American Philosophical Society
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1Name:  Sir Michael J. Berridge
 Institution:  The Babraham Institute; University of Cambridge
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1938
 Death Date:  February 13, 2020
   
 
Michael John Berridge was born in 1938 in Gatooma, a small town in the middle of Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe. He began his education at Jameson High School where he was fortunate in being taught biology by Pamela Bates who fostered his academic interests and encouraged him to pursue a scientific career. He enrolled in the University of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in Salisbury to read Zoology and Chemistry where he received his B.Sc. (1st Class Honours) in 1960. He then travelled to England to begin research on insect physiology with Sir Vincent Wigglesworth at the University of Cambridge and was awarded his Ph.D. in 1964. He than travelled to the United States to begin a period of post-doctoral study first at the University of Virginia and later at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. During his stay in Cleveland he began his interest in how cells communicate with each other and was fortunate to obtain valuable advice from Dr Ted Rall who a few years earlier had worked together with Earl Sutherland who received a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the second messenger cyclic AMP. In 1969 Berridge returned to Cambridge to take up an appointment at the AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology. He currently is an Emeritus Babraham Fellow at The Babraham Institute Laboratory of Molecular Signalling. Berridge is best known for his discovery of the second messenger inositol trisphosphate (IP3), which plays a universal role in regulating many cellular processes including cell growth and information processing in the nervous system. His studies on cell signalling began with his interest in trying to understand the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland. His introduction and development of this simple model system paved the way for a number of significant observations which culminated in the major breakthrough of uncovering a new second messenger system responsible for regulating intracellular calcium signalling. A role for second messengers in controlling fluid secretion was first recognised when cyclic AMP was found to mimic the stimulatory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Subsequent studies revealed that calcium was also important and Berridge was one of the first to draw attention to the integrated action of the cyclic AMP and calcium messenger systems. He showed that signal calcium could be derived from both external and internal reservoirs. A major problem emerged as to how cells gained access to their internal stores of calcium. Berridge provided the first direct evidence to support Michell's hypothesis that the hydrolysis of inositol lipids played a role in calcium signalling. Interest in inositol phosphates began to intensify when Berridge developed a new approach of measuring their formation as a direct way to study receptor-mediated inositol lipid hydrolysis. Of particular significance, was his introduction of the lithium amplification technique to provide an exquisitely sensitive method for measuring inositol lipid turnover. His work on lithium provided new insights into how this drug controls manic-depressive illness. Using the lithium amplification method, Berridge demonstrated that hormones stimulated a rapid formation of IP3, which led him to propose that this metabolite might function as a second messenger. Such a messenger role was rapidly verified when IP3 was found to mobilize calcium when injected into cells. It is now apparent that the IP3/calcium signalling system regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as fertilization, secretion, metabolism, contraction, cell proliferation and information processing in the brain. This work has sparked a worldwide interest in the role of this signalling system in cell regulation. His most recent work has concentrated on the spatial and temporal aspects of calcium signalling. He was one of the first physiologists to provide evidence that the level of calcium might oscillate when cells are stimulated by a hormone. He also showed that oscillation frequency varied with agonist concentration, which led him to propose that the signalling system was frequency-modulated. Berridge's discovery of the IP3/calcium pathway provided an explanation of such oscillatory activity. His laboratory has been at the forefront of recent studies exploiting rapid confocal imaging techniques to characterize the elementary events of calcium signalling. This radically new understanding of how calcium signals are produced has provided new insights into both neural and cardiac cell signalling. Berridge became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1972 and was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1984. In 1999 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For his work on second messengers Berridge has received numerous awards and prizes, including The King Faisal International Prize in Science, The Louis Jeantet Prize in Medicine, The Albert Lasker Medical Research Award, The Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Wolf Foundation Prize in Medicine and The Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine. In 1998 Berridge was knighted for his service to science.
 
