APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. George F. Carrier
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	March 8, 2002

2	Name:	Hon. Joseph S. Clark
	Institution:	U.S. Senate
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	1/12/90

3	Name:	Wesley Frank Craven
	Year Elected:	1976
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	2/10/81

4	Name:	Dr. Lloyd W. Daly
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	2/26/89

5	Name:	Dr. Andrew F. Brimmer
	Institution:	Brimmer & Co. Inc.
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	October 7, 2012

	Noted economist, academic and business leader Andrew F. Brimmer was born in Newellton, Louisiana in 1926, the son of sharecroppers who had been driven off of the land by boll weevils. Upon graduation from a segregated high school, he moved to Bremerton, Washington with an older sister and worked in a navy yard as an electrician's helper. In 1945 he was drafted into the Army, and after completing his military service in 1946, enrolled at the University of Washington, earning a B.A. in economics in 1950. In 1951 he received his M.A. and won a Fulbright grant to study in India. He subsequently earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1957 and went to work for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as an economist. During that same time, he traveled to Khartoum, Sudan, to help the country establish a central bank. During the Kennedy administration, Dr. Brimmer became assistant secretary of economic affairs in the U.S. Department of Commerce, serving until 1966. That same year he began an eight-and-a-half year term on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. While there, he became the first African American governor of the Federal Reserve. In 1974 he left to take a post at Harvard University, where he stayed for two years. When he left, he formed his own consulting company, Brimmer & Co. In 1997, he began serving on the Federal Reserve and in 1999 became vice chairman. Dr. Brimmer was elected to the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1991, largely as a result of his published works on the nature and importance of central banking systems. He served as vice president of the American Economic Association and president of the Eastern Economics Association. He was president of the North American Economics and Finance Association and served on a number of other corporate boards of directors. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976. Andrew F. Brimmer died October 7, 2012, at the age of 86 in Washington D.C.

6	Name:	Professor Freeman J. Dyson
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	February 28, 2020

	Freeman J. Dyson was born in 1923 in Crowthorne, England. He received a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1945 and came to the United States in 1947 as a Commonwealth Fellow at Cornell University. He settled in the USA permanently in 1951, became a professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 1953, and retired as Professor Emeritus in 1994. Professor Dyson began his career as a mathematician but then turned to the exciting new developments in physics in the 1940s, particularly the theory of quantized fields. He wrote two papers on the foundations of quantum electrodynamics which have had a lasting influence on many branches of modern physics. He went on to work in condensed-matter physics, statistical mechanics, nuclear engineering, climate studies, astrophysics and biology. Beyond his professional work in physics, Freeman Dyson had a keen awareness of the human side of science and of the human consequences of technology. His books for the general public include "Disturbing the Universe," "Weapons and Hope," "Infinite in All Directions," "Origins of Life," "The Sun, the Genome and the Internet", the essay collection "The Scientist as Rebel", and "Maker of Patterns: An Autobiiography Through Letters" (2018). In 2000 he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion and in 2012 he was awarded the Henri Poncare Prize. Freeman J. Dyson died February 28, 2020 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 96.

7	Name:	Richard Ettinghausen
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	4/2/1979

8	Name:	Dr. Leo A. Goodman
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 22, 2020

	Leo Goodman was a statistician and sociologist who has developed important statistical methods for quantitative research in the social sciences, particularly in sociology. His contributions to mathematical demography have significantly improved analyses of population growth by generalizing classical theories and broadening the range of variables. Born in New York City in 1928, Dr. Goodman holds M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, and honorary D.Sc. degrees from the University of Michigan and Syracuse University. From 1950-86 he served on the faculty of the University of Chicago before moving to the University of California, Berkeley, as Class of 1938 Professor. The author of approximately 150 papers and four books, Dr. Goodman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences andthe American Academy of Arts & Sciences and has received honors including the American Statistical Association's Samuel S. Wilks Memorial Medal and the Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award presented by the American Sociological Association. His recent research has focused on the further development of statistical methods that bring the same kind of rigor to the analysis of qualitative/categorical data that has been available in the analysis of quantitative data. He died on December 22, 2020.

