APS Member History

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81	Name:	Joseph Bedier
	Year Elected:	1937
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1864
	Death Date:	8/29/38

82	Name:	Dame Gillian Beer
	Institution:	University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402a
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Gillian Beer is a preeminent interpreter of the Victorian novel, particularly of George Eliot and that daughter of the Victorians, Virginia Woolf. Even more importantly, she has been a pioneer in investigating the relations between scientific discourse and imaginative writing in 19th century England. She is particularly known for her work on Darwin, interpreting the imaginative energies and structures of his writings, so as to account for their cultural, in addition to their scientific, importance. She is equally eminent as a leader in English education and in English cultural life in general. She is the author of: Meredith: A Change of Masks, (1970); Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth Century Fiction, (1983); George Eliot, (1986); Arguing With the Past, (1989); Forging the Missing Link, (1992); Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, (1996); and Virginia Woolf: The Common Ground, (1996). Gillian Beer was awarded the 2017 Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism for her book Alice in Space: The Sideways Victorian World of Lewis Carroll. She was vice-president of the British Academy and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

83	Name:	Alexander Kazem Beg
	Year Elected:	1862
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

84	Name:	Jonathan Belcher
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	7/23/1710
	Death Date:	3/29/1776

	Jonathan Belcher (23 July 1710– 29 March 1776) was the Chief Justice and lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Born in Boston, he was the namesake of his father, governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire (1730-1741) and New Jersey (1747-1757). Propelled by his father’s encouragement, wealth, and connections, Belcher attended and pursued his education on both sides of the Atlantic, earning degrees from Harvard College, Middle Temple, and Trinity College. He seems to have enjoyed his studies: he pursued a third master’s degree from the College of New Jersey later in life. Relocating to Dublin, Belcher spent five years there with family before he received the modest appointment of deputy secretary to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Advancement materialized with his 1754 publication, An Abridgement of the Statutes of Ireland. Seemingly impressed, the chief justice of England appointed Belcher as the chief justice of Nova Scotia that same year. Further advancement beckoned with Belcher’s commission as lieutenant governor in 1761. His temperament, poor political decisions, and lackluster business sense, however, failed to impress or endear him to the region’s local merchant leadership. Though he would remain on the Supreme Court until his death, the Board of Trade removed him as lieutenant governor in 1763. Following his departure, he resumed his scholarly pursuits and other social interests, including attending St. Paul’s Church in Halifax, serving as a corresponding commissioner of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Nova Scotia, and acting as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons in Nova Scotia. When fighting began in New England in 1775, he organized a Loyalist Association in Nova Scotia. He died the following year. (PI)

85	Name:	Sir Lowthian Bell
	Year Elected:	1876
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

86	Name:	Harold I. Bell
	Year Elected:	1941
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1880
	Death Date:	1/22/67

87	Name:	Dr. Hans Belting
	Institution:	Internationales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften, Vienna
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	January 10, 2023

	Hans Belting is perhaps Germany's most creative art historian. In his College Art Association citation he is described as "the most influential scholar of medieval art of his generation," having made "fundamental contributions to the history of Byzantine wall painting and manuscript illumination, Carolingian art in Rome and Gaul, Italian Trecento mural decoration and early Flemish panel painting." His many books are based on a wide spectrum of methods: traditional style and iconographic analysis, reception theory, archaeological and anthropological techniques and the critique of patronage. But he has also contributed powerfully to contemporary theory in the discipline, particularly in The End of the History of Art, and to the history and criticism of contemporary art. Dr. Belting's other published works include Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art (1984); The Germans and Their Art: A Troublesome Relationship (1998); The Invisible Masterpiece: The Modern Myths of Art (2001); and Hieronymus Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights (2002). Formerly the Mary Jane Crowe Professor at Northwestern University and the director of the Internationales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften in Vienna, Dr. Belting is a member of the Medieval Academy of America; the American Academy of Arts & Sciences; the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften; and the Academia Europaea. He received his Ph.D. from Mainz University in 1959.

