APS Member History

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21	Name:	Dr. Leslie Kurke
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Leslie Kurke is a specialist in ancient Greek literature and culture, with special emphasis on archaic Greek poetry in its socio-political context, Herodotus and early prose, and the constitution of ideology through material practices. She received her BA in Greek Literature from Bryn Mawr College (1981), and her MA and PhD in Classics from Princeton University (1984, 1988). She spent three years at the Harvard Society of Fellows (1987-90), and has taught in the Departments of Classics and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1990. She is the author of The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy (1991); Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold: The Politics of Meaning in Archaic Greece (1999); and Aesopic Conversations: Popular Tradition, Cultural Dialogue, and the Invention of Greek Prose (2011).

22	Name:	Dr. Martin L. Levitt
	Institution:	American Philosophical Society
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1953

	Martin Levitt was Associate Director of the American Philosophical Society Library when he succeeded Edward C. Carter II as Librarian in 2003. Under Levitt's direction, the Library is now a leader in the use of technology and has undertaken several digitizing initiatives designed to produce better access to the Society's collections. Levitt earned his doctorate under the supervision of APS member Russell F. Weigley in 1990, and in pursuing his career as an information professional, was subsequently named a Fulbright Fellow in archives (1991-92), a Fellow of the Mary and David Eccles Center of the British Library, and was elected President of the Academy of Certified Archivists. He helped found the Philadelphia Area Center for the History of Science, a consortium of regional research institutions, for which he raised establishing funds and appointed its first director; PACHS is now an independent 501(c)(3) organization housed at the APS that sponsored 13 fellows this year. Of special note, when appointed Librarian of the Society in 2003, Levitt undertook a vigorous program of renovation and re-organization. The renovations included improved spaces for public services, expanded spaces for staff, a modernized conservation facility and cataloging suite, renovation of the stack areas and redistribution of the collections to make the best use of available spaces, and the creation of state-of-the-art fire detection, fire suppression, security, and technology infrastructures. Additionally, he has held a faculty position in the history department at Temple University since 1992, and has been a full professor since 2000. Levitt, who had worked in the APS Library since 1986, also sat on the Board of the Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries, revitalized the Friends of the APS Library lecture program, and began an investigation into the possible re-patriation of data owned by the Society into the hands of Native American communities. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010. He retired at the end of 2014.

23	Name:	Dr. Glenn D. Lowry
	Institution:	Museum of Modern Art
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Glenn Lowry is the remarkably accomplished director of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). He became the director at the age of 40, bringing to his new task solid credentials as a historian of Moghul art, curator, and director of two smaller museums. He faced a complex situation. From the start, he had to plunge into preparations for an expansion of the museum's space that would be unprecedented in scope, with all that involved in terms of planning for acquisition of land, negotiations over zoning, selection of a design and architectural team and raising the necessary financing (about $700 million). At the same time he had to face the challenges and opportunities resulting from a changing of the guard at MoMA as a new group of brilliant curators came to the fore. He handled both the expansion of the museum and the internal challenges masterfully, drawing on his skill as an administrator and fund raiser and on his solid background as a scholar who understands what curators do but has no desire to supplant them. The result is an astonishing success story. MoMA's expansion – really the construction of a new museum – was completed on time and within budget, and the museum continues to do extremely well, as evidenced by record numbers of visitors and a range of special exhibitions. He is the author of: Storm Across Asia: Genghis Khan and the Mongols, (1981); (with M. Brand) Akbar's India, Art From the Mughal City of Victory, (1985); (with F. Shen, A. Yonemura) From Concept to Context: Approaches to Asian and Islamic Calligraphy, (1986); A Jeweler's Eye: Islamic Arts of the Book from the Vever Collection, (1986); (with T. Lentz) Timur and the Princely Vision, (1989); and Designing the New Museum of Modern Art, (2004). He has been a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences since 2005, and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

24	Name:	Professor Martha Minow
	Institution:	Harvard Law School
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Martha Minow is Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence at Harvard Law School and Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University. On July 1, 2018 she will begin her appointment as the 300th Anniversary University Professor at Harvard. She served as the Dean and Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor at Harvard Law School, 2009-2017, where she has taught since 1981. An expert in human rights with a focus on members of racial and religious minorities and women, children, and persons with disabilities, her scholarship also has addressed private military contractors, management of mass torts, transitional justice, and law, culture, and social change. She has published over 150 articles and her books include Partners, Not Rivals, Privatization and the Public Good; Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence; Not Only for Myself: Identity Politics and Law; and Making all the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law. She has edited or co-edited many books including Government by Contract; Just Schools: Pursuing Equality in Societies of Difference; Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law and Repair; Imagine Co-Existence: Restoring Humanity After Violent Ethnic Conflict; Law Stories; Family Matters; Civil Procedure: Doctrine, Practice and Context; Women and the Law; and Narrative, Violence and the Law: The Essays of Robert M. Cover. In Brown's Wake: Legacies of America's Educational Landmark, was be published in 2010. Following nomination by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate, she served as vice-chair of the board of the Legal Services Corporation. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Michigan and the Harvard Graduate School of Education, Minow received her law degree at Yale Law School before serving as a law clerk to Judge David Bazelon and Justice Thurgood Marshall. A member of the Academy of Arts & Sciences, she has received the Sacks-Freund Teaching Award at Harvard Law School; the Holocaust Center Award, the Radcliffe Graduate Society Medal and honorary doctorates in Education (Wheelock College) and law (University of Toronto). She was awarded the 2015-16 Gittler Prize.