9	Name:	Dr. Donald Kennedy
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	April 21, 2020

	Donald Kennedy was a Professor of Environmental Science and President of Stanford University. He received AB and Ph.D. degrees in biology from Harvard University. His research interests were originally in animal behavior and neurobiology - in particular, the mechanisms by which animals generate and control patterned motor output. His research group explored the relationship between central "commands" and sensory feedback in the control of locomotion, escape, and other behaviors in invertebrates. Among the issues considered were how environmental variables that could not be "anticipated" by the animal's genetic endowment could be compensated in fixed behavioral patterns and whether certain circuit arrangements for a given class of motor output were favored in different evolutionary outcomes. In 1977 Dr. Kennedy took leave from Stanford to serve as Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for two and a half years. This followed an increasing academic interest on his part in regulatory policy regarding health and the environment. Kennedy had already chaired the National Academy of Sciences study on alternatives to pesticide use and participated in the World Food and Nutrition Study. Following his return to Stanford in 1979, Dr. Kennedy served for a year as Provost and for twelve years as President, a time marked by renewed attention to undergraduate education and student commitment to public service, and successful completion of the largest capital campaign in the history of higher education. During that time Dr. Kennedy continued to work on health and environmental policy issues, as a member of the Board of Directors of the Health Effects Institute (a non-profit organization devoted to mobile source emissions), Clean Sites, Inc. (a similar organization devoted to toxic waste cleanup), and the California Nature Conservancy. His research program toward the end of his career, conducted partially through the Institute for International Studies, consisted of interdisciplinary studies on the development of policies regarding such trans-boundary environmental problems as: major land-use changes; economically-driven alterations in agricultural practice; global climate change; and the development of regulatory policies. He co-directed the Environmental Studies Program in the Institute for International Studies, and oversaw the introduction of the environmental policy quarter at Stanford's center in Washington, DC in 1993. Dr. Kennedy was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Donald Kennedy died April 21, 2020 in Redwood City, California at the age of 88.

10	Name:	Dr. Henry A. Lardy
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	August 4, 2010

	Henry A. Lardy was the Vilas Professor of Biological Sciences Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He was introduced to biochemical research as an undergraduate at South Dakota State University in 1937. The Experiment Station Chemistry Laboratory employed two or three chemistry majors during their junior and senior years, and he was fortunate to be selected. In his senior thesis research he reported a treatment for selenium poisoning in animals that was successful in treating a human case. In May of 1939 he became a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin and there discovered a medium that permitted sperm storage for 7 - 10 days with retention of motility and fertilizing capacity and made artificial insemination practical. While studying the metabolism of sperm he discovered the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by dinitrophenol. After a year of postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Professor Herman Fischer at the University of Toronto, he returned to the University of Wisconsin as an assistant professor. His research with graduate students involved carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism which led to our proving that the "nonphosphorylating glycolsis" of the Needham school was non-existent. He also discovered that the metabolic function of the vitamin Biotin is to fix carbon dioxide into organic structures. In 1950 the university opened an "Institute for Enzyme Research," and Dr. Lardy was one of two professors designated to conduct research and train students and postdoctoral fellows in the facility. From then until 1988, he supervised the worked of 60 graduate students and more postdoctorate fellows. Their research was summarized in Comprehensive Biochemistry, Vol. 36 (1986) and in a "Reflections" chapter in the Journal of Biological Chemistry 278:3499 (2003). After becoming Emeritus Professor, Lardy's research has dealt with steroids that cause weight loss in obese persons and animals, improve memory and decrease cholesterol. Lardy had continued to be an active member of the university's bioscience community until just months before his death on August 4, 2010 at the age of 92.