2Name:  Dr. Mina J. Bissell
 Institution:  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1940
   
 
Dr. Mina J. Bissell is a world-renowned leader in the area of the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) and microenvironment in regulation of tissue-specific function with special emphasis in breast cancer, where she has changed some established paradigms. She earned an A.B. with honors in chemistry from Harvard/Radcliffe College and a Ph.D. in bacterial genetics from Harvard University in 1969. She was a Milton Fellow at Harvard and an American Cancer Society Fellow in the Department of Molecular Biology at U.C. Berkeley. She joined the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1972. Dr. Bissell became a Senior Scientist in 1977, the Director of Cell & Molecular Biology in 1988, and was appointed Director of all of Life Sciences in 1992. Dr. Bissell has authored more than 280 publications and sits on the editorial board of many scientific journals, most recently Science magazine and Journal of Cell Science. She also sits on a number of national and international scientific and government boards. She has received numerous awards and citations and has given more than 80 'named and distinguished' lectures. She was a Fogarty Fellow in 1984, a Guggenheim fellow in 1992 and was elected an AAAS fellow in 1994. She received the 1996 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award and medal, the highest honor of the US Department of Energy. In 1997, she was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies and served as President of the American Society for Cell Biology. In 1998, she received the Mellon Award from the University of Pittsburgh and was the 1999 recipient of the Eli Lilly/Clowes Award of the American Association for Cancer Research. In 2001, Dr. Bissell received both an honorary doctorate from the Pierre & Marie Curie University in Paris and the first "Innovator Award" of the US Army breast cancer program. In 2002, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was the President of the International Society of Differentiation. Upon stepping down as the Life Science's Division Director, she was named Distinguished Scientist (one of seven, the only woman and the only life scientist to achieve this status) and Senior Advisor to the Laboratory Director on Biology. In 2003, she received the Brinker Award from the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. In 2004, she was among the 13 recipients of the first Discovery Health Channel Medical Honor and received another honorary doctorate from the University of Copenhagen. In 2005, she became the first OBER/DOE Distinguished Scientist Fellow in Life Sciences and received a $1.25 million award for 5 years. In 2006, Dr. Bissell received the H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center Ted Couch Lectureship and Award. In 2007, she received the Pezcoller Foundation-AACR International Award for Cancer Research. In 2008 she received the American Cancer Society's Medal of Honor in Basic Research, and the University of Porto and the Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology established the Mina J. Bissell Award, a medal to be given out every two years to a person who has "transformed our perception of a topic in science." The American Italian Cancer Foundation awarded her their 2010 Prize for Scientific Excellence in Medicine for "having changed the accepted paradigms in cancer research, for pioneering to create the field of Tumor Microenvironment, and for the courage to persist not only until it is well accepted but also put to clinical use" and in 2011 she was named the recipient of the Jill Rose Award by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. In 2017 she was honored with the 14th AACR Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research and in 2019 she was the recipient of both the APS Jonathan E. Rhoads Medal for Distinguished Service to Medicine and the Weizmann Women & Science Award. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 and the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
3Name:  Dr. Lina Bolzoni
 Institution:  Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402b
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1940
   
 
Lina Bolzoni is professor of Italian literature at the University of Pisa and the Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. She has served on the University of Pisa faculty since 1976 and chaired the Department of Italian Literature from 1989-91 and 1995-97. She has also held visiting professorships at the Collège de France and Harvard, New York and Princeton Universities. She received her Ph.D. from the Scuola Normale Superiore in 1974. Lina Bolzoni has pioneered the study of relationships between literature and philosophy, literature and the figurative arts, and between memory and preaching for our generation. She has made the study of sacred and secular oratory her special province and has explored the relationship between the art of memory and figurative practice in both art and literature. She has been a generous colleague at the Scuola Normale and an innovative supporter of electronic scholarship, even exploring relationships between medieval systems of memory and modern neurological patterns of memory and modes of perception. Her approach to the study of literature is innovative and disciplined, expanding the canon in imaginative ways. Dr. Bolzoni's published works include L'universo dei poemi possibili. Studi su Francesco Patrizi da Cherso, 1980; Il teatro della memoria. Studi su Giulio Camillo, 1984; The Gallery of Memory. Literary and Iconographic Models in the Age of Printing, 1995; The Web of Images. Vernacular Preaching from its Origins to St. Bernardino da Siena, 2002; and Poesia e ritratto nel Rinascimento, 2008. She has been honored with the Premio Viareggio per la saggistica, 2002; the Premio Brancati Zafferana Etnea per la saggistica, 2002; and the Modern Language Association's Aldo and Jean Scaglione Prize, 2003. Lina Bolzoni is also a member of the Accademia La Colombaria, Firenze. She was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
4Name:  Dr. Tyler Burge
 Institution:  University of California, Los Angeles
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1946
   
