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21	Name:	Dr. Gene E. Likens
	Institution:	Institute of Ecosystem Studies
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Gene Likens' work established some of the key concepts, methods, and findings of ecosystem ecology. He founded the Institute for Ecosystem Studies in 1983 and led it through 2007, serving as Director, President and G. Evelyn Hutchinson Chair in Ecology. Dr. Likens' research focuses on the biogeochemistry of forest and aquatic ecosystems. His long-term studies at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which he co-founded in 1963, have shed light on critical links between ecosystem functions and land use practices. He and his colleagues were the first scientists to document the link between the fossil fuel combustion and an increase in the acidity of precipitation in North America. His findings have influenced policy makers, motivated scientific studies, and increased public awareness of Human-Accelerated Environmental Change. Winner of the 2001 National Medal of Science, Dr. Likens is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1979) and the National Academy of Sciences (1981). He has been awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology and the Franklin Institute's 2019 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1962.

22	Name:	Dr. Elizabeth F. Loftus
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	For more than three decades, Elizabeth Loftus has been delving into the mysteries of human memory. Her fascination with memory began shortly after completing her undergraduate education at UCLA (where she majored in mathematics and psychology) when she was half way through her graduate education at Stanford, where she received a Ph.D. in psychology. That education helped to transform her from a puzzled, uncertain adolescent into a psychological scientist. Today, Elizabeth Loftus is Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Irvine. She holds positions in the Departments of Psychology & Social Behavior, and Criminology, Law & Society. She also holds appointments in the Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Formerly, she was Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Washington, Seattle, where she taught for 29 years. Dr. Loftus's early studies were about semantic memory -- memory for language, concepts and general knowledge of the world. Soon she wanted to study some aspect of memory that had more obvious real-world applications. With a background in memory and a keen interest in legal issues, it was natural to turn to the study of witnesses to legally relevant events, like crimes and accidents. Her earliest studies of eyewitness testimony addressed several issues: When someone sees a crime or accident, how accurate is their memory? What happens when witnesses are questioned by police officers, and what if those questions are biased? Her early findings revealed that leading questions could contaminate or distort a witness's memory. Dr. Loftus began to apply these findings to issues in the justice system, where eyewitness testimony is often crucial evidence. Over the last several decades, she has published extensively on eyewitness memory, covering both its psychological and legal aspects. She has also investigated the issue of the accuracy of memories formed in childhood, and the possibility of recovery later in life of memories of traumatic events that had apparently been repressed. She has devoted much research effort to the possibility that recovered memories may be false, false memories that in some cases are due to therapeutic treatments designed to help patients dredge up memory. She has done scores of studies that show that memories can be distorted by suggestive influences, but also that entirely false memories can be planted in people's minds. She has succeeded in planting false memories of getting lost for an extended time as a child, facing a threat to one's life as a child, witnessing demonic possession as a child, seeing wounded animals as part of a traumatic bombing, and more. Because of the research, Dr. Loftus has been invited to consult or to testify in hundreds of cases, including the McMartin PreSchool Molestation case, the Hillside Strangler, the Abscam cases, the trial of Oliver North, the trial of the officers accused in the Rodney King beating, the Menendez brothers, the Michael Jackson case, the Bosnian War trials in the Hague, the Oklahoma bombing case, and the Martha Stewart case. Dr. Loftus also worked on numerous cases involving allegations of "repressed memories", such as the case involving Cardinal Bernardin of Chicago. The research also has given her opportunities to consult with many government agencies on problems of human memory, including the FBI, the U.S. Secret Service, the Internal Revenue Service, the Department of Justice, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Dr. Loftus has received eight honorary doctorates for her research, the first in 1982 from Miami University (Ohio), and the most recent from Australian National University in 2020. She was the 1998-99 President of the Association of Psychological Science and also served twice as President of the Western Psychological Association. For her research, Dr. Loftus has received numerous awards. She received the two top scientific awards from the Association of Psychological Science: The James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award in 1997 ("for a career of significant intellectual contributions to the science of psychology in the area of applied psychological research") and, in 2001, the William James Fellow Award (for "ingeniously and rigorously designed research studies that yielded clear objective evidence on difficult and controversial questions"). In 2003, the same year that she received the APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Applications of Psychology, she was also elected to membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. In 2004 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2005, she won the Grawemeyer Prize in Psychology (for Outstanding Ideas in the Science of Psychology), which came with a $200,000 monetary prize. That same year she was elected Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (which is Scotland's National Academy of Science & Letters, Est 1783 - some 40 years after the establishment of the American Philosophical Society). Also that year, she was honored by her own university (UC- Irvine) with the Lauds & Laurels, Faculty Achievement Award, (for "great professional prominence in their field" in research, teaching and public service; 9th recipient in UCI history). Loftus received the Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 2010, the UC Irvine Medal in 2012, the American Psychological Foundation Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2013, and the Cornell University Lifetime Achievement in Human Development, Law & Psychology Award in 2015. Perhaps one of the most unusual signs of recognition of the impact of Dr. Loftus's research came in a study published by the Review of General Psychology which identified the top 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Well known names top the list: Freud, Skinner, and Piaget. Elizabeth Loftus was number 58, and the top ranked woman on the list.

