APS Member History

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81	Name:	Dr. Robert A. Nisbet
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	9/9/96

82	Name:	Dr. Mary Beth Norton
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Mary Beth Norton is the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History at Cornell University, where she is also Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow (recognizing excellence in undergraduate teaching). In 2005-06, she was Pitt Professor of American History at the University of Cambridge. She has written The British-Americans (1972), which as a dissertation won the Allan Nevins Prize of the Society of American Historians; Liberty’s Daughters (1980, 1996), co-winner of the Berkshire Conference Prize for the best book by a woman historian; Founding Mothers & Fathers (1996), a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize in history; In the Devil’s Snare (2002), winner of the Ambassador Book Award in American Studies from the English-Speaking Union and a finalist for the L.A. Times book award in History; and Separated by their Sex (2011). She is the author, with five others, of A People and A Nation, appearing in its 9th edition in 2011, which has been one of the leading U.S. history textbooks since its initial publication in 1982. Active in professional associations, she has received four honorary degrees and has held fellowships from the Rockefeller, Guggenheim, Mellon, and Starr Foundations, as well as from Princeton University and the Huntington Library. In 1999 she was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has been elected to serve in 2017 as the president-elect of the AHA and will serve as president in 2018.

83	Name:	Dr. Barbara B. Oberg
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1998
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Until her retirement in 2014, Barbara Oberg was the General Editor of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, a comprehensive edition of Jefferson's writings and correspondence (a project begun by the late Jefferson scholar and member of the Society, Julian P. Boyd). She was also a Lecturer with the rank of Professor in the Department of History at Princeton University, and is now Senior Research Scholar in the Department of History. She is a graduate of Wellesley College and received her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California, where her primary fields of study were eighteenth-century British intellectual history and American history of the early republic. Her academic endeavors have centered on the transatlantic enlightenment, beginning with the English materialist philosopher David Hartley and then moving across the ocean to two of his American scientific correspondents, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Dr. Oberg also served as the editor of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin at Yale University from 1986-99, during which time seven volumes of Franklin's correspondence were published. She has co-edited two collections of essays, Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards and the Representation of American Culture and Federalists Reconsidered, and is the author of numerous articles and reviews. She has served as president of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, the Society for Textual Scholarship, and the Association for Documentary Editing. In 2004 she received the Julian P. Boyd Award for distinguished contributions to American History and Culture from the Association for Documentory Editing. In 2018 she was elected to membership in the Society of American Historians. Dr. Oberg was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1998.

84	Name:	Dr. Robert R. Palmer
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1959
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	June 11, 2002

85	Name:	Dr. Peter Paret
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	September, 11, 2020

	Peter Paret was Mellon Professor in the Humanities Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and Raymond A. Spruance Professor of International History at Stanford University. His principal areas of research were the history of war, particularly in the 18th and early 19th century, and the history of European culture from the 18th to the 20th century. He was born in Berlin in 1924 and is a graduate of the University of London (Ph.D., 1960). Before joining the Institute in 1986, he held positions at Princeton University, the University of California, Davis, and Stanford University. In the academic year 2008-09 he gave the Lees Knowles Lectures on the History of War at Cambridge University - the expanded text of which was published in 2009 - and organized an exhibition on the work of the sculptor Ernst Barlach that opened on March 1, 2009 at the Art Museum of Princeton University. Among his ten monographs are Clausewitz and the State (1976); The Berlin Secession (1980); Art as History (1988); and An Artist Against the Third Reich: Ernst Barlach, 1933-38. He has also published two volumes of essays: Understanding War (1992) and German Encounters with Modernism, 1840-1945 (2001). In 2012 he coauthored Myth and Modernity: Barlach's Drawings on the Nibelungen with Helga Thieme. He was awarded the Great Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2013, having been an officer of the Order for the past decade. In 2017 he won the Pritzker Literature Award. He died in Salt Lake City, Utah, on September 11, 2020 at age 96.

86	Name:	Dr. Robert O. Paxton
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Robert O. Paxton taught modern European history at the University of California, Berkeley and at the State University of New York, Stony Brook in the 1960s and at Columbia University from 1969-97. He served as chairman of the History Department at Columbia from 1980-82, specializing in the study of France under the Nazi Occupation. His principal works in this area are Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order (2nd edition, 2001) and, with Michael Marrus, Vichy France and the Jews (2nd edition, 1995). He published The Anatomy of Fascism, which has been translated into ten languages, in 2004. Dr. Paxton currently holds the title of Mellon Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Columbia University.

