APS Member History

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41	Name:	Professor Quentin Skinner
	Institution:	University of London
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Quentin Skinner was Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University from 1996 to 2008. He is now Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London. One of the most innovative as well as influential students of political thought in the history of the West now writing, he spent the years 1974-79 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and is a valuable representative of the English and European scholarly communities. Dr. Skinner's historical writings have long been characterised by an interest in recovering the ideas of Renaissance republican authors. With John Pocock he is regarded as one of the two principal members of the influential "Cambridge School" of the study of the history of political thought. Dr. Skinner's particular contribution was to articulate a theory of interpretation which concentrated on recovering the author's intentions in writing classic works of political theory. Of continuing interest have been the works of Machiavelli, Thomas More and Thomas Hobbes. Dr. Skinner received his M.A. from Cambridge in 1962 and has served the university ever since as a lecturer and professor. He is a member of the British Academy and the American Academy of Arts & and Sciences and the recipient of the Wolfson Literary Award (1979). His publications include Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vol., 1978); Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (1996); Liberty Before Liberalism (1998); and Hobbes and Republican Liberty (2008).

42	Name:	Dr. Alexander S. Spirin
	Institution:	Moscow State University & Russian Academy of Sciences
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	December 30, 2020

	Alexander S. Spirin was a world-class Russian scientist who has contributed much that is ingenious and original to our understanding of the structure and function of ribosomes - the intricate molecular machines that synthesize the proteins of cells. He has provided fascinating insight into the interplay between various types of ribonucleic acids and proteins that make up these machines. He has done this by taking ribosomes apart and then sucessfully reassembling them: a major achievement. Currently Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Moscow State University and the Director of the Institute of Protein Research at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Spirin has created a body of work that is important, elegant and internationally recognized. He died on December 30, 2021.

43	Name:	Dr. Heinrich von Staden
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404c
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Heinrich von Staden received his Dr. phil. at Universität Tübingen. A professor at Yale University in the Departments of Classics and Comparative Studies for more than thirty years, he is currently Professor of Classics and History of Science Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study. He is the recipient of the Charles Goodwin Award of Merit of the American Philological Association, Best Teacher in the Humanities at Yale University, and the William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine. Dr. von Staden is the author of Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (1989, second edition, 1994); "Nietzsche and Marx on Greek Art and Literature" (Daedalus, 1976); "Incurability and Hopelessness: The Hippocratic Corpus" (in La maladie et les maladies dans la Collection hippocratique, 1990); and "Body and Machine: Interactions between medicine, mechanisms, and philosophy in early Alexandria" (Alexandria and Alexandrianism, 1995). Heinrich von Staden is a humanistic scholar of extraordinary range and depth, equally at home in literary criticism and in Greek and Latin literature. Internationally, he is recognized as an authority on ancient science and medicine. With his magisterial edition of Herophilus, he established himself as one of no more than three leading scholars in the field. His election to the British Academy and to the Presidency of the Society for Ancient Medicine are but two distinctions that attest to his standing. A teacher in two departments while at Yale, Dr. von Staden has been honored with the endowment of a graduate fellowship and an annual lectureship in his name. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997.

44	Name:	Dr. Joseph E. Stiglitz
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Joseph E. Stiglitz was born in Gary, Indiana in 1943. A graduate of Amherst College, he received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967, became a full professor at Yale University in 1970, and in 1979 was awarded the John Bates Clark Award, given biennially by the American Economic Association to the economist under 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the field. He has also taught at Princeton University, Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the Drummond Professor and a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. He is now University Professor at Columbia University and Chair of Columbia University's Committee on Global Thought. In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information. Dr. Stiglitz has been credited with helping create "The Economics of Information," a new branch of economics exploring the consequences of information asymmetries and pioneering such pivotal concepts as adverse selection and moral hazard, which have now become standard tools not only of theorists, but of policy analysts. He has made major contributions to macro-economics and monetary theory, to development economics and trade theory, to public and corporate finance, to the theories of industrial organization and rural organization, and to the theories of welfare economics and of income and wealth distribution. In the 1980s, he helped revive interest in the economics of research and development. His work has helped explain the circumstances in which markets do not work well and how selective government intervention can improve their performance. Recognized around the world as a leading economic educator, he has written textbooks that have been translated into more than a dozen languages. He founded one of the leading economics journals, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, and his book Globalization and Its Discontents (2001) has been translated into 35 languages and has sold more than one million copies worldwide. Other recent books include Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy; The Roaring Nineties; (with Bruce Greenwald) Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics; (with Andrew Charlton) Fair Trade for All; Making Globalization Work (2006); and The Price of Inequality (2012); People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent (2019). Dr. Stiglitz was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1993-95, during the Clinton administration, and served as CEA chairman from 1995-97. He then became Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World Bank from 1997-2000. He also holds a part-time appointment at the University of Manchester as Chair of the Management Board and Director of Graduate Summer Programs at the Brooks World Poverty Institute. In 2018 he was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize.