 
Tyler Burge is one of the leading contemporary figures in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and epistemology. His work centers on the essential embeddedness of the individual subject in the social world of which he is a member, and the logical inseparability of ascriptions to an individual of thought, meaning, and knowledge from the objective facts of this social context - even when the individual is not fully aware of those facts. This is not just the evident empirical point that individuals acquire their concepts by social learning. It is a claim about the content of those concepts, and its logical dependence on the world around them and on other speakers of their language. This "anti-individualist" approach casts a new light on the way in which the mind is part of the world. It goes against a venerable tradition extending from Descartes through Frege. As Burge observes, it has some affinities with the tradition of Hegel. His work is also related to that of Hilary Putnam and Donald Davidson. He has explored the implications of these ideas not only for mental content but for meaning, for the objectivity of norms, and for self-knowledge - which is much more puzzling when the boundaries between the self and the world are complicated in this way. These writings are widely cited and very influential. He also has done serious work in the history of philosophy, notably on Frege and Kant. Dr. Burge is presently Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.
 
5Name:  Dr. Judith Butler
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1956
   
 
Grounded in Continental philosophy, Judith Butler has become one of the most influential voices in the fields of feminist theory, literary criticism, social theory, ethics, and psychoanalysis. Her best-known book, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, became a founding text for theoretical work in gender and sexuality through its critical readings of Simone de Beauvoir, Julia Kristeva, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, and Luce Irigaray. Perhaps the book's most significant choice was the use of J. L. Austin's concept of performativity as the basis for an understanding of the development of a gendered subjectivity not dependent on biological givens. Performativity becomes an increasingly powerful and flexible conceptual tool in Butler's subsequent, nuanced work on iterability and citation. Responding to postmodern and post-structuralist critiques of the self-evidence of identity, Dr. Butler has emerged as a public intellectual through her rigorous exploration of non-foundationalist approaches to issues of rights and representation. Over the past decade, her work has increasingly moved outward from gender and sexuality (while not letting go of its emphasis on those issues) to encompass broader questions of human rights, social theory, and ethics. Her more recent books explore hate speech, the politics of kinship, the problematics of universalism, and the efficacy and limitations of self-knowledge in the context of inequality. Those publications include Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (2000); (with E. Laclau, S. Zizek) Hegemony, Contingency, Universality (2000); Precarious Life: Powers of Violence and Mourning (2004); and Giving an Account of Oneself (2005). Judith Butler was awarded the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award for exemplary contributions to scholarship in the humanities in 2008. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2019). She has been Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric, Comparative Literature, and Gender and Sexuality Studies at the University of California, Berkeley since 1993. She holds a Ph.D. from Yale University and has also served on the faculties of Wesleyan and Johns Hopkins Universities. Judith Butler was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
6Name:  Dr. Nicholas Canny
 Institution:  Moore Institute for Research in the Humanities and Social Studies, University of Galway
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1944
   