23	Name:	Dr. Alasdair MacIntyre
	Institution:	London Metropolitan University; University of Notre Dame
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1929

	Alasdair MacIntyre was born in Scotland in 1929. Although his roots are in the North of Ireland and the West of Scotland, he was largely educated in England, doing his undergraduate work in classics at Queen Mary College (University of London) - of which he is now a Fellow - and his graduate work in philosophy at the University of Manchester. He taught at various British universities, including Oxford and Essex, until 1970, when he emigrated to the United States. In 1966, he published A Short History of Ethics and in 1967 Secularization and Moral Change, his Riddell lectures at the University of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Since 1970, he has taught at a number of American universities, including Duke University, where from 1995-2000 he was Arts and Sciences Professor of Philosophy, and the University of Notre Dame to which he returned in the Fall of 2000 as a Research Professor. Among his books are After Virtue (1981), Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988), First Principles, Final Ends and Contemporary Philosophical Issues (1990), his Aquinas Lecture at Marquette University in 1990, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (1990), his Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh in 1988, and Dependent Rational Animals (1999). In 1984, he was the President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association. He has received honorary degrees from Swarthmore College, the Queen's University of Belfast, the University of Essex, Williams College, the New School for Social Research, Marquette University, the University of Aberdeen, and St. Patrick's University, Maynooth. He is an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

24	Name:	Dr. Linda R. Manzanilla
	Institution:	Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, National Autonomous University of Mexico
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Linda R. Manzanilla is one of the most important and internationally renowned archaeologists in Mexico. A highly productive scholar, she has made key contributions in both empirical research and in theoretical and methodological understandings of the development of ancient civilizations. Both the breadth of her fieldwork (she has undertaken significant research in Mexico, Bolivia, Turkey, and Egypt) and the depth of her insights, especially in regard to new perspectives on the rise, growth, structure, and collapse of the great pre-Columbian city of Teotihuacan, have made Professor Manzanilla one of the leading scholars in the world in the study of early cities and states and their development through time and space. Since 1984 she has been an investigator and professor at the Institute of Anthropological Investigations at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

25	Name:	Dr. Daniel L. McFadden
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	A very original and powerful thinker in the field of quantitative microeconomics, Daniel McFadden is the director of the Econometrics Laboratory and professor of economics and E. Morris Cox Chair at the University of California, Berkeley. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1962 and previously served on the faculties of the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology. With Melvyn Fuss, Dr. McFadden produced the definitive work on the theory and application of production economics, developing econometric techniques that he and others applied to the measurement of technical change, especially in the electricity generating industry. With Charles Manski he developed a whole new branch of econometrics to analyze the choice of mode of transportation, and this was applied to the BART project in the San Francisco Bay area. His recent work has been devoted to the problems of optimal choice of public works and the economics of aging. Winner of the 2000 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Dr. McFadden was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1977 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1981.