45	Name:	Dr. Claudio Vita-Finzi
	Institution:	Natural History Museum, London
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Claudio Vita-Finzi is a Scientific Associate at London’s Natural History Museum. Educated in Argentina and the UK, he received his PhD and ScD from Cambridge University. He held a personal chair in Neotectonics at University College London between 1988 and 2001 before moving to the Department of Mineralogy at the Museum. Dr Vita-Finzi has worked on geological chronologies in a wide variety of settings as a means of elucidating the underlying processes. His studies of river deposits in the Mediterranean and the Near East revealed the great changes in the natural landscape of Eurasia that have occurred in the last two millennia. He went on to analyse fault history and the buckling of lithospheric plates in Greece, the Near East, SE Asia and South America, and the role of impacts in the evolution of Venus. His current studies focus on the hydrologic effects of changes in the UV component of solar luminosity. Dr Vita-Finzi is the author of numerous papers on geochronology, tectonics, fluvial geology and geoarchaeology. His books include The Mediterranean Valleys (1969), Recent Earth History (1973), Archaeological Sites in their Setting (1978), Recent Earth Movements (1986), Monitoring the Earth (2002), Planetary Geology (2005), The Sun - a User’s Guide (2008), and A History of the Solar System (2016). He received the G K Warren Prize of the National Academy of Sciences in 1994 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997. In 2012 he was elected to the British Academy.

46	Name:	Dr. Cornel West
	Institution:	Union Theological Seminary
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1953

	Cornel West is Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor at Union Theological Seminary, having previously held the position Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy at Harvard University until 2021. In 1984, he went to Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American Studies. In 1988, he moved to Princeton University where he became a Professor of Religion and Director of the Program in African-American Studies. In 1994 he accepted an appointment as Professor of African-American Studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School. West taught one of the University's most popular courses, an introductory class to African-American Studies. In 1998, he was appointed the first Alphonse Fletcher University Professor. West utilized this new position to teach not only in African-American studies, but in Divinity, Religion, and Philosophy. West left Harvard after a widely-publicized dispute with then-President Lawrence Summers in 2002. That year, West returned to Princeton, where he continued to teach in African-American Studies. He remained at Princeton until July 2012, when he became Professor Emeritus at Princeton University and moved to the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he had started as an Assistant Professor after receiving his Ph.D. from Princeton University. Cornel West remained at Union Theological Seminary until his return to Harvard in 2016. Dr. West's teaching and research interests include philosophy of religion and cultural criticism, and his many intellectual contributions draw from such diverse traditions as Marxism, pragmatism, transcendentalism and the African American Baptist Church. Perhaps more than anyone else, he has restored the full presence of the spoken voice to the discourse of contemporary philosophy: the rhythmic structure of the performed word, the philosophically performed word. He is the author of books such as Prophesy Deliverance: An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity; The American Evasion of Philosophy; The Ethical Dimension of Marxist Thought; Prophetic Thought in Post Modern Times; Race Matters; and Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism as well as the spoken-word recording "Sketches of My Culture." A brilliant thinker and speaker, Dr. West maintains a truly international focus and perspective on the enormously complex issues of race, ethnic identity and class.

47	Name:	The Honorable John C. Whitehead
	Institution:	Federal Reserve Bank of New York & International Rescue Committee & Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	February 7, 2015

	John Whitehead was born in Evanston, Illinois and grew up in Montclair, NJ. He graduated from Haverford College in 1943, served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and received his MBA from Harvard Business School in 1947. After receiving his degree, he began at Goldman, Sachs & Company and retired in 1985 as co-chairman and senior partner. From 1985-89, he served as Deputy Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan. When he returned to New York, he became active in a number of educational, civic and charitable organizations, serving, at various times, as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the United Nations Association, the International Rescue Committee, the Greater NY Councils of the Boy Scouts, the Brookings Institute and the National Gallery of Art. He had served as a director of the Nature Conservatory, Lincoln Center Theater, the East-West Institute, Rockefeller University, the J. Paul Getty Trust and the National Humanities Center, among others. In 2001 he was appointed as Chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the organization responsible for the rebuilding of Lower Manhattan. He served in that capacity until May 2006. He was also the Founding Chairman of the National September 11th Memorial and Museum. In 2012 he was awarded the Asia Society Award. John Whitehead was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1997. He died February 7, 2015, at age 92 at home in New York.