11	Name:	Rensselaer W. Lee
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	12/4/1984

12	Name:	David Eli Lilienthal
	Year Elected:	1976
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	1/14or15/81

13	Name:	Robert M. Lumiansky
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	4/2/87

14	Name:	Archibald MacLeisch
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1892
	Death Date:	4/20/82

15	Name:	Dr. Vernon B. Mountcastle
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	January 11, 2015

	Vernon B. Mountcastle was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, educated in the public schools of Roanoke, Virginia and attended Roanoke College, Salem, Virginia, from which he graduated in 1938 with honors in chemistry. He then attended Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. He received his MD in 1942 and interned in Surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, July 1942-43. He then served in the U.S. Naval Amphibious Forces for three years, with two major campaigns in the European Theater of War: Anzio, Italy and Normandy, France. Following demobilization, he had the intent to follow a career in Neurosurgery, and in preparation went to spend a year in the research laboratories in Neurophysiology with Professor Philip Bard, then director of the Department of Physiology. He never left, and spent his entire career in research on the function of the brain, and at Johns Hopkins. Mountcastle was director of the Department of Physiology from 1964-80, and then became for nine years Director of the Philip Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology. He retired from active laboratory work and in that time established the Mind-Brain Institute, located on the arts and sciences campus of Johns Hopkins University. He spent his retirement years in writing monographs, including Perceptual Neuroscience. The Cerebral Cortex and The Sensory Hand. Neural Mechanisms in Somatice Sensation. Dr. Mountcastle married Miss Nancy Clayton Pierpont of Salem, Virginia in 1945. They have two surviving children and six grandchildren. His hobbies were English literature and history. He had also been an avid sailor, tennis player and horseman most of his life. Vernon Mountcastle contributed to understanding brain functions in four areas: (a) the functional organization of the somatic afferent system and cerebral cortex; (b) the dynamic mechanisms of signal processing in the somatic afferent system; © the correlation between sensory performance and central neural events in waking, non-human primates and the general laws governing those relations; and (d) the neural mechanisms of the parietal lobe system in spatial perception and directed visual attention. He showed by electrophysiological methods the precise representation of the body form in the somatic afferent system at levels of thalamus and cortex, and demonstrated the specificity of sets of columns, modular units composed of chains of neurons powerfully connected in the vertical, trans-laminar directions. This was confirmed in anesthetized and waking cats and monkeys, in both the sensory and association areas of the cortex. It is now generally accepted as a principle of organization of the cerebral cortex, and is incorporated into present concepts of cortical distributed systems. Mountcastle then used the method of single neuron analysis to explore the dynamic neuronal operations in the somatic afferent system, and how they relate to somatic sensory performance. He conceived that this could be done by direct, simultaneous application of the methods and concepts of Psychophysics and Neurophysiology, together with new methods for studying the higher functions of the brain in performing, non-human primates. This general method is now a widely used and productive method in CNS physiology. The general principle evolving from this series of investigations is that the relation of the observer (monkey or human) to events in the external world varied along quantitative continua set by the transducing properties of the receptors and first-order fibers engaged by the stimuli. Thereafter, the relation of performance to central neural events along a linear continuum. This generality has been confirmed for a number of somesthetic submodalities. An extensive series of experiments was carried out on the sense of vibration, which provides a signature of the temporal order of the impulses discharges evoked by the vibrating stimuli. Studies were made from the level of the first-order input in monkeys to that of sensory performance measured in psychophysical experiments in monkeys and humans: the functional properties of neural elements are identical in the two primates. This included direct studies of cortical activity during detections and discriminations. A major finding was that the neural code in the postcentral somatic sensory cortex upon which discrimination depends is the temporal order of impulse discharge. This was later pursued to define the code transformations that intervene between the input portal in the somatic sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus to the output from the motor cortex leading to overt discrimination. A major change was a shift of emphasis from study of sensory systems to that of higher functions, particularly of the parietal lobe system. This required new methods and new concepts to deal with the conditionality of higher functions. It was discovered that sets of parietal lobe neurons were embedded in distributed systems that control the projection of the arm towards a target, the shaping of a hand to grasp the target, and sets differentially active during directed visual attention. It was then found that the visual world is represented in the parietal lobe system in a manner completely different from that of the striate system. It provides a halo surrounding the head of extreme sensitivity to visual events in the immediate behavioral surround, of the flow of the visual world during movements of the eyes, head and body. These neural mechanisms are inferred to serve the illusions of vection. This work opened for direct electrophysiological study the higher functions of the brain, a research program now actively pursued in many laboratories. It has led to a deeper understanding of the disorders of attentions and of consciousness that follows parietal lobe lesions in man. Vernon Mountcastle died January 11, 2015, at age 96, at his home in Baltimore, Maryland. He had been awarded the American Philosophical Society's Karl Spencer Lashley Award in 1974 and was elected to its membership in 1976.