26	Name:	Dr. Daniel Mendelsohn
	Institution:	Bard College
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Daniel Mendelsohn, an award-winning author, journalist, and critic, was born in New York City in 1960 and received his B.A. summa cum laude in Classics from the University of Virginia and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Classics from Princeton University, where he was a Mellon Fellow in the Humanities. After completing his Ph.D. in 1994, he began a career in journalism in New York City, and since then his articles, essays, reviews and translations have appeared frequently in numerous national publications, including The New Yorker, The New York Times, New York, The New York Review of Books, The Nation, Esquire, and The Paris Review. From 2000 until 2002, he was the weekly book critic for New York Magazine, for which he won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Excellence in Criticism in 2001. Since 2000, he has been a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books; for his theater reviews in the latter, he was awarded the 2002 George Jean Nathan Prize for Drama Criticism. His book reviews and essays on literary topics appear as well in The New Yorker and The New York Times Book Review, and he also writes about travel for Travel + Leisure. His work has been widely anthologized in collections including The Best American Travel Writing, The Mrs. Dalloway Reader, Quick Studies: The Best of Lingua Franca, and - for "Republicans Can Be Cured!", his satirical New York Times Op-Ed piece about the discovery of a gene for political conservatism - Best American Humor. In addition to his other awards, Mr. Mendelsohn is the recipient of a 2005 Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship. Daniel Mendelsohn's 1999 memoir of sexual identity and family history, The Elusive Embrace: Desire and the Riddle of Identity (Knopf, 1999; Vintage, 2000) was named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year and a Los Angeles Times Best Book of the Year. His scholarly study of Greek tragedy, Gender and the City in Euripides' Political Plays, was published in October 2002 by Oxford University Press, and appeared in February 2005 in paperback. His book The Lost: A Search for Six Million, the story of his search to learn about the fates of family members who perished in the Holocaust, was awarded the 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award for autobiography and France's Prix Medicis, among many other prizes. In August 2008 a collection of his literary and critical essays, How Beautiful It Is and How Easily It Can Be Broken, was published by Harper Collins. Spring of 2009 saw the publication of his new translations, with commentary, of the Complete Works of C.P. Cavafy, and of Cavafy's Unfinished Poems (Knopf). Waiting for the Barbarians (2012) was a finalist for the NBCC award in criticism and the PEN Art of the Essay prize. In 2014 he was awarded the Harold D. Vursell Memorial Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2020 he published Three Rings: A Tale of Exile, Narrative, and Fate.

27	Name:	Dr. Thomas Nagel
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Thomas Nagel was born in Yugoslavia in 1937. After earning his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1963, he served on the faculties of the University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University, and New York University, where he is currently Professor of Philosophy and Law and University Professor. He was awarded the Balzan Prize for Moral Philosophy in 2008. Among his writings in philosophy of mind, Dr. Nagel's 1974 essay "What is it like to be a bat?" defended an antireductionist position about the problem of consciousness. He is one of the half dozen most respected moral philosophers in the world. While defending the possibility of objective reasoning about value, he has never ignored the role of subjective reasons, and, with the late Bernard Williams, he pioneered the discussion of "moral luck." He is simultaneously a humanistic and an analytic philosopher, and he shows that there is no contradiction involved in being both.

28	Name:	Dr. John F. Nash
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	May 23, 2015

	John Nash introduced what is now called "Nash equilibrium" in non-cooperative games and proved that such an equilibrium always exists. This work is foundational for Game Theory and led to his Nobel Prize in Economics. No less impressive is his work in pure mathematics, where his very deep and difficult theorems on embedding of manifolds initiated a whole new field of research. Tragically disabled by schizophrenia for over 30 years, he provided inspiration for many fellow sufferers by completely recovering, as told in the book and motion picture A Beautiful Mind. He then resumed his research in mathematics, having served as a researcher at Princeton University from 1994 to his death in 2015. In addition to the Nobel Prize, among Dr. Nash's many honors are the John Von Neumann Theory Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (1978), the American Mathematical Society's Steele Prize (1999), and Norway's Abel Prize (2015). A graduate of Princeton University (Ph.D., 1950), he is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1995) and the National Academy of Sciences (1996). He died May 23, 2015, at the age of 86 in New Jersey.