48	Name:	Dr. George M. Whitesides
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	George M. Whitesides is Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Professor at Harvard University. Educated at Harvard University and the California Institute of Technology, he was a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1963-82. He returned to Harvard in 1982, serving as chairman of the Department of Chemistry from 1986-89 and Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry from 1982-2004. Dr. Whitesides is unique among chemists in the breadth and quality of both his scientific research and his involvement with government and industry. He has a remarkable record of highly influential academic research in core areas of chemistry and also in areas connecting chemistry to materials science and biology. One aim of his research is to establish intellectual connections between areas often considered essentially unrelated; the other is to make new connections between first-rate basic science and important technologies. Dr. Whitesides' current research is at the borders of chemistry, biology and materials science and includes both fundamental and applied components in molecular virology, rational drug design, glycobiology, interfacial chemistry, crystal engineering, fuel cells and nano and microfabrication technology. Yet, for all of the above, he is also a professor with a deep interest and participation in teaching, not just in his research specialties but in general science for Harvard undergraduates. In addition to numerous advisory positions and professional memberships, Dr. Whitesides is the recipient of the Kyoto Prize (2003), the Dan David Award (2004), the Priestley Medal (2006) and the Welch Award (2007). George Whitesides was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997.

49	Name:	Sir James D. Wolfensohn
	Institution:	The World Bank
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	November 25, 2020

	Sir James D. Wolfensohn was Chairman of Wolfensohn & Company, LLC, a private investment firm and an advisor to corporations and governments. He became Chairman of Citi International Advisory Board on April 18, 2006. He was also advisor to Citi's senior management on global strategy and on international matters. He was the ninth president of the World Bank Group (1995-2005). On May 31, 2005, at the end of his second term, he left office and assumed the post of Special Envoy for Gaza Disengagement for the Quartet on the Middle East, a position he served until April 30, 2006. In this role, he helped coordinate Israel's planned withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and spearheaded reconstruction efforts as Palestinians assumed sovereignty over the area. He was also Chairman of the advisory group of the Wolfensohn Center, a new research initiative focused on global poverty, at the Brookings Institution. He was the third president in the World Bank's history to be reappointed for a second five-year term by the Board of Executive Directors. As President of the World Bank, he travelled to more than 120 countries in order to pursue the challenges facing the World Bank in regard to poverty and environmental issues. He led successful initiatives on debt reduction, environmental sustainability, anti corruption programs, and AIDS prevention and treatment. He developed activities on religion and culture and decentralized offices overseas linked by the most modern telecommunications system in the international community. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Wolfensohn was an international investment banker. His last position was as President and Chief Executive Officer of James D. Wolfensohn, Inc., his own investment and corporate advisory firm set up in 1981 to work with major U.S. and international corporations. He relinquished his interests in the firm upon joining the World Bank. Before setting up his own company, Mr. Wolfensohn held a series of senior positions in finance. He was Executive Partner of Salomon Brothers in New York and head of its investment banking department. He was Executive Deputy Chairman and Managing Director of Schroders Ltd. in London, President of J. Henry Schroders Banking Corporation in New York, and Managing Director of Darling & Co. of Australia. Throughout his career Mr. Wolfensohn has also closely involved himself in a wide range of cultural and voluntary activities, especially in the performing arts. He has served as Chairman of the Board of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University for the last 18 years. In 1970, Mr. Wolfensohn became involved in New York's Carnegie Hall, first as a board member and later, from 1980 to 1991, as Chairman of the Board, during which time he led its successful effort to restore the landmark New York building. He was Chairman Emeritus of Carnegie Hall. In 1990 Mr. Wolfensohn became Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. On January 1, 1996, he was elected Chairman Emeritus. Mr. Wolfensohn has been President of the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies, Director of the Business Council for Sustainable Development, and served both as Chairman of the Finance Committee and as Director of the Rockefeller Foundation and of the Population Council, and as a member of the Board of Rockefeller University. He was an Honorary Trustee of the Brookings Institution, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Century Association in New York. Born in Australia in December 1933, Mr. Wolfensohn is a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 2014 he reestablished his Australian cititzenship and now has dual U.S./Australian citizenship. He holds B.A. and LL.B. degrees from the University of Sydney and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Graduate School of Business. Before attending Harvard, he was a lawyer in the Australian law firm of Allen, Allen & Hemsley. Mr. Wolfensohn served as an Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force and was a member of the 1956 Australian Olympic Fencing Team. Mr. Wolfensohn is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society. He has been the recipient of many awards for his volunteer work, including the first David Rockefeller Prize of the Museum of Modern Art in New York for his work for culture and the arts. In May 1995 he was awarded an Honorary Knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II for his contribution to the arts. Sir James Wolfensohn has also been decorated by the governments of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Georgia, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Pakistan and Russia. He and his wife, Elaine, an education specialist and a graduate of Wellesley, B.A., and Columbia University, M.A. and M.Ed., have three children: Sara, Naomi, and Adam. His autobiography, A Global Life: My Journey among Rich and Poor, from Sydney to Wall Street to the World Bank, was published in 2010. James Wolfensohn died on November 25, 2020, in Manhattan at age 86.

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