88	Name:	Dr. Eshel Ben-Jacob
	Institution:	Tel Aviv University; Rice University
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1952
	Death Date:	June 5, 2015

	Eshel Ben-Jacob was a professor of Physics and Astronomy, Maguy-Glass Prof. in Physics of Complex Systems and Member of the Sagol School of Neuroscience at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He was also an Adjunct Prof. of Biosciences and Senior Investigator at the Center of Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP) at Rice University. Prof. Ben-Jacob finished his PhD in Physics (1982) at Tel Aviv University, during which he investigated the nonlinear dynamics and noise effects in networks of superconductors. He spent three years (1981-1984) as a post doctoral fellow at the Institute for Theoretical Physics (ITP; today KITP) at the University of California Santa Barbara and made his first groundbreaking work during that time. He and his collaborators solved the long standing "snowflake" problem, formulated by Kepler back in 1610, and lay the foundations of self-organization and pattern formation in open systems far from equilibrium - a field he pioneered and in which he made several breakthroughs (e.g., comprehending the singular interplay between the micro and macro level dynamics, formulating new self-consistent selection principles, founding a new theory of morphology selection). At the same time, Ben-Jacob suggested and showed, theoretically and experimentally, that Coulomb effect can be utilized to control single electron quantum tunneling in sub-micron systems. This led him to the invention (1988) of a transistor operating by single electron tunneling. He was awarded the Landau Prize for research in 1986. Ben-Jacob continued to study quantum effects in small systems, predicting (in the 90s) that flux solitons can behave as quantum relativistic particles. Enthralled by the even greater challenge posed by self-organization in living systems, Ben-Jacob embarked on a new direction of applying physics principles and investigation methods to biology. His first and ongoing effort was bacterial colony development, believing that the foundations of cognition are rooted in these most fundamental life forms - in their abilities to assess the environment, process the information they sense, and adapt accordingly. Among his achievements in the last two decades in physical microbiology were revealing the principles of self organization in bacterial colonies and of collective decision making by social bacteria. While continuing to work on bacteria, Ben-Jacob turned to apply what he learned there to studies of neural network organization and task performance. Here, his most noticeable accomplishment was the first imprinting of multiple memories in live neuronal networks outside the brain utilizing his new "functional holography" analysis of the network activity. Being recognized as a revolutionary step in Networks Neuroscience, this endeavor was selected by Scientific American as one of the 50 most important achievements in all fields of science and technology in 2007. Ben-Jacob then utilized the "functional holography" method for analyzing recorded human brain activity with application to epilepsy. He applied his methods in clinical studies of brain repair from stroke and traumatic brain injuries by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Ben-Jacob's last endeavor was applying what he learned from the microbial world in cancer research. Here he promoted the idea that cancer cells, like bacteria, use advanced communication and cooperation through which they migrate, colonize new organs, develop drug resistance, deceive the immune system and enslave stromal cells. In line of this paradigm, he worked on revealing the operational principles underlying these lethal traits and developing a new theoretical framework to studying new classes of therapeutic strategies intended to defeat cancer by means of "cyberwar", i.e. targeting its communication, cooperation and control. Prof. Ben-Jacob served as vice president (1998-2001) and President (2001-2004) of the Israel Physical Society. He was granted the award of Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Stella della solidarietà Italiana for promotion of science and science culture (2008). He was awarded the Weizmann prize in Physical Sciences in 2013 for "innovative application of physical methods to the study of biological communities such as bacteria colonies, neural networks, and tumors" and inducted an International member of the American Philosophical Society in mathematical and physical sciences in 2014. He died on June 5, 2015, in Tel Aviv, Israel, at the age of 63.