29	Name:	Dr. Elinor Ostrom
	Institution:	Indiana University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	June 12, 2012

	Elinor Ostrom's pioneering scholarship, for which she won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics, provided a compelling framework for understanding collective action, resource management, property rights, and institutional design. Her work reached across disciplinary lines to deal with some of society's most vexing social problems - poverty, inequality, and sustainability - combining game theory, laboratory experimentation, field study, and institutional analysis. Her seminal publication, Governing the Commons, notes that rational choice theory predicts that without external intervention people will over-use common pool resources (CPRs) such as fisheries or irrigation water. In fact, many communities manage their commonly shared resources collectively. Through field research from Nepal to Mexico to Los Angeles, she explored successful and unsuccessful CPR institutions, offering a theory of institutional choice that has fundamentally changed how social scientists think about collective action, institutional choice and self-governance. This work shows how people can resolve dilemmas of collective action without external coercion. Scientifically, she triggered a productive dialogue between formal theorists and empirical field researchers, and she applied her analytical approach to an ever-wider set of immediate practical problems and human experiences around the globe. From 1973 to 2009 Dr. Ostrom was the Co-Director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, then served as the Senior Research Director until her death. Additionally, she had been the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science at Indiana University since 1973. She recevied a Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles (1965). In 2010 she was awarded the University Medal from Indiana University and the rank of Distinguished Professor. Elinor Ostrom died on June 12, 2012, at the age of 78, in Bloomington, Indiana.

30	Name:	Dr. Stephen Owen
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Stephen Owen is widely viewed as the most important scholar-critic of Chinese literature in the West. He is the James Bryant Conant University Professor and former Chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at Harvard University, he was the first specialist in his field to be made a University Professor at Harvard. At a time when understanding China is a major priority for the United States, Dr. Owen has, in a long series of distinguished books and articles, opened the door for Westerners to a new understanding of Chinese literature and culture. Though his specialty is the T'ang Dynasty (618-906 A.D.), he has impressive mastery of the range of Chinese literature over its 2,500 years. His work has been informed by recent Western work in literary theory and by a comparatist perspective. He has paid attention in new ways to Chinese literary theory, for example in Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics. His work shows a remarkable combination of learning, literary sensitivity, and elegance of style, as in the admirable readings of Chinese poetry in Remembrances: The Experience of the Past in Classical Chinese Literature. His magisterial An Anthology of Chinese Literature is an amazing poetic and scholarly accomplishment; almost all of the translations are by Dr. Owen himself, and they bring the translation of Chinese poetry, stories, plays, and essays to a new level of lucidity and literary distinction. His translations and annotations show how Chinese poetry is a genuine tradition, for example in its subtle use, in later poems, of allusions to earlier poems. Though his books are written in English and primarily for Western readers, they have such general importance that many of them have been translated into Chinese and published in China. He has a working knowledge of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, German, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, and Turkish. Without a doubt Dr. Owen has brought Chinese literature within the domain of the comparative study of literature.

31	Name:	Dr. David W. Packard
	Institution:	Packard Humanities Institute; Stanford Theatre Foundation
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	In 1985, David Packard developed the Ibycus Scholarly Computer, which was fully custom hardware and software and included a high-speed hardware "search engine." The machine was designed to read (and search) a CD-ROM containing large quantities of ancient Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Nearly 300 of these were sold to universities and individual scholars to support teaching and research in these languages; many are still in use today. In 1987, he founded the Packard Humanities Institute (PHI), one of the five largest foundations supporting the humanities in the nation, with the purpose of supporting the use of technology in the humanities. Most early PHI projects involved the creation of databases of historic texts, from Greek Epigraphy to Benjamin Franklin. In 1999, PHI expanded to include archaeology, music, film preservation, and education. In archaeology, PHI organized and funded a major conservation program at Herculaneum in Italy, an international archaeological initiative in Albania, and an emergency rescue excavation at Zeugma in Turkey, including the conservation of dozens of Roman mosaics. In music, PHI organized and funded a new scholarly edition of the complete works of CPE Bach and is collaborating with the Mozarteum Foundation in Salzburg to transform their definitive New Mozart Edition into a fully digital scholarly edition that can be kept up-to-date and will be freely available on the internet. In film preservation, PHI is building a new conservation center for the Library of Congress to house the Library's enormous collection of film, television, and recorded sound. PHI also provides major support for the UCLA Film and Television Archive. David Packard also founded the Stanford Theatre Foundation to renovate and operate the Stanford Theatre in Palo Alto which for sixteen years has shown classic Hollywood films, all selected by Packard.