25	Name:	Mr. Paul Moravec
	Institution:	Adelphi University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1957

	Through his Tempest Fantasy, his recent opera, his numerous orchestral and choral works, as well as the chamber piece Useful Knowledge created for Benjamin Franklin's words and an instrument that Franklin is believed to have invented (the glass harmonica), Paul Moravec has achieved great distinction among the new generation of tonal composers. His theatrical instincts are reflected in his choice of themes, such as Shakespeare's Tempest, a blizzard in the 19th century, and Maugham's steamy tale of adultery in Southeast Asia. His exceptional mastery of orchestration has produced music of great emotional intensity. He contributes energetically to the promotion of contemporary music by supporting younger musicians, by frequently speaking before concerts and operas, and by actively collaborating with writers. Dr. Moravec is currently University Professor at Adelphi University, having earned his D.M.A. from Columbia University in 1987. In addition to those works listed above, he composed Blizzard Voices in 2007, The Letter in 2009, and the music for Sanctuary Road in 2018. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2004 and the Arts and Letters Award in Music from the Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2012. Paul Moravec was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010

26	Name:	Dr. Elissa L. Newport
	Institution:	Georgetown University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Elissa Newport became the Director of the new Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, and Professor of Neurology, at Georgetown University in July 2012. She had been the George Eastman Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and of Psychology at the University of Rochester since 1995. She began teaching at the University of California, San Diego, in 1974. She moved to the University of Illinois in 1979, then joined the University of Rochester faculty as Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and of Psychology in 1988. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010. Elissa Newport has defined the modern approach to language learning with creative empirical research, insightful theory and computational analysis and modeling. She has led the way in identifying the critical importance of statistical learning (learning by combining individually ambiguous evidence across separate events) and has shown how within and cross-modality statistical learning can produce language learning in infants, children, deaf individuals and adults. Her research has also explored the stages of language learning and shown the importance of sensitive periods. Her influential "less is more" computational model assigns the advantage of younger over older learners to age related differences in data acquisition and categorization. Her best known research has demonstrated how infants (and adults) can use statistical information to segment speech units from continuous sound streams and combine these into words and phrases. She was awarded the Association of Psychological Science's William James Lifetime Achievement Award for Basic Research in 2013.

27	Name:	Dr. Mary Beth Norton
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Mary Beth Norton is the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History at Cornell University, where she is also Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow (recognizing excellence in undergraduate teaching). In 2005-06, she was Pitt Professor of American History at the University of Cambridge. She has written The British-Americans (1972), which as a dissertation won the Allan Nevins Prize of the Society of American Historians; Liberty’s Daughters (1980, 1996), co-winner of the Berkshire Conference Prize for the best book by a woman historian; Founding Mothers & Fathers (1996), a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize in history; In the Devil’s Snare (2002), winner of the Ambassador Book Award in American Studies from the English-Speaking Union and a finalist for the L.A. Times book award in History; and Separated by their Sex (2011). She is the author, with five others, of A People and A Nation, appearing in its 9th edition in 2011, which has been one of the leading U.S. history textbooks since its initial publication in 1982. Active in professional associations, she has received four honorary degrees and has held fellowships from the Rockefeller, Guggenheim, Mellon, and Starr Foundations, as well as from Princeton University and the Huntington Library. In 1999 she was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has been elected to serve in 2017 as the president-elect of the AHA and will serve as president in 2018.

28	Name:	Dr. Claire L. Parkinson
	Institution:	NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Claire Parkinson is a climatologist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with a research emphasis since the late 1970s on polar sea ice and climate change. She is also keenly interested in the history and philosophy of science. Parkinson developed one of the earliest computer models of sea ice and has done field work in both the Arctic and Antarctic. However, her research centers mostly on satellite data analysis, which she has used (with others) to establish many details of the long-term trends and interannual variabilities in the Earth’s sea ice covers, including a substantial decrease in Arctic sea ice and a lesser increase in Antarctic sea ice since the late 1970s. Since 1993, Dr. Parkinson has additionally been Project Scientist for NASA’s Aqua satellite, which launched in May 2002 and is transmitting data on many atmospheric, ocean, land, and ice variables. She has written books on the history of science (Breakthroughs: A Chronology of Great Achievements in Science and Mathematics), satellite observations (Earth from Above: Using Color-Coded Satellite Images to Examine the Global Environment), and climate change (Coming Climate Crisis? Consider the Past, Beware the Big Fix). She also coauthored with Warren Washington a textbook on climate modeling, coauthored atlases of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, and co-edited two books on satellite observations related to global change. Parkinson has received a NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal for her work as the Aqua Project Scientist, a NASA Exceptional Service Medal for her work on educational outreach, and the Goldthwait Polar Medal from the Byrd Polar Research Center for her sea ice research. She was awarded the 2020 Roger Revelle Medal. She is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and Phi Beta Kappa and is on the Council and Committee on Council Affairs of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). She was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2009 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2018. Her B.A. degree is from Wellesley College, and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees are from Ohio State University. She frequently speaks to teachers, students, and the general public, on topics including global ice coverage, climate change, the Aqua satellite mission, and the value of satellite observations.

