of African-American Studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School. West taught one of the University's most popular courses, an introductory class to African-American Studies. In 1998, he was appointed the first Alphonse Fletcher University Professor. West utilized this new position to teach not only in African-American studies, but in Divinity, Religion, and Philosophy. West left Harvard after a widely-publicized dispute with then-President Lawrence Summers in 2002. That year, West returned to Princeton, where he continued to teach in African-American Studies. He remained at Princeton until July 2012, when he became Professor Emeritus at Princeton University and moved to the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he had started as an Assistant Professor after receiving his Ph.D. from Princeton University. Cornel West remained at Union Theological Seminary until his return to Harvard in 2016. Dr. West's teaching and research interests include philosophy of religion and cultural criticism, and his many intellectual contributions draw from such diverse traditions as Marxism, pragmatism, transcendentalism and the African American Baptist Church. Perhaps more than anyone else, he has restored the full presence of the spoken voice to the discourse of contemporary philosophy: the rhythmic structure of the performed word, the philosophically performed word. He is the author of books such as Prophesy Deliverance: An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity; The American Evasion of Philosophy; The Ethical Dimension of Marxist Thought; Prophetic Thought in Post Modern Times; Race Matters; and Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism as well as the spoken-word recording "Sketches of My Culture." A brilliant thinker and speaker, Dr. West maintains a truly international focus and perspective on the enormously complex issues of race, ethnic identity and class.
 
39Name:  The Honorable John C. Whitehead
 Institution:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York & International Rescue Committee & Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1922
 Death Date:  February 7, 2015
   
 
John Whitehead was born in Evanston, Illinois and grew up in Montclair, NJ. He graduated from Haverford College in 1943, served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and received his MBA from Harvard Business School in 1947. After receiving his degree, he began at Goldman, Sachs & Company and retired in 1985 as co-chairman and senior partner. From 1985-89, he served as Deputy Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan. When he returned to New York, he became active in a number of educational, civic and charitable organizations, serving, at various times, as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the United Nations Association, the International Rescue Committee, the Greater NY Councils of the Boy Scouts, the Brookings Institute and the National Gallery of Art. He had served as a director of the Nature Conservatory, Lincoln Center Theater, the East-West Institute, Rockefeller University, the J. Paul Getty Trust and the National Humanities Center, among others. In 2001 he was appointed as Chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the organization responsible for the rebuilding of Lower Manhattan. He served in that capacity until May 2006. He was also the Founding Chairman of the National September 11th Memorial and Museum. In 2012 he was awarded the Asia Society Award. John Whitehead was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1997. He died February 7, 2015, at age 92 at home in New York.
 
40Name:  Dr. George M. Whitesides
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  1997
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1939
   
 
George M. Whitesides is Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Professor at Harvard University. Educated at Harvard University and the California Institute of Technology, he was a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1963-82. He returned to Harvard in 1982, serving as chairman of the Department of Chemistry from 1986-89 and Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry from 1982-2004. Dr. Whitesides is unique among chemists in the breadth and quality of both his scientific research and his involvement with government and industry. He has a remarkable record of highly influential academic research in core areas of chemistry and also in areas connecting chemistry to materials science and biology. One aim of his research is to establish intellectual connections between areas often considered essentially unrelated; the other is to make new connections between first-rate basic science and important technologies. Dr. Whitesides' current research is at the borders of chemistry, biology and materials science and includes both fundamental and applied components in molecular virology, rational drug design, glycobiology, interfacial chemistry, crystal engineering, fuel cells and nano and microfabrication technology. Yet, for all of the above, he is also a professor with a deep interest and participation in teaching, not just in his research specialties but in general science for Harvard undergraduates. In addition to numerous advisory positions and professional memberships, Dr. Whitesides is the recipient of the Kyoto Prize (2003), the Dan David Award (2004), the Priestley Medal (2006) and the Welch Award (2007). George Whitesides was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997.
 
Election Year
1997[X]
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