32	Name:	Dr. Henry Petroski
	Institution:	Duke University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1942
	Death Date:	June 14, 2023

	Henry Petroski is the Aleksandar S. Vesic Professor of Civil Engineering and a professor of history at Duke University. He is a graduate of Manhattan College, having earned his B.M.E. degree in 1963, and of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where he received his Ph.D. in theoretical and applied mechanics in 1968. Before joining the Duke faculty in 1980, he taught at the University of Texas, Austin and served on the professional staff of Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Petroski, who has been called "the poet laureate of technology," has written broadly on the topics of design, success and failure, and the history of engineering and technology. His books on these subjects, which are intended for professional engineers, students, and general readers alike, include To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design, which in 1987 was adapted for a BBC-television documentary; Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering, which was named by the Association of American Publishers as the best general engineering book published in 1994; and Success Through Failure: The Paradox of Design, which was based on his 2004 Louis Clark Vanuxem Lectures at Princeton University. His Engineers of Dreams is a history of American bridge building. He has also written on commonplace objects in The Pencil; The Evolution of Useful Things; The Book on the Bookshelf; Small Things Considered; and The Toothpick, and has published collections of essays on engineering subjects under the titles Remaking the World and Pushing the Limits. His memoir about delivering newspapers in the 1950s and about what predisposed him to become an engineer is entitled Paperboy. Since 1991, he has written the engineering column in the bimonthly magazine American Scientist, and he also writes a column on the engineering profession for ASEE Prism. He is a professional engineer licensed in Texas and a chartered engineer registered in Ireland. He has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Humanities Center. Among his other honors are the Washington Award from the Western Society of Engineers, the Ralph Coats Roe Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Civil Engineering History and Heritage Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers, whose history and heritage committee he now chairs. He holds honorary degrees from Clarkson University, Manhattan College, Trinity College (in Hartford, Conn.), and Valparaiso University, and has received distinguished engineering alumnus awards from Manhattan College and the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers of Ireland and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is an honorary member of the Moles and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006.

33	Name:	Dr. V. Ramanathan
	Institution:	Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	V. (Ram) Ramanathan is the Victor C. Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences & Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California, San Diego, where he also directs the Center for Atmospheric Sciences. He is the Chairman of the UNEP sponsored Atmospheric Brown Cloud Project and was the co-chief scientist for the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), which led to the discovery of the South Asian brown haze. Dr. Ramanathan has made fundamental contributions to our modern understanding of global climate change and human impacts on climate and environment. He is widely recognized for establishing the impacts of non-CO2 trace gases in climate, particularly the contributions of chlorofluorocarbons as well as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone and for his research in understanding the effects of water vapor, clouds and aerosols in global climate change. More recently he demonstrated that soot can play an unexpectedly large role in global dimming. His work on the trace gas greenhouse effect linked chemistry in a fundamental way to climate, while his work on the radiative effects of tropospheric ozone and soot linked air pollution strongly with global warming. He was the first to demonstrate in 1975 that CFCs are major greenhouse gases and that adding one molecule of CFC to the atmosphere has the same greenhouse effect of adding more than 10,000 molecules of CO2. He then led a WMO study which concluded that numerous trace gases are significant contributors to global warming. He followed this up by predicting (with Madden) in 1980 that the global warming would be detectable by 2000, which was subsequently verified in 2001. He led innovative efforts to distinguish the effects of infrared absorption and reflection both by clouds and clear skies using global satellite data, and thereby provided new observational constraints on the influence of clouds in the Earth's energy budget. He also used the satellite data to show that water vapor greenhouse effect was a major amplifier of global warming. With Pitcher, et al., he played a key role in developing the first community climate model, now the major American climate simulation research model. During the 1990s, he designed and conducted two international field experiments, the Central Equatorial Pacific experiment with J. Kuettner and the Indian Ocean experiment with P. J. Crutzen. With INDOEX scientists from the U.S., Europe and India, he showed that black carbon and other aerosols in the widespread South Asian brown haze led to a large reduction of solar radiation reaching the surface (dimming) and increased solar heating of atmosphere with significant impacts on regional climate and monsoon rainfall. He is now studying the effects of Atmospheric Brown Clouds over Asia, including their effects on water and regional climate. For this purpose he is developing an observing system with light weight and long range unmanned aircraft vehicles with miniaturized instruments. He has received numerous honors including: the Buys Ballot Medal of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences given once every decade; the VOLVO environmental prize for pioneering work related to the greenhouse effect; the Rossby Medal which is the highest award given by the American Meteorological Society; induction into the National Academy of Sciences in April 2003; election by Pope John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 2004; the 2018 Mendel Medal from Villanova University; and the 2021 Blue Planet Prize of Japan's Asahi Glass Foundation. He has served on numerous national and international committees and has given expert testimonies in the U.S. Congress. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006.