29	Name:	Dr. Gregory A. Petsko
	Institution:	Harvard Medical School
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	The research interests of Professor Petsko have always centered upon the structural basis of biochemical properties. His approach is to bring a chemical perspective to bear on problems in biochemistry, structural biology, cell biology, and human health. His primary research tools are: protein X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics, site-directed mutagenesis and, more recently, yeast genetics. These tools are applied to diverse biochemical problems such as: the structural origins of enzyme catalytic power; the functional role of protein flexibility; the biochemistry and genetics of the quiescent state of the eukaryotic cell, using yeast as a model organism, and the causes and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Dr. Petsko graduated Summa Cum Laude from Princeton University in 1970, and received a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he completed his doctoral research in 1973 under the direction of Sir David C. Phillips. After a brief postdoctoral sojourn in Paris with Prof. Pierre Douzou, he was an Instructor and Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Wayne State University School of Medicine from 1973 through 1978, where he twice received a Faculty Research Award. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology he served as an Associate Professor of Chemistry from 1978 through 1985 and Professor of Chemistry from 1985 through 1989. In 1990 he was appointed the Lucille P. Markey Professor in Biochemisty and Chemisty at Brandeis University. From 1994 to 2006 he served as the Director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, at Brandeis Unviersity; and in 1996 has held the title of Gyula and Katica Tauber Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacodynamics, succeeding Prof. William P. Jencks, the first holder of this chair. He served as Chair of the Biochemistry Department at Brandeis 2008 to 2011. In 2014 he accepted the position of Arthur J. Mahon Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York. Although directing a Center with 16 faculty and 200 staff occupied a considerable chunk of his time, Prof. Petsko always carried a full teaching load, and is proud of having taught freshman chemistry continuously, with only time off for sabbaticals, for almost 25 years. He also teaches critical thinking, protein crystallography, and the history of the detective story. His courses are consistently among the highest rated in the University. He has received numerous awards, including the Sidhu Award of the American Crystallographic Association for outstanding contributions to X-ray diffraction, the Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 1986, and an Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award in 1989. In 1991 he was awarded the Max Planck Prize, which he shared with Professor Roger Goody of Heidelberg for their work on the origins of some human cancers. In 1995 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and received a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 2001 he was awarded the Lynen Medal (shared with Professor Janet Thornton), and was elected to the Institute of Medicine. In 2002, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2004 he shared an award from the McKnight Endowment for Neuroscience with his Brandeis colleague, Professor Dagmar Ringe. He and Prof. Ringe also shared the Abram Sachar Medallion from the Brandeis University National Women's Committee in 2006. Prof. Petsko is the first man ever to receive this award, which he says means he at last may be getting in touch with his feminine side. Professor Petsko's research interests are the determination of protein three-dimensional structure and the relationship of that structure to biological function. Most of his work has been, and continues to be, done in collaboration with his friend and Brandeis colleague Prof. Dagmar Ringe. The tools he uses include X-ray crystallography, proteinengineering, yeast genetics and computational biophysics. He is currently focusing on several specific problems: enzymatic catalysis of hydrogen ion transfer, the role of metal ions in bridged bimetallic enzymes and the relationship of protein flexibility to protein function. In the Fall of 1995, his research activities expanded when he did a year's sabbatical work in yeast genetics in the laboratory of Professor Ira Herskowitz at UCSF. As a result, Prof. Petsko now has a budding yeast genetics program (pun intended), which is concerned with the biology of the quiescent state of the eukaryotic cell. In 2003, he and Prof. Ringe expanded the scope of their program yet again, this time in the direction of translational research aimed at curing human disease. They co-founded the new field of Structural Neurology, in which the tools of structure-based drug discovery are applied to find new treatments for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases, and Lewy Body Disease. To facilitate this work, they both accepted adjunct appointments as Professors of Neurology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital of Harvard Medical School. Dr. Petsko is a co-founder of ArQule, Inc. of Woburn Massachusetts, one of the world's leading companies in combinatorial chemistry, and serves on the boards of several other biotechnology companies, including Ironwood Pharmaceuticals and Amicus Therapeutics. He is a member of both the Scientific Review Board and the Medical Advisory Board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes. In 2007 he was elected President of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, which, at over 12,000 members, is one of the largest scientific societies in the United States. From 1988 through 2003 Dr. Petsko was Executive Editor for the journal Protein Engineering, which he co-founded. For the past ten years he has written a monthly opinion column in the journal Genome Biology that is widely read and reprinted. Dr. Petsko describes himself as overweight, out of shape and frequently grouchy, opinions that are not upheld by peer review. Besides his family, teaching and his work, he says there are only a few things that he really loves: dogs; hiking through deserts, mountains and rain forests; good writing, single-malt Scotch, and high-performance cars (he usually drives, however, a Jeep - something about Brandeis salaries). Though excited about his new research directions in yeast cell biology and neurodegenerative diseases, Dr. Petsko swears that his first love remains mechanistic enzymology. He also states that his greatest accomplishment is, and always will be, the more than 100 graduate students and postdocs that he has helped to train, a list that includes five Howard Hughes Investigators, two members of the National Academy of Sciences, and the second woman ever to head a Max-Planck Institute in Germany.

