APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Judith Nisse Shklar
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	9/16/92

22	Name:	Dr. Maxine F. Singer
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution of Washington & National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	Maxine Frank Singer has made major contributions to the biochemistry of nucleic acids and more recently to our knowledge of the mammalian genome structure and organization. She has also served with distinction as chair of the editorial board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and as president of the Carnegie Institution, and she is widely recognized as an articulate author and spokesperson for science. After receiving her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1957, Dr. Singer joined the research staff of the National Institutes of Health. She would later serve as chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer Institute from 1980-87, where she led fifteen research groups engaged in various biochemical investigations. Dr. Singer's research contributions have ranged over several areas of biochemistry and molecular biology, including chromatin structure, the structure and evolution of defective viruses, and enzymes that work on DNA and its complementary molecule, RNA. In recent years, her foremost contributions have been in studies of a large family of repeated DNA sequences called LINES - sequences interspersed many times in mammalian DNA. She and her co-workers have been especially interested in the LINE-1 sequence, which is repeated thousands of times in human DNA. LINE-1, she early concluded, is capable of insertion into new places on chromosomal DNA, and researchers elsewhere later found that LINE-1 insertions into a gene whose product is required for blood clotting are associated with cases of hemophilia. Believing that the mechanism of LINE-1 transposition might have broad significance for understanding genetic diseases, Dr. Singer and her colleagues have concentrated their experiments on learning how LINE-1 elements move. Throughout her career, Dr. Singer has assumed leading roles in influencing and refining the nation's science policy. In 1988 she became President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, where she led the biologists, astronomers and earth scientists who make up the Institution's six scientific departments. Dr. Singer is presently President Emerita of the Carnegie Institution while also retaining her association with the National Cancer Institute as Scientist Emerita. Her several awards for public service include the Distinguished Presidential Rank Award (1988) and the National Medal of Science (1992), the nation's highest scientific honor bestowed by the President of the United States, "for her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist." Most recently, she was honored with the 2007 Public Welfare Medal, the National Academy of Sciences' most prestigious award recognizing extraordinary use of science for the public good.

23	Name:	Dr. Paul Talalay
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	March 10, 2019

	Paul Talalay, M.D. was John Jacob Abel Distinguished Service Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He held an S.B. degree in biophysics from M.I.T. and an M.D. degree from Yale. Following surgical training at Massachusetts General Hospital, he moved to the University of Chicago, rising to the academic ranks of Professor of Biochemistry, Professor of Medicine, and Professor in the Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research. After serving for 12 years as Director of the Department of Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins Medical School, he relinquished this position to devote himself full time to research. Dr. Talalay devoted his career to cancer research. For more than 2 decades he was involved in devising strategies for chemoprotection against the risk of cancer, a field in which he is recognized as a pioneer. His efforts focused on achieving protection by raising the enzymes concerned with the detoxication of carcinogens. Analysis of the chemistry and the molecular biology of boosting enzymes of detoxication led him and his colleagues to devise simple cell culture methods for detecting chemical and especially dietary (Phyto)chemicals that raise these enzymes. This work led to the isolation of sulforaphane as the most potent inducer of protective enzymes in broccoli. These findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, attracted world-wide attention, and led to the organization of the Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory at Johns Hopkins. This unique laboratory is exclusively dedicated to identifying edible plants that are particularly rich in protective enzyme-inducer activity. Dr. Talalay's honors, in addition to his appointment as a University Distinguished Service Professor, included appointment to one of the first lifetime professorships of the American Cancer Society and membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He published more than two hundred papers in internationally respected scientific journals. He received an honorary D.Sc. degree from Acadia University. The M.D.-Ph.D. Student Library at Johns Hopkins has been named in his honor. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. Paul Talalay died March 10, 2019 in Baltimore, MD at the age of 95.