34	Name:	Lord Colin Renfrew
	Institution:	McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Colin Renfrew is one of the most influential and renowned archaeologists in the world today. From his important excavations in Greece and the Aegean - at Saliagos, Melos, and Sitagroi - and the influential publications on this research that followed, to his research on the Orkneys in northern Scotland, he has played a leading role in world archaeology for more than three decades. He is the author of the path-breaking books The Emergence of Civilization: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. and Before Civilization: the Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe in the early 1970s, which had profound impacts on scholarly understanding of Aegean and European prehistory. He has also made numerous contributions to archaeological theory and method, such as his early research on trace element analysis of obsidian and trade and his formulations on peer polity interaction and the rise of political complexity, to his pioneering work in cognitive, social and linguistic archaeology. With his elevation to a life peerage and a seat in the House of Lords, Lord Renfrew also has been able to play an important political role in furthering the role of arts and culture in the United Kingdom and in combating the ravages of archaeological looting. Lord Renfrew received his Sc.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1976 and has been Disney Professor of Archaeology Emeritus there since 2004. He also serves as Director Emeritus of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

35	Name:	Dr. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
	Institution:	City University of New York Graduate Center
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1950
	Death Date:	April 12, 2009

	Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick was one of the most influential figures in gender studies, and more specifically in the burgeoning area of queer theory; indeed, she was a major founder of the field. Her first book, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire, has been extensively cited and used by feminist critics and queer theorists alike. Not long after, her second crucial work, Epistemology of the Closet, had a similarly powerful impact on the increasingly complex field of gender studies and earned an honorable mention from the committee awarding the MLA's James Russell Lowell Prize. Tendencies, a collection of essays, further extended both the literary and the cultural insights that Dr. Sedgwick brilliantly formulated in her first two books, while Dialogue on Love, published in the same year, is an ambitiously introspective memoir recounting the author's struggle with breast cancer along with her quest to comprehend her own sexuality in contexts she herself has significantly investigated in her key contributions to cultural studies. A poet as well as a critic, Dr. Sedgwick also published a volume of verse, Fat Art, Thin Art, and most recently Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity, a series of essays expanding her work on queer theory and her analyses of the experience of illness into discussions of current theoretical perspectives on pedagogy and performativity. Dr. Sedgwick also edited several collections of essays, including Shame and Its Sisters: A Silvan Tomkins Reader (coedited with Adam Frank, 1995), a selection of key works by the radical psychologist Silvan Tomkins, and Novel Gazing: Queer Readings in Fiction (1997), a series of works reexamining the history of the novel using the framework of queer theory that she has herself so powerfully established. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick was Distinguished Professor of English at the City University of New York. She also taught at Hamilton College, Boston University, Amherst College, Dartmouth College and Duke University. She earned her Ph.D. from Yale University in 1975. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick died on April 12, 2009, in New York, NY, at the age of 58.