89	Name:	Edvard Benes
	Year Elected:	1939
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1884
	Death Date:	9/3/48

90	Name:	John H. Bennett
	Year Elected:	1849
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

91	Name:	Dr. Margaret Bent
	Institution:	All Souls College, Oxford
	Year Elected:	2013
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Margaret Bent read Music at Cambridge (where she was Organ Scholar at Girton College), gaining the Ph.D. in 1969 with a dissertation on the early fifteenth century Old Hall Manuscript. She taught peripatetically and at Goldsmiths’ College, London, before going to the United States in 1975, holding professorships and departmental chairmanships successively at Brandeis (1975-81) and Princeton Universities (1981-92), when she returned to the U.K. as the first woman Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, of which she is now an Emeritus Fellow. She is a Fellow of the British Academy, an honorary Fellow of Girton College, and was appointed CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2008. She holds honorary doctorates from the universities of Glasgow, Notre Dame and Montréal. Honorific or corresponding memberships or fellowships include the American Musicological Society (of which she was President 1984-6), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Historical Society, Academia Europea , the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Medieval Academy of America, the London University School of Advanced Studies, the Royal Musical Association. Her most recent visiting professorships were at Villa I Tatti, Florence, and the Universities of Chicago, Harvard and Basel, and she serves on a number of editorial boards. In 2019 she shared the Guido Adler Prize of the International Music Association with fellow APS member Lewis Lockwoord, in honor of "scholars who have made an outstanding contribution to musicology." Apart from a critical edition of Rossini’s opera Il Turco in Italia, her publications range widely over English, French and Italian music of the 14th to 16th centuries, including editions (some joint) of John Dunstaple, Old Hall, English masses, and Johannes Ciconia. A facsimile and study of the 15th-century Veneto manuscript Bologna Q15: The Making and Remaking of a Musical Manuscript (LIM, Lucca, 2008) won the Claude Palisca prize of the AMS. Other books include: Counterpoint, Composition, and Musica Ficta (London and New York: Routledge, 2002); Fauvel Studies: Allegory, Chronicle, Music and Image in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS français 146, ed. Margaret Bent and Andrew Wathey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Margaret Bent and Robert Klugseder, A Veneto Liber cantus (c. 1440): Fragments in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, and the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2012). Full listing of publications can be accessed at http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=4 (classified by subject) and http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/index.php?id=844 (chronological). Known for revisionist and often controversial contributions in several areas of late-medieval music theory and practice, her work has overturned long-held suppositions about manuscript relationships and datings, meanings of notational signs, interpretations of medieval writings, and modern historiographical impositions (notably concepts of isorhythm, chromaticism, diminution). Starting points are nearly always manuscripts, notation, archives, texts, genres (especially motets). She addresses compositional and analytical techniques, counterpoint, musical grammar and rhetoric, the construing and complementing of notations, codicological and stemmatic issues. She has described (and sometimes discovered) manuscript fragments and reconstructed their music, and is currently documenting musical networks in the Veneto. She co-founded the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (http://www.diamm.ac.uk/), continues to lead early music seminars and singing sessions from original notation in facsimile in Oxford, and is a closet pianist, viol player and Wagnerian. Margaret Bent was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.

92	Name:	Albert E. Michotte van den Berck
	Year Elected:	1950
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1881
	Death Date:	6/2/65

93	Name:	Peter J. Van Berckel
	Year Elected:	1784
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

94	Name:	Peter Bergius
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	7/6/1730
	Death Date:	7/10/1790

	Peter Jonas Bergius (6 July 1730–10 July 1790) was a physician and professor, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born in Erikstad Sweden, Bergius was orphaned by the age of seven; his father died when he was only seven weeks old, his mother when he was seven. Nevertheless, his father’s social standing helped Bergius receive a good education and he entered Lund University in 1746. His mentors, believing his stutter an impediment to any career in public speaking, encouraged the young Bergius to develop his interest in medicine. Develop it he did; he studied at Uppsala University where he earned his Doctor of Medicine in 1754. Shortly after he opened a lucrative medical practice in Stockholm but he never stopped following his true passion: botany. Though he never left Sweden, Berguis’s pursuit of the natural sciences brought him into correspondence with naturalists from around the world, including APS members John and William Bartram. Partnering with his older brother Bengt, the two men cultivated a world-renowned collection of plant specimens. While Bergius attended to his medical practice, his brother Bengt helped with the cataloging, indexing, and culling excerpts from a vast array of other published works. Bergius described their work as a joint effort and was quick to credit his brother’s labor. Through this partnership, Bergius’s produced works that appeared in the publications of the Royal Academy of Science and the Royal Society of London (he was later elected a member to both institutions). Bergius was also an educator, first as a professor at Stockholm University in 1761 then as an assessor at the university’s college of medicine where medical students, physicians, and laymen alike crowded in to hear his lectures on natural history and pharmacology. Bengt died in 1784, Bergius followed in 1790 and, as both were unmarried, they left their considerable estate and library, including a specimen collection that numbered over 15,000, to the Royal Academy of Sciences. To this day, the institution they founded continues to support botanical studies. (PI)

95	Name:	Tobern Bergmann
	Year Elected:	1773
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1735

96	Name:	Dr. K. Sune D. Bergström
	Institution:	Karolinska Institutet
	Year Elected:	1984
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	August 15, 2004

97	Name:	Sir Isaiah Berlin
	Institution:	All Souls College
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	407. Philosophy
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	11/5/97