24	Name:	Dr. Robert E. Tarjan
	Institution:	Princeton University & InterTrust Technologies, Inc.
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	107
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	One of the most gifted computer scientists in the world today, Robert E. Tarjan is the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University and a Senior Fellow at HP Labs. Having discovered several important graph algorithms, including Tarjan's off-line least common ancestors algorithim, Dr. Tarjan has been recognized with honors including the 1986 Turing Award, which he received jointly with John Hopcroft for "fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithims and data structures." Among other awards he has also been given the Nevanlinna Prize in Information Science (1983) and the William O. Baker Medal (1984) and has been elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Tarjan earned his Ph.D. in 1972 from Stanford University, where he worked with Robert Floyd and Donald Knuth. Prior to joining the faculty at Princeton University in 1985, he worked at Cornell University (1972-74), the University of California, Berkeley (1973-75), Stanford University (1974-81) and New York University (1981-85) as well as for corporations such as AT&T Bell Laboratories and NEC.

25	Name:	Dr. Brian Tierney
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	November 30, 2019

	Internationally recognized as a leading scholar of medieval canon law, Brian Tierney was among the most distinguished intellectual historians of the Middle Ages. After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Dr. Tierney received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Cambridge University. He taught at Catholic University and at Cornell University, where was the Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor in Humanistic Studies Emeritus. He was the recipient of Guggenheim Fellowships and fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies and the National Endowment for the Humanities and was awarded the honorary degrees of Doctor of Theology from Uppsala University, Sweden, and Doctor of Humane Letters from Catholic University. He was elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and in 1994 he received the Award for Academic Distinction of the American Historical Association. Dr. Tierney authored many articles and several books, including Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (1955), Medieval Poor Law (1959), The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 (1964), Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150-1350 (1972) Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650 (1981), and The Idea of Natural Rights, Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law, 1150-1625. Brian Tierney died November 30, 2019 in Syracuse, New York at the age of 97.

26	Name:	Dr. Michael Walzer
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Michael Walzer has made major contributions in a number of fields, including political philosophy; moral theory; the history of social theory; the history and sociology of religion; and the history and theory of social criticism. His ability to combine theoretical, normative and historical approaches in these areas is unmatched. Over the years he has written on a wide variety of topics in political theory and moral philosophy: political obligation; just and unjust war; nationalism and ethnicity; economic justice; and the welfare state. He has also played a part in the revival of a practical, issue focused ethics and in the development of a pluralist approach to political and moral life. He is currently working on the toleration and accommodation of "difference" in all its forms and also on a (collaborative) project focused on the history of Jewish political thought. A professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study since 1980, Dr. Walzer previously taught at Princeton (1962-66) and Harvard Universities (1966-80). He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1961. Described by Political Theory as "one of the truly significant American political thinkers of our time," Dr. Walzer has numerous publications to his credit, including The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (1965); Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War and Citizenship (1970); Just and Unjust Wars (1977); Exodus and Revolution (1985); The Company of Critics (1988); Toward a Global Civil Society (1995); War, Politics, and Morality (2001); Politics and Passion: Towards a More Egalitarian Liberalism (2004); Thinking Politically: Essays in Political Theory (2007); and In God's Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible (2012). In April 2008, Michael Walzer was awarded the prestigious Spinozalens, a bi-annual prize for ethics in The Netherlands. A book in Dutch entitled Justice Without Boundaries, comprised of his lecture, other essays and an interview, was published simultaneously to the award. Michael Walzer was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

27	Name:	Dr. William Julius Wilson
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	William Julius Wilson is Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor at Harvard University. His teaching and research interests include urban poverty, urban race and class relations, and social inequality in cross-cultural perspective. He is the author of Power, Racism, and Privilege; The Declining Significance of Race; The Truly Disadvantaged; When Work Disappears; and The Bridge Over the Racial Divide. In 2006 he published There Goes the Neighborhood: Racial, Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America. A sociologist with a Ph.D. from Washington State University, Dr. Wilson has previously served on the faculties of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1965-71) and the University of Chicago (1972-96) and directed the latter's Center for the Study of Urban Inequality. A MacArthur Prize Fellow and the recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science, Dr. Wilson has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Education, and the Institute of Medicine. His current projects include studies of race and the social organization of neighborhoods, the effects of high-risk neighborhoods on adolescent social outcomes, and the effects of welfare reform on poor families and children. In 2017 he won the SAGE-CASBS Award.

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