36	Name:	Dr. Theda Skocpol
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Theda Skocpol is the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology and formerly Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University. She also served as Director of the Center for American Political Studies at Harvard from1999 to 2006. Dr. Skocpol received her B.A. in 1969 from Michigan State University and her Ph.D. in 1975 from Harvard University. In 1996, she served as President of the Social Science History Association, an interdisciplinary professional group; and from 2001-03 she served as President-Elect and then President of the 14,000-member American Political Science Association. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Philosophical Society and has held fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, the Russell Sage Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. She has been awarded honorary degrees by Michigan State University, Northwestern University, and Amherst College. The author of nine books, nine edited collections, and more than seven dozen articles, Dr. Skocpol is recognized as one of the most cited and widely influential scholars in the modern social sciences; her work has contributed to the study of comparative politics, American politics, comparative and historical sociology, U.S. history, and the study of public policy. Her first book, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (1979), won the 1979 C. Wright Mills Award and the 1980 American Sociological Association Award for a Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship. A leader in historical-institutional and comparative research, Dr. Skocpol edited Vision and Method in Historical Sociology (1984) and co-edited the influential Social Science Research Council collection Bringing the State Back In (1985). For the past fifteen years, Dr. Skocpol's research has focused on U.S. politics in historical and comparative perspective. Her Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (1992), won five scholarly awards: the J. David Greenstone Award of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association; the Outstanding Book Award of the Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association; the 1993 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award of the American Political Science Association, given annually for "the best book published in the United States during the prior year on government, politics or international affairs"; the 1993 Allan Sharlin Memorial Award of the Social Science History Association; and the 1993 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award of Phi Beta Kappa, given to honor "a comprehensive study that contributes significantly to historical, philosophical, or religious interpretations of the human condition." Dr. Skocpol's recent books include Boomerang: Health Reform and the Turn Against Government (1996); Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (2003, winner of the 2004 Greenstone Award); Inequality and American Democracy: What We Know and What We Need to Learn (edited with Lawrence R. Jacobs, 2005), What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality (with Ariane Liazos and Marshall Ganz, 2007), and The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (with Vanessa Williamson, 2012). Active in civic as well as academic life, Dr. Skocpol was included in policy discussions with President Bill Clinton at the White House and Camp David. She writes both for scholarly outlets and for publications appealing to the educated public. Married since 1967 to Bill Skocpol, an experimental physicist who teaches at Boston University, Theda Skocpol is the proud mother of Michael Allan Skocpol, born in 1988.

37	Name:	Dr. Stephen M. Stigler
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	A rare combination of the scientist and the humanist, Stephen Stigler has served as Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago since 1992. An outstanding statistician, he has explored the development of statistical method on a broad scale with fastidious research, from mathematical theory (including asymptotic distribution theory for robust estimators) to applications in the social, physical, and biological sciences. At the University of Chicago he has taught a course on the history of statistics, and he has conducted research on early American lotteries in the American Philosophical Society Library. For the National Research Council he evaluated the use of DNA in forensic science. He is also a very accomplished historian. His History of Statistics does an excellent job of placing statisticians and their contributions in proper context while mounting a penetrating account of developments in probability oriented statistics before 1900. His Statistics on the Table is a collection drawn from the more than one hundred essays he has published, sparking debate on numerous statistical topics in a sparkling and witty style. Dr. Stigler has also served the profession more broadly as president of the International Statistical Institute, president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (1967) and has been elected to the membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

38	Name:	Dr. Horst L. Stormer
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Horst Störmer has been the foremost leader in the study of the properties of electrons moving in thin layers fabricated for electronic and optical devices. His work was recognized with the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of the Fractional Quantum Hall effect which is understood to be a completely new state of matter. Energetic and charismatic, Dr. Störmer has been a true leader, training many graduate and postdoctoral students who have gone on to establish major programs at our best universities. He is currently Professor of Physics and Applied Physics and the founding Scientific Director of the Nanotechnology Institute at Columbia University, a highly successful academic enterprise, and he has also been affiliated with research departments of Bell Laboratories/ Lucent Technologies since 1977. A native of Germany, Dr. Störmer earned his Ph.D. from Stuttgart University (1977). He has been honored with the American Physical Society's Buckley Award (1984), the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal (1998) and membership in the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1992) and the National Academy of Sciences (1998).