 
Nicholas Canny, a historian, has been a Member of the Scientific Council of the European Research Council since 2011. He held an Established Chair in History at the National University of Ireland, Galway, 1979-2009, where he also served as Founding Director of the Moore Institute for Research in the Humanities, 2000-11, and as Vice President for Research, 2005-8. He was President of the Royal Irish Academy 2008-11and in 2020 received it's highest honor, the Cunningham Medal. He is a Member of Academia Europaea, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and of the Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid). He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007. He has been a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton; professeur invité at the École des Hautes Études, Paris, and was Parnell Senior Research Fellow at Magdalene College, University of Cambridge, 2005-6. An expert on early modern history broadly defined, he edited the first volume of The Oxford History of the British Empire (1998) and, with Philip D. Morgan, edited The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World, c1450-c1850 (2011). His major book is Making Ireland British, 1580-1650 (Oxford, 2001), for which he was awarded the Irish Historical Research Prize 2003; a prize he had previously won in 1976 for his first book The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: a Pattern Established, 1565-76. He was invited to give the Raleigh Lecture for 2011 to the British Academy which has been published as ‘A Protestant or Catholic Atlantic World? Confessional Divisions and the Writing of Natural History’ in Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 181, pp. 83-121.
 
7Name:  Dr. Susan E. Carey
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  305
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1942
   
 
Susan Carey is Henry A. Morss, Jr. and Elizabeth W. Morss Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. Her research illuminates the development and nature of human knowledge and charts the intuitive theories that organize children's and adults' concepts of numbers, living things and the material world. Concepts are the basic units of thought. Dr. Carey has shown how children's concepts gain meaning and functional use from theories they construct about the world, starting from a few innate notions. She initiated modern experimental studies of children's understanding of numbers and counting, of physical causation, and of biology with its associated concepts of person, animal, and living thing, arguing for parallels between infants' developing concepts of number and causality and similar changes over mankind's intellectual history. She has also made seminal contributions to areas such as language acquisition, cognitive neuroscience, comparative primate cognition, and science education. Her research sheds light on children's thought and language and shows how educators can enhance the teaching of science and mathematics. Dr. Carey has been a Fulbright Fellow and William James Fellow and has been elected a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2001) and the National Academy of Sciences (2002).
 
8Name:  Dr. Timothy J. Clark
 Institution:  University of California, Berkeley
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  401. Archaeology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
T. J. Clark was born in Bristol, England in 1943, took a B.A. in modern history at Cambridge, and a Ph.D. in art history at the Courtauld Institute, University of London. He has taught at a number of institutions in England and the U.S., including the Universities of Leeds and Essex, Camberwell School of Art, UCLA, Harvard, and, since 1988, the University of California, Berkeley, where he is George C. and Helen N. Pardee Chair and Professor of Modern Art. He is the author of a series of books on the social character and formal dynamics of modern art, including The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848-1851 (1973); Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution (1973); The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers (1984); and Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism (1999). In Spring 2005 Verso published a polemical analysis of the present crisis in world politics written by him jointly with Iain Boal, Joseph Matthews, and Michael Watts (a.k.a. "Retort"), entitled Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War. Clark's latest book is The Sight of Death: An Experiment in Art Writing (2006), an extended study of two paintings by Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with a Calm in the Getty Museum, Los Angeles, and Landscape with a Man Killed by a Snake in the National Gallery, London.
 
9Name:  Dr. Paul J. Crutzen
 Institution:  Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1933
 Death Date:  January 28, 2021
   