98	Name:	Claude Bernard
	Year Elected:	1860
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

99	Name:	Professor Paul Bernard
	Institution:	L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	December 1, 2015

	Paul Bernard was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Fine Letters (Institute of France, Paris) since 1992. After studies in Paris (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Sorbonne), he received archaeological training at the French School in Athens (1958-1961) and then became a member of the French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut (1961-1965). He quickly specialized in the archaeology and history of Hellenism east of the Mediterranean shores. In 1965, Professor Bernard became director of the French archaeological mission in Afghanistan and, until 1978, he headed the excavations, by a French team, of a Greek colonial city in Northern Afghanistan at the site, now completely plundered, of Aï Khanum. Upon his return to France, he taught graduate and postgraduate courses at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Sorbonne) on the history of Hellenism in the Orient. He was an associate member of the Italian Academia dei Lincei and of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2001. Paul Bernard died December 1, 2015, at the age of 86, in Paris, France.

100	Name:	Sir Michael J. Berridge
	Institution:	The Babraham Institute; University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1938
	Death Date:	February 13, 2020

	Michael John Berridge was born in 1938 in Gatooma, a small town in the middle of Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe. He began his education at Jameson High School where he was fortunate in being taught biology by Pamela Bates who fostered his academic interests and encouraged him to pursue a scientific career. He enrolled in the University of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in Salisbury to read Zoology and Chemistry where he received his B.Sc. (1st Class Honours) in 1960. He then travelled to England to begin research on insect physiology with Sir Vincent Wigglesworth at the University of Cambridge and was awarded his Ph.D. in 1964. He than travelled to the United States to begin a period of post-doctoral study first at the University of Virginia and later at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. During his stay in Cleveland he began his interest in how cells communicate with each other and was fortunate to obtain valuable advice from Dr Ted Rall who a few years earlier had worked together with Earl Sutherland who received a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the second messenger cyclic AMP. In 1969 Berridge returned to Cambridge to take up an appointment at the AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology. He currently is an Emeritus Babraham Fellow at The Babraham Institute Laboratory of Molecular Signalling. Berridge is best known for his discovery of the second messenger inositol trisphosphate (IP3), which plays a universal role in regulating many cellular processes including cell growth and information processing in the nervous system. His studies on cell signalling began with his interest in trying to understand the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland. His introduction and development of this simple model system paved the way for a number of significant observations which culminated in the major breakthrough of uncovering a new second messenger system responsible for regulating intracellular calcium signalling. A role for second messengers in controlling fluid secretion was first recognised when cyclic AMP was found to mimic the stimulatory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Subsequent studies revealed that calcium was also important and Berridge was one of the first to draw attention to the integrated action of the cyclic AMP and calcium messenger systems. He showed that signal calcium could be derived from both external and internal reservoirs. A major problem emerged as to how cells gained access to their internal stores of calcium. Berridge provided the first direct evidence to support Michell's hypothesis that the hydrolysis of inositol lipids played a role in calcium signalling. Interest in inositol phosphates began to intensify when Berridge developed a new approach of measuring their formation as a direct way to study receptor-mediated inositol lipid hydrolysis. Of particular significance, was his introduction of the lithium amplification technique to provide an exquisitely sensitive method for measuring inositol lipid turnover. His work on lithium provided new insights into how this drug controls manic-depressive illness. Using the lithium amplification method, Berridge demonstrated that hormones stimulated a rapid formation of IP3, which led him to propose that this metabolite might function as a second messenger. Such a messenger role was rapidly verified when IP3 was found to mobilize calcium when injected into cells. It is now apparent that the IP3/calcium signalling system regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as fertilization, secretion, metabolism, contraction, cell proliferation and information processing in the brain. This work has sparked a worldwide interest in the role of this signalling system in cell regulation. His most recent work has concentrated on the spatial and temporal aspects of calcium signalling. He was one of the first physiologists to provide evidence that the level of calcium might oscillate when cells are stimulated by a hormone. He also showed that oscillation frequency varied with agonist concentration, which led him to propose that the signalling system was frequency-modulated. Berridge's discovery of the IP3/calcium pathway provided an explanation of such oscillatory activity. His laboratory has been at the forefront of recent studies exploiting rapid confocal imaging techniques to characterize the elementary events of calcium signalling. This radically new understanding of how calcium signals are produced has provided new insights into both neural and cardiac cell signalling. Berridge became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1972 and was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1984. In 1999 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For his work on second messengers Berridge has received numerous awards and prizes, including The King Faisal International Prize in Science, The Louis Jeantet Prize in Medicine, The Albert Lasker Medical Research Award, The Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Wolf Foundation Prize in Medicine and The Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine. In 1998 Berridge was knighted for his service to science.

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