87	Name:	Dr. Jack Rakove
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Jack Rakove is the Coe Professor of History and American Studies and a professor of politial science at Stanford University. Long a leading authority on American constitutional, political, and legal history, he is the author of more than sixty scholarly articles critically analyzing issues from the Revolution to the early years of the Republic. Central to his work has been the analysis of the constitutional concept of "original intent." His books on the subject have won several prizes, including the Pulitzer Prize in History in 1997. He is also the author of an interpretive history of the Continental Congress and the American Library's edition of James Madison's writings. In line with his commitment to the public value of such scholarly issues, aside from his vigorous classroom teaching, he has, over the course of twenty years, also published scores of articles on constitutional and legal issues in major newspapers around the nation. His book The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence is intended to continue his legacy of making constitutional issues available to the lay public, and his 2010 book Revolutionaries takes a look at the individual transformations made by both the well-known and the less well-known founders of America.

88	Name:	Dr. Edwin O. Reischauer
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	9/1/90

89	Name:	Dr. Charles E. Rosenberg
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Charles Rosenberg received a Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1961. He was a professor of history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania for thirty-five years, and is currently the Ernest E. Monrad Professor in the Social Sciences at Harvard University. Charles Rosenberg is the leading historian of medicine in the United States. His classic book on The Cholera Years shows how New Yorkers responded to three terrifying nineteenth-century cholera epidemics. His riveting account of The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau illuminates the murder trial of the man who killed President Garfield. And his chief book to date, The Care of Strangers, traces the evolution of the American hospital system into the institution that we know today. In all his work, Rosenberg demonstrates a total mastery of his subject, and he always places medical developments within the broader context of economic, scientific, intellectual, and social change. His other works include The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and Law in the Gilded Age (1968); No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1976); Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine, 1992; and among numerous articles, "Meanings, Policies, and Medicine: On the Bioethical Enterprise and History" (1999). Dr. Rosenberg is the recipient of the William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine and the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society. He serves on the board of directors for the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Antiquarian Society, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Association for the History of Medicine, of which he was president from 1992-94. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

90	Name:	Prof. Arthur Schlesinger
	Institution:	City University of New York
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	February 28, 2007

91	Name:	Dr. James J. Sheehan
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	James Sheehan is a most distinguished historian of modern Europe. His German History, 1770-1866 is a classic and, like all his works, hailed in this country and in Europe. His work has exceptional depth and breadth, and he understands the futility of compartmentalization. His felicitous style reflects the fact that he is a humanist at heart. He has steadily expanded his vision, and his most recent work on German museums reflects his deep concern with the world of art and architecture. He is an outstanding scholar and mentor, an admired academic citizen, a man of utter integrity and fair mindedness. A graduate of the University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D., 1964), Dr. Sheehan has taught at Northwestern University (1964-79) and Stanford University (1979-present), where he has served as Dickason Professor in the Humanities since 1986. He is the former chairman of Stanford's history department (1982-85, 1986-89) and has been honored with membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Royal Historical Society and the Orden pour le Mérite. Dr. Sheehan's many publications include German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (1978, 1982, 1995); The Career of Lujo Brentano: A Study of Liberalism and Social Reform in Imperial Germany (1966); German History, 1770-1866 (1993); and Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe (2008). He is also the co-editor of An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933 (1991).

92	Name:	Dr. Jonathan Dermot Spence
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1992
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	December 25, 2021

	An outstanding historian of China, Jonathan Spence specializes in the intellectual history of that nation from the seventeenth century through the present, and on Western images of China since the Middle Ages. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D., 1965), he has served as a professor at Yale since 1971 and is currently Sterling Professor of History there. His books include The Death of Woman Wang (1978); The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984); The Question of Hu (1987); Chinese Roundabout: Essays on History and Culture; The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895-1980; The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds; God's Chinese Son (1994) and Return to Dragon Mountain (2007). Winner of the John Adison Porter Prize (1965), the Los Angeles Times Book Award (1982) and the Vursell Prize, Dr. Spence is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. His research frequently takes him to China and to many Chinese universities.

93	Name:	Dr. Fritz Stern
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	May 18, 2016

	One of America's best known historians, Fritz Stern was University Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, where he taught since receiving his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1953. Dr. Stern's prime field of interest was modern Germany, in which he had explored the financial policy that underlay Bismarck's program of national unification, contributed to intellectual history and modern historiography, and examined the connection between intellectual and political developments. He was also particularly concerned with the rise of natural science and its impact on government policy and politics in connection with his editorial work on the Einstein Papers and the history of the Max Planck Institutes. The author of books such as The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the German Ideology (1961), The Responsibility of Power (1967) and Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder and the Building of the German Empire (1977), Dr. Stern also served on the editorial board of Foreign Affairs for many years. He had been honored with a Guggenheim fellowship, the Lionel Trilling Award and membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. In 2006 he published Five Germanys I Have Known, a look back at the many incarnations of his native land. In 2007 he received the Jacques Barzun Prize for Cultural History from the APS in recognition of that book. Fritz Stern died at his home in Manhattan on May 18, 2016, at the age of 90.