 
Paul Crutzen was a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Center for Atmospheric Sciences from 1992 to 2008. He was also Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Utrecht University, and the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. He has made substantial and fundamental contributions to our understanding of the formation and decomposition of ozone - processes that are also affected by our emissions of different kinds of gas. In particular, he has shown the importance of nitrogen oxides for the ozone balance. Crutzen has also made contributions to the understanding of how the reactions that decompose ozone are considerably reinforced by cloud particles in the stratosphere. That the dilution of the ozone layer is strongest just above the poles of the earth - in particular over Antarctica - is due to this effect. The extremely low temperatures lead to the creation of a very large amount of cloud particles. Research on the chemical mechanisms in the ozone layer has shown signs of the negative impact of humans. There are now far-reaching international agreements on the prohibition of emission of freons and other gases destroying ozone in the so-called Montreal Protocol. Crutzen has also studied how ozone is created in the lower stratum of the atmosphere, the troposphere, where the amount of ozone has increased in the last century due to car exhausts and other emissions. Besides contributing to the greenhouse effect, ozone close to the ground also causes damage to crops and human health. Paul Crutzen shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland. His most recent interests are in the following areas: global modeling of atmospheric chemical processes (2-D, 3-D) for troposphere, stratosphere and lower mesosphere; interactions of atmospheric chemistry with climate; studies of the potential role of halogen photochemistry with ozone in the marine boundary layer; and tropospheric chemistry, including the role of biomass burning in the tropics and subtropics. More recently Crutzen has involved himself with studies of geo-engineering to reduce the heating of Earth's climate by carbon dioxide emissions. He also published a paper showing that the production of biofuels (e.g. ethanol from maize and biodiesel from rapeseed) to replace fossil fuels may not cool climate. Crutzen also proposed that over the past 200 years human activities have grown so much that the introduction of a new geologic epoch, the Anthropocene, is justified. He died on January 28, 2021.
 
10Name:  Dr. Anne Cutler
 Institution:  University of Western Sydney, Australia
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  305
 Residency:  International
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1945
 Death Date:  June 7, 2022
   
 
Born in Australia, as a postwar baby-boomer, Anne Cutler could benefit from a little-known side-effect of the wartime disruption of Europe: the extraordinarily high quality of language teaching in 1950s Australian schools. Overqualified refugee academics surviving by teaching their native language included her Belgian high-school teacher of French, and her Austrian teacher of German (with a University of Vienna Ph.D.). This background led her to study languages - at Melbourne University, where, thanks to regulations mandating a "science subject" in BA degrees, she discovered psychology as well. Psycholinguistics, investigating language with the methods of experimental psychology, emerged as an independent discipline in nice time for her Ph.D. study (at the University of Texas). Her research has centred on the recognition of spoken language, beginning (in her Ph.D.) with the role of rhythm and intonation in comprehension; since these vary greatly across languages, this prompted her to cross-linguistic comparisons. Her most important discoveries have concerned how adult processing of spoken language is exquisitely adapted to suit the native language (making for great efficiency in listening to the native language, but difficulty in listening to structurally different foreign languages). Her research was conducted from 1982 to 1993 at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, UK (which she joined after postdoctoral fellowships at MIT and the University of Sussex), and from 1993 at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, where she served as director until 2013. She is currently Research Professor at Australia's MARCS Institute at the University of Western Sydney. Her awards include the Spinoza Prize of the Dutch Science Council (1999); further, she is a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, and the National Academy of Sciences (US).
 
11Name:  Dr. John Deutch
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
John Deutch is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Deutch has been a member of the MIT faculty since 1970 and has served as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry, Dean of Science, and Provost. Dr. Deutch has published over 160 technical publications in physical chemistry, as well as numerous publications on technology, energy, international security and public policy issues. He received the Aspen Strategy Group Leadership Award in 2004 and was the Phi Beta Kappa "Orator" at Harvard University in 2005. John Deutch served as Director of Central Intelligence from May 1995 to December 1996. From 1994-95 he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense and served as Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology from 1993-94. He has also served as Director of Energy Research (1977-79), Acting Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology (1979) and Undersecretary (1979-80) in the United States Department of Energy. In addition, John Deutch has served on the President's Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee (1980-81); the President's Commission on Strategic Forces (1983); the White House Science Council (1985-89); the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (1990-93); the President's Commission on Aviation Safety and Security (1996); the President's Commission on Reducing and Protecting Government Secrecy (1996-97); and as Chairman of the Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (1998-99). He was a member of the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (1997-2001). In 2018 he made a generous endowment to name an MIT Institute Professorship, thereby supporting the most exceptional faculty members of the Institute. John Deutch was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
12Name:  Professor Cora Diamond
 Institution:  University of Virginia
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  406. Linguistics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1935
   