16	Name:	Dr. Lucian Pye
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	September 5, 2008

	Lucien W. Pye, Ford Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was one of the nation's leading authorities on comparative politics, and especially on the politics of Asian countries, particularly China. A former president of the American Political Science Association (1988-89), Professor Pye was a political scientist whose speciality had been the comparative study of political cultures and political psychology. His works have illuminated the manner in which the fundamental impulses of Asian cultures find reflection in contemporary Asian political developments. A major theme of his research is the impact of modernization on traditional Asian societies. With intellectual roots in anthropology, psychology, and psychoanalysis, as well as political science, Professor Pye has compared in numerous published works the political behavior and political cultures of Asian nations. He had been an advisor on foreign affairs to the United States government, both the executive branch and Congress, and he was a member of many organizations concerned with U.S.-Asian relations. He made a major contribution in shaping the direction of scholarly research on Asia in the United States. Professor Pye served on the influential Committee on Comparative Politics of the Social Science Research Council from its founding in 1955 and was chairman of the Committee from 1963-72. He was a trustee of the Asia Foundation from 1963-2004, a member of the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1966-82, and director of the Council's China Project. He had been a member of the executive committee of the Asia Society, chairman of the Advisory Board of the Universities Service Centre in Hong Kong, and member of the Board of Governors of the East-West Center in Honolulu. As Vice-Chairman of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, Professor Pye made numerous trips to China since the resumption of diplomatic contacts between the U.S. and China in 1971. Lucian Pye was born in 1921 in Shansi province, China. He attended the North China American School near Beijing. In 1943 he received his B.A. from Carleton College. During World War II he was an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. He completed graduate studies at Yale University, receiving his M.A. degree in 1949 and Ph.D. in 1951. From 1949-52 he was an instructor and assistant professor at Washington University in St. Louis, and in 1951-52 he was a research associate in International Relations at Yale University. From 1952-56 he was a research associate in the Center for International Studies at Princeton University. Professor Pye joined the MIT faculty in 1956. In 1958, under the auspicies of the MIT Center for International Studies, he undertook field work in Burma in order to research the cultural and psychological sources of the country's problems in political development. During the 1960's, he conducted field work in Hong Kong, Vietnam, the Philippines, Korea, Indonesia, and India. In 1955-56 he was visiting lecturer at Columbia University, and in 1959-61 visiting lecturer at Yale. On retiring from MIT he was a visiting professor at George Washington University in 1993, at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1994, and at Balliol College, Oxford University in 1995. Since 1990 he has been an associate in research at the Fairbank Center, Harvard University. Dr. Pye has been elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Before his presidency he was earlier elected vice-president and a member of the Council of the American Political Science Association. He has been a member of the board of the Association of Asian Studies. From 1963-67 he was a member of the selection committee of the Foreign Area Fellowship Program, and since 1975 he has been on the selection board of the Luce Scholar program. Professor Pye was a recipient of the Wilbur Cross Medal of the graduate school of Yale University, the Harold D. Lasswell Award at the International Society of Political Psychology, and membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He received the Auxiliary Research Award for the Social Science Research Council. And in 1963-64 he was a Fellow of the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, California. Professor Pye was the author/editor of 27 books. Lucian Pye died September 5, 2008, in Boston after a long illness. He was 86.

17	Name:	Dr. Neil J. Smelser
	Institution:	Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	October 2, 2017

	Neil Smelser was born in 1930 in Kahoka, Missouri, and spent his youth in Phoenix, Arizona. He received his B.A. from Harvard College in 1952, a second B.A. from Oxford University in 1954 (M.A., 1959), and a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1958. He was a member of the department of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1958-94 and Director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences from 1994-2001. He published extensively in the fields of social theory, social change, economic sociology, social movements, the sociology of education, and psychoanalysis (he trained in psychoanalysis at the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute, graduating in 1971). He was elected President of the American Sociological Association in 1996, and was also a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. Neil Smelser died October 2, 2017, at the age of 87.

18	Name:	Dr. Verner E. Suomi
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	7/30/95

19	Name:	Dr. Lewis Thomas
	Institution:	Sloan-Kettering; Cornell University Medical College
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	12/3/93

20	Name:	Dr. Frank H. Westheimer
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	April 14, 2007

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