30	Name:	Dr. Lisa Randall
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1962

	Lisa Randall's papers with Raman Sundrum on the brane-world with warped extra dimensions are two of the five most highly cited works in high energy theory in the last 20 years. This should not come as a surprise though, as the papers effectively open up new directions in so many different areas of particle theory. Her ideas have shaped the discourse in the field from collider phenomenology to cosmology. An unusually broad and powerful field theorist, Randall has also made important contributions to the theory of supersymmetry breaking and phenomenology, inflation, CP violation, electroweak radiative corrections, the axion, heavy quark physics, and dynamical symmetry breaking. Randall's book Warped Passages, describing the brane-world picture without mathematics, is remarkably successful outreach to the general public and was named a New York Times Notable Book in 2005. Her recent books include Knocking on Heaven's Door: How Physics and Scientific Thinking Illuminated the Universe and the Modern World (with Gino Segre, 2012) and Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe (2015). She has received the Premio Caterina Tomassoni e Felice Pietro Chisesi Award from the University of Rome (2003), the Klopsteg Award from the American Association of Physics Teachers (2006), and the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize from the American Physical Society (2007). Lisa Randall earned her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1987 and held professorships at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Princeton University before returning to Harvard in 2001. She currently serves as Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. Lisa Randall was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

31	Name:	Dr. Joseph Rishel
	Institution:	Philadelphia Museum of Art
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1940
	Death Date:	November 5, 2020

	Since arriving at the Philadelphia Museum of Art from the Art Institute of Chicago in 1971, Joseph J. Rishel had made his life’s work the expansion and research of the museum’s collections, the engagement with its international public, and the fulfillment of its potential to contribute to its immediate community. He served there as the Gisela and Dennis Alter Senior Curator of European Painting before 1900 and took a post at the National Gallery of Art as Samuel H. Kress Professor. Through a series of extraordinary exhibitions, including Cézanne (1995-96), The Splendor of 18th Century Rome (2000), Manet and the Sea (2003-04), The Arts in Latin America, 1492-1820 (2006-07), and Cézanne and Beyond (2009), this curator and diplomat has imagined new ways of presenting works both famous and unknown, and he has overcome immense obstacles in realizing these visions. Within the museum profession he is highly regarded for his dedication to the formation of a new generation of curators, and he has been particularly supportive of the combination of technical analysis with historical evidence in research. In Philadelphia he served as chairman of the Barnes Foundation Collection Assessment Advisory Committee. From Mexico City to London and Paris, he was held in the highest esteem as a colleague and convivial companion by artists and scholars alike. He received his M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1962 and is the author or coauthor of a number of works including Delacroix: The Late Work, (with E. Delacroix, et al 1998), Goya: Another Look (2006), and Cezanne and Beyond (with K. Sachs and a team of scholars 2009). He has been honored a number of times, including twice by the French Government, being named Chevalier, l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1996 and Officier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2002. Rishel is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2010. He died on November 5, 2020.