 
Cora Diamond is William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Philosophy Emerita and Professor of Law Emerita at the University of Virginia. One of the most original and influential recent interpreters of both early (Tractatus-era) and late (Investigations-era) Wittgenstein, her work has inspired a whole new school (the "New Wittgenstein"), but she is also much more than that. Her essays range widely over issues in the philosophy of language, ethics, and literature and they illuminate everything that they touch. She is simultaneously a humanistic and an analytic philosopher, and her work has wide range and great power.
 
13Name:  Mr. E. L. Doctorow
 Institution:  New York University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1931
 Death Date:  July 21, 2015
   
 
E.L. Doctorow was a consummate American novelist whose works have masterfully explored the country's history. In The Book of Daniel it was the trial of the Rosenbergs; in Ragtime ebullient America at the turn of the nineteenth century; in the superb Billy Bathgate New York during Prohibition; and in The March Sherman's fabled sweep through the South. His 2009 book, Homer & Langley, details the lives of two wealthy Manhattan packrats who collected over 100 tons of miscellaneous items. All the Time in the World, published in 2011, is a collection of several of his short stories. His last work was Andrew's Brain (2014). Doctorow was a prolific writer of short stories, a deeply appreciated teacher of creative writing, and a dignified, highly erudite, yet convivial man. A graduate of Kenyon College, he was the Lewis and Loretta Glucksman Professor in American Letters and Professor of English at New York University. In 2014 he was awarded the Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction. E. L. Doctorow died July 21, 2015, at age 84, in Manhattan. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2006.
 
14Name:  Dr. John W. Dower
 Institution:  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  3. Social Sciences
 Subdivision:  303. History Since 1715
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1938
   
 
John Dower has been Ford International Professor of History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 2003. He holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University and has also taught at the University of Wisconsin and the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Dower has achieved remarkable success in four areas: academic writing on modern Japanese history; writing for popular audiences; curriculum development; and public spokesman on current affairs related to East Asian and United States security policies. His books have won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, the Bancroft Prize, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. They include Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954 (1979); War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986); and Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (1999). In over 15 years at MIT, Dr. Dower has shaped the institute's history curriculum and has taught popular courses on Japanese history and World War II.
 
15Name:  Dr. Ronald M. Evans
 Institution:  The Salk Institute
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  2. Biological Sciences
 Subdivision:  202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1949
   
 
Ronald Evans is March of Dimes Professor in Molecular & Developmental Neurobiology at the Salk Institute and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His discovery of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, including the mineralocorticoid, thyroid, retinoic acid (vitamin A), and retinoid X receptors, was a watershed in the field. His discovery of RXR and its heterodimeric partners proved to be the "Rosetta stone" for identifying hormonal ligands of several hitherto-orphan nuclear receptors, with profound implications for normal physiology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Dr. Evans' discoveries in the field of nuclear hormone receptors defined a unitary signaling pathway and a central paradigm for the control of eukaryotic gene expression. His work established a transcriptional basis to physiology and has led to a new generation of drugs for cancer, metabolic disease and the treatment of muscular dystrophies. He has received numerous awards for his efforts, including the Pasarow Award in Cancer Research (1993); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award in Metabolic Research (2000); the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (2003); the General Motors Sloan Prize in Cancer Research (2003); the Keio Medical Science Prize, Japan (2003); the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award (2004); the Grande Medaille d'Or of the French Academy of Sciences (2005); the Harvey Prize (2006); the Gairdner International Award (2006); and the Lipman Award of the American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (2007).
 