94	Name:	Dr. Stephen M. Stigler
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	A rare combination of the scientist and the humanist, Stephen Stigler has served as Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago since 1992. An outstanding statistician, he has explored the development of statistical method on a broad scale with fastidious research, from mathematical theory (including asymptotic distribution theory for robust estimators) to applications in the social, physical, and biological sciences. At the University of Chicago he has taught a course on the history of statistics, and he has conducted research on early American lotteries in the American Philosophical Society Library. For the National Research Council he evaluated the use of DNA in forensic science. He is also a very accomplished historian. His History of Statistics does an excellent job of placing statisticians and their contributions in proper context while mounting a penetrating account of developments in probability oriented statistics before 1900. His Statistics on the Table is a collection drawn from the more than one hundred essays he has published, sparking debate on numerous statistical topics in a sparkling and witty style. Dr. Stigler has also served the profession more broadly as president of the International Statistical Institute, president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (1967) and has been elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

95	Name:	Dr. Adam B. Ulam
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1989
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	March 28, 2000

96	Name:	Dr. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Laurel Thatcher Ulrich received her Ph.D. at the University of New Hampshire in 1980, then joined the UNH faculty, remaining until 1995. She then moved to Harvard University where she is currently the 300th Anniversary University Professor, having previously been the James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History. She is the author of Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1982); A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard Based on Her Diary, 1785-1820 (1990); and The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Making of an American Myth (2001). Her latest work is entitled "We're No Angels: Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History" (2007). Dr. Ulrich is one of the finest, most innovative historians working today. Her three books are compelling. A Midwife's Tale is a trail-blazing book that has had an extraordinary impact on the history profession because of its innovative shift in the angle from which local history is viewed. It has won the most distinguished prizes in American history. Dr. Ulrich is credited with having made a major breakthrough in the history of women in the colonial era, as she found ways to make them real instead of abstractions from statistics or representatives of an elite class. Her use of material objects as evidence has changed the way we think about early American domestic life and work and has reconstructed an important dimension of eighteenth-century culture. She is a wonderful stylist, and her works are widely read. Dr. Ulrich received the Best Book Award from the Society for History of the Early Republic in 1990; the Best Book Award from the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians in 1990; the John Dunning Prize and Joan Kelly Prize from the American Historical Association in 1990; the Bancroft Prize for American History in 1991; and the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1991. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

97	Name:	Dr. Jan M. J. Vansina
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	February 8, 2017

	Jan Vansina was one of the historians most responsible for the emergence of African history as a recognized field of historical study during the past five decades. He had been the outstanding pioneer in exploring the pre-colonial history of tropical African societies and in investigating change in non-literate societies elsewhere, first with methods for interpreting oral traditions and later with combinations of linguistic and ethnographic evidence. He was principally a historian, but he had also written widely in the fields of anthropology and linguistics. His publications include Kingdoms of the Savanna (1966); The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo (1973); The Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba Peoples (1978); Art History in Africa: An Introduction to Method (1984); Oral Tradition as History (1985); Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (1990); and Living with Africa (1994). Born in Antwerp, Belgium, Dr. Vansina earned his Ph.D. from the University of Leuven in 1947. He had served on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin since 1960, where he was J. D. MacArthur and Vilas Research Professor Emeritus in History and Anthropology at the time of his death on February 8, 2017, at the age of 87.

98	Name:	Dr. Jan de Vries
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Jan de Vries was born in the Netherlands during World War II, emigrated with his parents to the United States at the age of four, and was raised in Minnesota, where he attended the public schools in Deephaven and Hopkins. His higher education took place at Columbia University (A.B., History, 1965) and Yale (Ph.D., History, 1970). He is married to Jeannie Green de Vries, a high school Latin teacher; they have two children, Nicolas and Saskia. At Yale, Dr. de Vries followed a joint program in Economic History (joint between History and Economics), studying with William Parker and Harry Miskimin. After a first appointment at Michigan State University (1970-73), he accepted a position at the University of California, Berkeley, where he remains, holding appointments in both the History and Economics Departments. In addition to his academic activities, Dr. de Vries has served as Chair of the Department of History, Dean of Social Sciences and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs. His research interests in economic history have ranged from European agrarian history, to historical demography and urbanization, to environmental and climate history, and most recently, to the history of consumer behavior. He has written six books, 65 published articles and book chapters and 45 book reviews. In addition, he is a co-editor of 3 books. Dr. De Vries is a past president of the Economic History Association and served as editor of the Journal of Economic History, 1998-2002. He is the recipient of the Woodrow Wilson and Guggenheim fellowships, among others, has held grants from NSF and NIH, and has held visiting fellowships to the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, and All Souls College, Oxford. He has been elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the British Academy, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. He is the 2000 recipient of the A.H. Heineken Prize in History and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

99	Name:	Dr. Frederic Wakeman
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1998
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1937
	Death Date:	September 14, 2006

100	Name:	Dr. Eugen Weber
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	May 17, 2007

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