32	Name:	Dr. John R. Searle
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Intellectual Autobiography of John R. Searle This will be mainly concerned with my intellectual development. I mention other biographical facts only insofar as they bear on intellectual life. I was born in Denver, Colorado on July 31st, 1932. My mother was a medical doctor, my father an electrical engineer employed by the telephone company. During the war, in 1944, my father transferred to the head office of ATT in New York City. Intellectually, in the period when I lived in the New York area, the most important thing that happened to me was that in 1945 at the age of 13, I enrolled in the 9th grade of an experimental school run by Columbia University Teachers College, the Horace Mann-Lincoln School (since abolished for financial reasons). It was among the most intense intellectual experiences I have had in my life. The students were selected competitively. The John Dewey theory on which the school was run, that the students decide on what they wanted to study, though hopeless for ordinary schools, worked fine for Horace Mann-Lincoln. The students were both extraordinarily intelligent and intensely motivated. Other private schools had social standing, but we thought we were intellectually the best. (Bronx Science and Brooklyn Tech, both public schools, were in intellectual competition, but we had the best chess team.) After the war in 1946 my father was transferred to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where I attended a suburban high school in Shorewood, graduating at the age of 16 in 1949. That Fall I enrolled in the University of Wisconsin. I was lucky in that the university at that time had a very intense program called "Integrated Liberal Studies," which gave me a solid foundation for subsequent intellectual work. Like Horace Mann-Lincoln, ILS had a weak underlying theory, but strong intellectual execution. The theory was that we would in two years receive a unified conception of the humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences, with a solid understanding of how they developed from the foundations laid by Greek and Roman civilization. The actual execution gave us the best professors in the university, a high quality student body, and an understanding of the relationships among various intellectual endeavors. I do not think I could have received a better first two years of college anywhere in the country at that time. In the summer of 1951, after my sophomore year in Madison at the age of 18, I had a life-changing experience. Along with some friends, I travelled free to Europe by getting a part time job on a ship crossing the Atlantic chartered by the Council on Student Travel. I spent the summer travelling around Europe, mostly by hitchhiking. I spent the first month in Paris, and then travelled through France, Germany, Austria (through the Soviet Occupation Zone to Vienna), Italy, as far south as Rome, and back up through Italy to the Riviera, and then to Belgium, Holland and England. This was a life-changing experience for me because I became convinced that my education required study in Europe. At that time, Europe in general, and European universities in particular had an intellectual prestige and élan that seemed lacking in the United States and in American universities. Rightly or wrongly, I thought that the great European universities were better than any American universities, and this view was widely held at the time. When I got back to Madison, I tried to find funding that would take me to Europe to complete my undergraduate studies, but discovered that as a 19 year old junior, I was ineligible to apply for sources of funding such as the Fulbright Scholarship. The only thing I was eligible for was the Rhodes Scholarship, and I was told that at my age I was unlikely to get it. I may have been helped by the fact that I was student body president, raced on the ski team, and had a straight A average. In any case, I won a Rhodes, and went to Oxford. I again got a job working my way to Europe, and travelled around Europe in the summer before matriculating in Oxford as an undergraduate in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in October of 1952. My first year in Oxford was something of a disappointment and it seemed to me that the intellectual level was no better than the University of Wisconsin, and perhaps not as good. But in my second and third year, all of that changed, and I fell in with a group of fellow undergraduates who were passionately interested in philosophy. I was especially influenced by Frank Cioffi, Nigel Lawson, and Robin Farquharson. Oxford was at that time the world leader in Philosophy and many of the teachers were first rate. I attended lectures and was taught by Peter Strawson, J.L. Austin, Isaiah Berlin, Stuart Hampshire, Michael Dummett, David Pears, Elizabeth Anscombe and Bernard Williams among others. The chief influences on me were Austin and Strawson. There is a certain irony in my relation to Austin, because when I first went to Austin's lectures on speech acts, I found them boring. Later I began to appreciate his qualities and we discussed philosophical arguments frequently. Once we argued so long after class that we were locked up in the building - until the janitors rescued us. The fact that I initially found his work boring is ironic because my first book, Speech Acts (1969), and much of second book, Expression and Meaning (1979), were directed to problems that were initiated by Austin, and I thought of myself, as many other people did, as carrying on his work. Another life-changing experience was that in my final years as an undergraduate, I was, only for a few weeks, tutored by Peter Strawson. More than anybody else, he taught me how to do philosophy. I completed my degree in Oxford in 1955, and accepted a senior scholarship at St. Anthony's College, which enabled me to continue graduate studies in Oxford. In 1956, I became a Research Lecturer at Christ Church, and I stayed on for three more years in Oxford as Research Lecturer and Tutorial Lecturer. In that time I finished my D.Phil. thesis. On Christmas Eve in 1958, I married Dagmar Carboch, and we have now been married nearly 52 years. We have two grown sons, Thomas and Mark, and two granddaughters, Grace and Bianca. My Oxford thesis was about problems in the philosophy of language, specifically connected with the notions of sense and reference. My work on speech acts eventually grew out of early work on reference, and speech acts was the subject of my first book, published in 1969. In the Fall of 1959, I accepted a position at the University of California, Berkeley. In Berkeley I continued to work primarily in the philosophy of language, especially a theory of speech acts. I have published two books on that subject, Speech Acts and Expression and Meaning, as well as a number of articles. The speech act approach to language inspired by Austin, but also heavily influenced by Wittgenstein, Strawson and Grice, is to think of speaking a language as a form of intentional human activity. Speaking is acting. On this approach, you think not of words as referring to objects, making statements, etc., but rather you think of speakers as using words to refer to objects, and intentionally making statements, etc. To think of speaking language as a form of human activity recasts a rather large number of traditional philosophical disputes, and I continue to believe that it is the correct approach to the philosophy of language. In the Fall of 1964, I had nearly completed Speech Acts, but my researches were interrupted by my participation and active involvement in the Free Speech Movement, a protest movement directed against the policies of the then university administration, which on one occasion included preventing me, a local professor, from giving a special lecture on campus. This activity, though it seemed definitely a sideline for me initially, occupied the center of my attention for the next three years, and really continuing on through most of the 60's. After the success of the FSM and the failure of the administration, I served two years in the new university administration as Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Student Affairs. I also spent some time in Washington DC as a member of the Heard Commission, advising the