16Name:  Dr. Wendy Freedman
 Institution:  University of Chicago
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  101. Astronomy
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1957
   
 
Wendy Freedman is the John and Marion Sullivan Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago. A native of Toronto, Canada, she received her doctorate in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of Toronto in 1984. In the same year she received a Carnegie Fellowship at the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California, and joined the faculty in 1987. From 2003-2014 she served as the Crawford H. Greenewalt Director of the Carnegie Observatories, and from 2003-2015, she served as the founding chair of the Board of Directors for the Giant Magellan Telescope, a 25-m optical telescope scheduled for completion in Chile in the 2030s. Professor Freedman is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. She is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society and The Royal Society, and a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society. Professor Freedman’s awards include the Marc Aaronson Lectureship and Prize, the McGovern Award for her work on cosmology, and the American Philosophical Society's Magellanic Prize. She is one of three co-recipients of the 2009 Gruber Cosmology Prize and has also been awarded the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics by the American Institute of Physics and American Astronomical Society. Her primary research interests are in observational cosmology. Professor Freedman was a principal investigator for a team of thirty astronomers who carried out the Hubble Key Project to measure the current expansion rate of the Universe. Presently her research interests are directed at increasing the accuracy of measurements of the expansion rate and testing whether there is new fundamental early-universe physics. She is Principal Investigator of a new first-cycle program with the James Webb Space Telescope to measure the Hubble constant to percent-level precision.
 
17Name:  Mr. Lee Friedlander
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  501. Creative Artists
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1934
   
 
Photographer Lee Friedlander studied with Edward Kaminski at the Art Center, Los Angeles, from 1953-55 before settling in New York, where he began photographing jazz musicians. Eugène Atget, Walker Evans and Robert Frank were among his early influences. His discovery of the work of E. J. Bellocq led to an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1970. His first one-man show was held in 1963 at the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House in Rochester, N.Y. Friedlander's fascination with reflections in glass that suggest multiple layers in depth received increased attention in the 1960s. His critical eye, which began photographing the U.S. social landscape in the 1960s, produced the first of many volumes, Newark, New Jersey, in 1962. He then developed affinities with Jim Dine and Pop art that resulted in their Works from the Same House. Urban life became more prominent in Friedlander's work in the 1970s (Albuquerque, 1972), which led to The American Monument (1976) devoted to public monuments. In the 1980s he photographed industrial areas in the Ohio valley (Factory Valleys: Ohio and Pennsylvania, 1982) and furthered a continuing interest in nature with Flowers and Trees (1981) and Cherry Blossom Time in Japan (1986). Friedlander received Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grants in 1960, 1962 and 1977; a MacArthur Foundation Award in 1990; a Chevalier des Arts et Lettres from France in 1999; and a Skowhegan Medal in Photography in 2000. A recent exhibition, "Lee Friedlander: A Ramble in Olmsted Parks", appeared at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2008, and "America by Car" was both published and exhibited at the Whitney Museum of Art in 2010. In 2014 he published Family in the Picture: 1958-2013.
 
18Name:  Dr. Eugene Garfield
 Institution:  The Scientist; Institute for Scientific Information/Thomson Scientific
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
 Subdivision:  504. Scholars in the Professions
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Deceased
 Birth Date:  1925
 Death Date:  February 26, 2017
   
 
Eugene Garfield was a pioneer in information retrieval systems and the inventor of Current Contents (1958), Index Chemicus (1960), Science Citation Index (1964), Social Sciences Citation Index (1970), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (1975). He was an eclectic science communicator, founding publisher/editor of The Scientist, and author of over 1,000 articles and books. His annual impact factor rankings of ISI's Journal Citation Reports (1975) have promoted high journal standards worldwide. His HistCite system (1964) of algorithmic historiography now maps research topics from searches of the ISI Web of Science database of 30,000,000 articles. Modern scholarship in the sciences and the humanities relies heavily on the retrieval of information and the assessment of its impact on the thinking of others. Garfield developed the technique of Science Citation. Papers are ranked based on the number of times that they are referenced in other papers. Google is based on the same principle. Web sites are ranked in the list that is generated by the search words or phrase based on the number of times other Web sites refer to them. In their Stanford thesis that is the basis of the Google concept, Google's founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin cited Garfield's invention of Science Citations. His invention has been a major contribution to information technology and to American and world business. Eugene Garfield died February 26, 2017, at the age of 91.
 