39	Name:	Dr. Lubert Stryer
	Institution:	Stanford University School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Lubert Stryer is Winzer Professor of Cell Biology Emeritus in the Department of Neurobiology of the Stanford University School of Medicine. He received his B.S. degree in 1957 from the University of Chicago and his M.D. degree in 1961 from Harvard. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard and then at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England. In 1964, Dr. Stryer joined the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford. In 1969, he moved to Yale, and in 1976, returned to Stanford to head a new department. His research over more than four decades has dealt with the interplay of light and life. Dr. Stryer's laboratory discovered the primary stage of amplification in vision and elucidated the G-protein cascade that generates a neural signal in visual excitation. He has developed new fluorescence techniques for studying biomolecules and cells, as exemplified by the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler. Dr. Stryer is the author of four editions of Biochemistry, a textbook widely used throughout the world for more than twenty-five years and translated into more than ten languages. The interface between the academic and industrial worlds has also attracted Dr. Stryer's interest and involvement. He participated in the founding and development of innovative biotechnology companies - as President and Scientific Director of the Affymax Research Institute, Director of Affymetrix, Inc. and chairman of the Board of Senomyx, Inc. At Affymax and Affymetrix, he played a key role in devising novel optical techniques for generating high-density peptide and DNA arrays. He is a co-inventor of the DNA chip, which makes it possible to read vast amounts of genetic information in a massively parallel way. Dr. Stryer has also participated in national educational affairs as a trustee and advisor. He led the "Bio2010 Study" of National Research Council's Committee on Undergraduate Biology Education and was a Director of the McKnight Neurosciences Endowment and a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dr. Stryer was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1984 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences 1975. His other honors include the National Medal of Science (2006), the American Chemical Society Award in Biological Chemistry (1970), appointment as National Lecturer of the Biophysical Society (1987), Fellow of the American Association of the Advancement of Science (1991), the American Association for the Advancement of Science Newcomb-Cleveland Prize (1991), the Alcon Award in Vision Research (1992), an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Chicago (1992), the Distinguished Inventors Award of the Intellectual Property Owners' Association (1993) and the European Inventor of the Year Award (2006), and the Molecular Bioanalytics Award of the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2002).

40	Name:	Mr. Franklin A. Thomas
	Institution:	Ford Foundation; The Study Group
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1934
	Death Date:	December 22, 2021

	Franklin A. Thomas was born in the Bedford Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York. After graduating from Franklin K. Lane High School, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Columbia College in 1956 and a degree in law from Columbia University Law School in 1963. From 1956-60 he was a navigator in the United States Air Force, Strategic Air Command. In 1963, Mr. Thomas became an attorney for the Federal Housing and Home Finance Agency, and in 1964 he was named an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. From 1965-67 he served as Deputy Police Commissioner in Charge of Legal Matters for the New York City Police Department. From 1967-77, Mr. Thomas served as President and CEO of the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, one of the nation's first public/private partnerships aimed at the comprehensive development (housing, business development, education, culture and recreation) of one of the nation's largest distressed urban communities. The Restoration Corporation has served as a model for thousands of similarly focused community-based development corporations throughout the U.S. and abroad. Mr. Thomas was Chair of the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward South Africa from 1979-81 and later served as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on South Africa from 1985-87. In June 1979, he was elected President of the Ford Foundation, having joined the Foundation's Board of Trustees in 1977. During the seventeen years that he led the Ford Foundation, its assets quadrupled and he deployed those assets on behalf of social justice and economic freedom across the world. He retired from that position in 1996. The Study Group, which he heads, provides advice to leaders and organizations in the non-profit and governmental sectors in support of equitable human development worldwide. Mr. Thomas is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Award for "Contributions to the Betterment of Urban Life," the John Jay and Alexander Hamilton Awards from Columbia College, and Columbia Law School's James Kent Medal for distinguished professional achievement. He is also the recipient of the 2008 Frederick Douglass Award and of Columbia University's Medal of Excellence. He has been granted honorary degrees from Bank Street College, Columbia University, Fordham University, New School University, Pace University, Pratt University and Yale University. Mr. Thomas is a director/trustee of several corporate and not for profit boards and serves as an advisor to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. From 2001-06 Mr. Thomas was chair of the September 11th Fund, created by the New York City Community Trust and the United Way of New York City in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Fund assisted victims, their families and affected communities.

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