national administration on the problems of the universities. The main intellectual result for me of this whole experience of student unrest was that in 1971 I published "The Campus War," a book about the university upheavals of the period. In my work on the philosophy of language, I had used free use of "intentionalistic" notions such as "belief", "desire", and "intention", and I felt like this was borrowing money from the bank and I would one day have to pay it back by writing a book about intentionality. I began work on that in the middle 70's, but it was not until the 1980's that it was finally published, Intentionality (1983). It was the hardest book I ever wrote, and there is a sense in which it is a foundation for all of my other work, both before and afterward. In philosophy, by the way, one typically constructs the foundations of the structure after the structure is built, so it is not surprising that in 1983 I published the foundation of work that I had done in the late 60's. The claims that I would lay for my account of intentionality in that book are two: first, it is a comprehensive account of the functioning of intentional states that includes not just beliefs and desires, but perceptions, intentional actions, memories, and embeds them in a holistic account of how our mental life is structured not in atomistic units but in networks of mental phenomena that I call the "Network," and against a background of human capacitites and dispositions that I call the "Background." The second claim that I would make is that my account of intentionality is completely naturalistic in that intentionality, with all of its intrinsic irreducibly first-person mode of existence, is seen as a natural biological phenomena, as much a part of biology as digestion or photosynthesis. In the course of writing Intentionality I read a lot of the material in the contemporary philosophy of mind, and taught courses in the subject. I discovered to my horror that views that I regarded as false to the point of preposterousness - such as behaviorism, or various forms of materialism such as the computational theory of the mind, as well as old-fashioned dualism - were still quite common, and indeed, widely accepted by otherwise competent professionals in the philosophy of mind. So I wrote some more critical, indeed polemical, works attacking these views. Among the most famous of these was an article I published in 1983, presenting what was called "The Chinese Room Argument," refuting the idea that the mind is just a computer program implemented in the brain ("Minds, Brains, and Programs," The Behavioral Brain Sciences). I also published a book length discussion of the nature of mind and the study of the mind (The Rediscovery of the Mind, 1992). I continued to publish fairly extensively on problems of the mind, and brought out my Reith Lectures, "Mind, Brains, and Science," in 1984. In this middle period, if I may so describe it, I was not working primarily on problems in the philosophy of language, but on problems in the philosophy of mind, and I was very active in both the foundation of, and the continuous activity of, the Berkeley Cognitive Science Group. My work in the philosophy of mind differs from mainstream philosophy in its combination of an anti-reductionist and yet naturalistic bent. I think that intentionality and consciousness are not reducible to behavior, computer programs, or any rest of the materialist candidates. But at the same time, they are a part of nature, and I have baptized my approach to these questions as "biological naturalism." Eventually I felt that I had said most of what I had to say about the pure philosophical aspects of cognition, but the ground had now been prepared for further neurobiological studies. Specifically, in 1995, I published an article in the Annual Review of Neuroscience, "Counsciousness," where I described what I thought a proper scientific study of consciousness should be like. In the early 90's, I began to work on and explore problems in the nature of social ontology. There is a question that had always bothered me, and that is, How is it that there can be an objective reality of money, property, government, and marriage, when that reality only exists because we think it exists? It is an objective fact that this is a twenty dollar bill, and yet such facts exist not on the paper as such, but in the minds of the people who produce and use the bills. How does that work? It is an odd weakness in intellectual history that this problem of social ontology was not adequately solved by the great founders of sociology, but the reason for their failure is clear. They did not have an adequate theory of language. The answer I give to this question is essentially an application of my theory of speech acts. All of objective institutional reality including not just money, property, government, and marriage, but cocktail parties, summer vacations, universities, and certified public accountants are created by the use of language. In general, the features that we think of as characteristic of the institutional parts of human civilization, are created in their initial existence and maintained in existence by speech acts that have a certain specific logical form. The basic idea is to connect the fundamental concepts that underlie human civilization. Humans have an ability to assign functions that people and objects can perform, where the function is performed not in virtue of the physical structure, but in terms of the assignment of a certain status, and the function is performed in virtue of that status. Thus, knives have a function performed in virtue of their physical structure, but twenty dollar bills have a function performed in virtue of an assigned status. I call these "status functions." All specifically institutional facts are status functions, and status functions are important because they embody a certain class of powers, what I call "deontic powers" - rights, duties, obligations, etc. - and these deontic powers are the glue that holds human civilization together because they create desire independent reasons for action. I have expounded and explained these ideas in considerable length in two books, The Construction of Social Reality (1995) and Making the Social World (2010). After I had been doing philosophy professionally for decades, it eventually dawned on me that I was really answering a single question. It is this: Granted that the world we inhabit is entirely composed of mindless, meaningless, physical particles, how can there be a meaningful human reality that includes consciousness, intentionality, free will, rationality, language, society, ethics, aesthetics, economics, and politics? That is the question I have been addressing in all of these various books and articles. So the question of language is how do we get from the physics - from the acoustic blasts or the marks on paper - the the meaningful speech act? The question for the mind is how is it possible for "physical" structures in the brain, such as neurons with their synapses, to cause and sustain a mental reality? How is it possible in a world of physical particles for there to be an objective reality of money, property, and other social institutions? Most of my subsequent ideas were already contained in an implicit form in Speech Acts. In a sense then, all of my books have been part of one large book, and that work continues. Such, in a very brief and compact form, is a summary of my intellectual trajectory. As far as the bare curriculum vitae aspects of my life are concerned, I have now spent 51 years as a fulltime faculty member in Berkeley. As there is no longer compulsory retirement, I have not been forced to retire, and have chosen not to do so. I have been a Visiting Professor in a large number of universities, including the University of Michigan, the University of Colorado and Rutgers University. In Europe and South America, I have been a visiting faculty member in Oxford, for one year, and for shorter periods in Berlin, Paris, Frankfurt, Aarhus, Graz, Venice, Florence, Rome Campinas, and Palermo. I have lectured extensively in China, Japan and South Korea and am an honorary Visiting Professor at universities in Beijing and Shanghai. I have published twenty books, over two hundred articles and the works have been translated into twenty three languages.