19Name:  Dr. Stephen J. Greenblatt
 Institution:  Harvard University
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  4. Humanities
 Subdivision:  402a
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1943
   
 
Stephen Greenblatt is Cogan University Professor of the Humanities at Harvard University. His areas of specialization include Shakespeare, 16th and 17th century English literature, the literature of travel and exploration, and literary theory. Dr. Greenblatt's publications include the following books: Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare; Hamlet in Purgatory; Practicing New Historicism; Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World; Learning to Curse: Essays in Modern Culture; Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England; Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare; Sir Walter Raleigh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles; Three Modern Satirists: Waugh, Orwell, and Huxley; The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve; Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics; and The Swerve: How the World Became Modern - for which he won both the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction and the National Book Award. In 2012 he edited and annotated new editions of Thomas Browne's Urne-Buriall and Religio Medici with his wife Ramie Targoff. In addition he is the General Editor of The Norton Shakespeare and the General Editor of The Norton Anthology of English Literature. He is also (with Charles Mee) the author of a play, Cardenio. He serves on the editorial or advisory boards of numerous journals and is an editor and cofounder of Representations. His research has been supported by fellowships and grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Guggenheim, Fulbright, Howard and Kyoto University Foundations, and the American Council of Learned Societies. He has received the James Russell Lowell Prize of the MLA, the British Council Prize in the Humanities, and the Mellon Distinguished Humanist Award. He is an Honorary Corresponding Fellow of The English Association, U.K. For Will in the World he received the 2004 Will Award from The Shakespeare Theatre, Washington, DC, and the 2005 Independent Publisher Book Award for Biography; the book was a finalist for the National Book Awards, the Pulitzer Prize, the Los Angeles Times Book Awards, the National Book Critic Circle Awards, the Quills, and the Julia Ward Howe Prize of the Boston Author's Club. Dr. Greenblatt has been elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Letters, is a permanent fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study in Berlin, and has served as president of the Modern Language Association of America. He has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley, lectured widely and held numerous visiting professorships. His named lecture series include the Lionel Trilling Seminar at Columbia, the Theo Crosby Memorial Lecture, Globe Theatre, London, the Clarendon Lectures at Oxford, the Carpenter Lecturers at the University of Chicago, and the University Lectures at Princeton. He received his B.A. (summa cum laude) from Yale University, a second B.A. from Cambridge University, and his Ph.D. from Yale. He was born in Boston and has three sons. In 2016 he was awarded the Holberg Prize by the government of Norway.
 
20Name:  Dr. David Gross
 Institution:  Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara
 Year Elected:  2007
 Class:  1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 Subdivision:  106. Physics
 Residency:  Resident
 Living? :   Living
 Birth Date:  1941
   
 
David Gross directs the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he is also Frederick W. Gluck Professor of Theoretical Physics. A distinguished scientist and a leader in elementary particle theory, he received the 2004 Nobel Prize for his influential contributions to the theory of strong interactions, most notably the proof of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics, an essential building block in the now well established Standard Model. Gross has also had an important impact on developments in superstring theory, in particular as co-discoverer of the heterotic string that many in the particle theory community view as the most promising road to a fundamental theory underlying the unification of gravity with the Standard Model. After receiving his Ph.D., from the University of California, Berkeley in 1966, David Gross became a junior fellow at Harvard University. In 1969 he joined the faculty of Princeton University, where he was appointed Professor of Physics in 1972, and later Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics. In his current position Gross has taken an active and positive role in shaping scientific programs, and he has served with distinction on many national committees. His numerous honors include the Dirac Medal, a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship Prize and membership in the American Physical Society, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. David Gross was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.
 
Election Year
2007[X]
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