33	Name:	Dr. Shlomo Sternberg
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Shlomo Sternberg is one of the foremost differential geometers of his generation and a mathematician who has shaped the subject with his extensive breadth and many scholarly contributions. His papers extend across many subjects, including Lie groups (finite and infinite dimensional), symplectic geometry and mechanics, quantum groups, scattering theory, conformal field theory - the list is long and inclusive of many subjects. He has written several books with V. Guillemin which are foundational references for research mathematicians in several fields, including Geometric Asymptotics (1977), Variations on a Theme by Kepler, (1990), and Symplectic Techniques in Physics (1990), as well as several of the basic graduate texts for students of mathematics and physics. He currently serves as George Putnam Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University, having joined the Harvard faculty in 1959. He received his Ph.D. in 1956 from Johns Hopkins University. In 1980 he was made a permanent Fellow of the Mortimer and Raymond Sackler Institute of Advanced Studies at Tel Aviv University. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

34	Name:	Professor Geoffrey R. Stone
	Institution:	University of Chicago Law School
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Geoffrey R. Stone is the Edward H. Levi Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. A member of the law faculty since 1973, Mr. Stone served as dean of the Law School (1987-1994) and Provost of the University of Chicago (1994-2002). After graduating from the University of Chicago Law School in 1971, Mr. Stone served as a law clerk to Justice William J. Brennan Jr. of the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. Stone has been an editor of the Supreme Court Review since 1991, and is the author or co-author of many books on constitutional law, including Top Secret: When Our Government Keeps Us in the Dark (2007), War and Liberty: An American Dilemma (2007), Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime (2004), Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era (Chicago 2002), and Sex and the Constitution (2017). Perilous Times received eight national book awards, including the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Book Award and the L.A. times Book Prize for History. His most recent book, Democracy and Equality: The Enduring Constitutional Vision of the Warren Court, was published January 2020. Mr. Stone is currently chief editor of a twenty-volume series, Inalienable Rights, which is being published by the Oxford University Press. Mr. Stone’s next major book, Sexing the Constitution, will explore the history of sex from ancient Greece to contemporary constitutional law. Mr. Stone is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the national Board of Directors of the American Constitution Society, a member of the national Advisory Council of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a member of of the board of the Chicago Children’s Choir.

35	Name:	Professor Cass R. Sunstein
	Institution:	Harvard Law School
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Cass Sunstein returned to Harvard Law School as the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law in September 2012 after taking a leave to serve for two years in the Obama administration as Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. He was named University Professor in February 2013. Sunstein is the most prolific, versatile, and widely cited legal scholar of his generation. His extensive work on administrative law has been profoundly influential, helping to bring insights from cognitive science and behavioral economics to bear on problems of risk analysis and regulation. He has also been among the most influential scholars of constitutional law, developing the insights of civic republicanism and legal realism to show that claims of individual liberty are often better understood as problems of public distribution or social entitlement. Sunstein has written eloquently of the importance of democratic debate and deliberation, and the need to avoid tendencies toward extreme or polarized thought in settings as diverse as juries, appellate panels, and readership on the Internet. A frequent contributor of public legal commentary in venues like the New Republic, Sunstein is well-known for his ability to bring exceptional clarity to complex legal topics, and to integrate legal thought with the latest developments in social science. He is the author of: The Partial Constitution, (1993); Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict, (1996); (S. Breyer, et al) Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy, (1999); (R. Epstein) The Vote: Bush, Gore & the Supreme Court, (2001); The Cost-Benefit State, (2002); Why Societies Need Dissent, (2003); The Second Bill of Rights: Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More Than Ever, (2006); Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge, (2006); Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide, (2009); On Rumors: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, What Can Be Done, (2009); Simpler: The Future of Government (2013), #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media (2017), Impeachment: A Citizen's Guide (2018), and Too Much Information: Understanding What You Don’t Want to Know (2020). He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2010. He won the Society's Henry M. Phillips Prize in 2007 in recognition of his intellectual leadership in Constitutional Law and Political Science, including in particular his profound research and writing demonstrating the complex interplay between jurisprudential constructs and the day by day resolution of legal conflicts. He was also named as a 2018 recipient of the Holberg Prize.

36	Name:	Mr. Rodolfo H. Terragno
	Institution:	21st Century University, Argentina
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Rodolfo Terragno, a lawyer and journalist during the military dictatorship in Argentina, became a celebrated political commentator who was forced to emigrate, first to Venezuela, where he founded El Diario de Caracas, and then to England, where he began his work on political philosophy and Latin American history. With the fall of the military regime in 1983 he returned to Argentina to become a member of Raul Alfonsin's cabinet. Since then he has served the Argentine people in many capacities, most notably as a Minister, Head of the Cabinet, President of the Opposition Radical Party, and candidate for the national presidency. Terragno's political philosophy, expressed in his books, emphasizes the role of the cooperation of government and business in the promotion of science and education as the basic ingredients for the growth of post-industrial economies in developing countries. These ideas have been influential throughout the continent and beyond. Terragno has also authored important books on the South American independence movement in the early 19th century and on the foundations of the Falkland Islands conflict. One of his most original contributions was the discovery in Scotland of the "Maitland papers" which revealed a secret British plan for the invasion of South America and the takeover of the vice royalty of Peru - very similar to the plan executed by San Martin decades later. Rodolfo Terragno is currently chairman of, and teaches at, the Fundación Argentina Siglo 21. He received a law degree in 1967 from the School of Law and Social Sciences at the National University of Buenos Aires. His books include Memorias del Presente (1984), The Challenge of Real Development (1987), Maitland & San Martín (1998), and Historia y Futuro de las Malvinas (2006). His many honors include the French Ordre National du Mérite in 1987, the Italian Cavaliere di Gran Croce in 1987, and Brazil's Medalha Mérito Maua in 1988. Rodolfo Terragno was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

37	Name:	Mr. Laurence H. Tribe
	Institution:	Harvard Law School
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Laurence H. Tribe is known both nationally and globally as one of the nation's greatest scholars of constitutional law. His groundbreaking 1978 treatise American Constitutional Law combined historical material with highly original contemporary doctrinal insight, making our nation's constitutional jurisprudence elegantly accessible not only to American students and practitioners but also to the drafters of new constitutions in South Africa and Eastern Europe. The treatise has been so often cited that Harvard Law Dean Erwin Griswold once commented, "It may well be that no book, and no lawyer not a member of the Court, has ever had a greater influence on the development of American constitutional law." An extraordinarily popular teacher of large constitutional law classes at Harvard, Tribe has also published numerous law review articles on virtually every aspect of American constitutional law. His early training as a mathematician has inclined him to reject consequentialist constitutional theories in favor of "structural," "constitutive," and "relational" inferences from the Constitution's internal architecture. Tribe's career has also encompassed dazzling advocacy before the U.S. Supreme Court, a deep commitment to civil rights and civil liberties, and frequent testimony before Congress. He currently serves as Senior Counselor for Access to Justice at the U. S. Department of Justice as well as Carl M. Loeb University Professor (on leave) at Harvard Law School. He received his J.D. in 1966 from Harvard Law School. Other works he has authored include: Channeling Technology Through Law (1973); The American Presidency: Its Constitutional Structure (1974); The Supreme Court: Trends and Developments (1979); God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History (1985); Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes (1990); The Invisible Constitution (2008); with Joshua Matz, Uncertain Justice (2014); and To End a Presidency [2018]. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010 and has won the Society's 2013 Henry M. Phillips Prize in recognition of his contributions to understanding the United States Constitution and the role of the Supreme Court in its interpretation and its 2018 Henry Allen Moe Prize in recognition of his paper "Reflections on the 'Natural Born Citizen' Clause as Illuminated by the Cruz Candidacy" presented at the Society’s 2016 April Meeting and printed in the June 2017 Proceedings.

38	Name:	Dr. Martin Litchfield West
	Institution:	All Souls College, University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1937
	Death Date:	July 13, 2015

	Martin Litchfield West wrote the following biography in 2010, the year he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. He died July 13, 2015, at the age of 77. I was born in London on 23 September 1937, the first child of Maurice Charles West, Civil Engineer, and his wife Catherine. We lived through the Second World War at Hampton, Middlesex, far enough out of London to receive only occasional bombs in the neighborhood, though the house was damaged one night. The first seven years of my education were spent at a local primary school. Then I was put into the more challenging and stimulating milieu of Colet Court, the junior school attached to one of the major British independent schools, St. Paul's, and after three years I graduated to the main school. There was a strong emphasis there on Latin and Greek, which suited my growing interest in languages, and I had some excellent teachers. In 1955 I went with a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, to pursue the four-year Literae Humaniores course. Among those who taught and influenced me there were Gordon Williams (my college tutor), E. R. Dodds, and Eduard Fraenkel, whose famous seminars were a daunting test-bed for fledgling scholars. In 1959 I embarked on graduate work, choosing Hesiod as my area of study and Hugh Lloyd-Jones as my supervisor. He did me a great service by arranging for me to spend the next summer semester in Germany under Reinhold Merkelbach. Besides raising my German to a state of fluency, those months opened my eyes to different approaches, and I made the acquaintance of such powerful scholars as Walter Burkert, Rudolf Kassel, and Winfried Bühler, who were to remain lifelong friends. Before leaving for Germany I had been elected to a three-year Junior Research Fellowship at St. John's College, Oxford, which I took up on my return. On the last day of 1960 I married my wife Stephanie, whom I had met at Fraenkel's seminars; she was now also doing graduate work and was to establish herself as a scholar in her own right. In 1963, following several unsuccessful applications for permanent positions in universities, I had the good fortune to be offered a Fellowship in Oxford at University College. The same summer we had our first child and I completed my doctoral thesis, a commentary on Hesiod's Theogony (augmented with a critical text and published in 1966). I taught at University College for eleven years, while continuing to publish. In the fall of 1967 I spent a sabbatical term at Harvard as a visiting lecturer - my first experience of the USA. In 1974 I was asked whether I would be interested in the chair in Greek at Bedford College, London; it was intimated that I could continue to live in Oxford, where Stephanie was now employed and where our children were at school. I accepted the offer and began a new life of travelling up to London for a few days each week. The London University scene, initially tranquil, became turbulent in the early eighties. There was official pressure for 'rationalization,' for mergers of colleges and departments, and after strenuous discussions it came about that Bedford merged with Royal Holloway College. This meant that my workplace was transferred from central London to a site out in Surrey, a little closer to Oxford but more awkward to reach by public transport. This forced me, at the age of 47, to learn to drive a car, something I had never before needed to do but much enjoyed doing once I mastered it. During my London period I had two further memorable extended stays abroad: in 1980 a month in Japan as a guest of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and in 1986 a quarter as Visiting Professor at UCLA. In 1991 I was successful with an application for a Senior Research Fellowship at All Souls College Oxford, as desirable a position as any in the academic world, and one that freed me from the regular commuting to Surrey and from increasingly tiresome administrative chores. It gave me the leisure to apply myself to learning Akkadian and some other Semitic languages, which I wanted to do in order to write a book on West Asiatic elements in early Greek poetry (The East Face of Helicon, 1997). I believe it is valuable for a classicist to learn other ancient languages besides Greek and Latin, and as a result of doing so I have been able, since 1994, to publish half a dozen articles on Mesopotamian and Iranian topics, and recently to complete a translation of Zoroaster's Gathas (to appear in August 2010). In 2000 my work received a wholly unexpected tribute in the form of the international Balzan Prize for Classical Antiquity. I reached the statutory age of retirement in 2004, and my status at All Souls changed to that of Emeritus Fellow. I remain active in research and publication, and take pleasure in the tokens of recognition that continue to descend on me from time to time, such as the Festschrift produced for my 70th birthday in 2007, the honorary doctorate conferred by the University of Cyprus in 2008 (which came with a splendiferous robe and hat), and most recently my election to the American Philosophical Society. Martin West

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