APS Member History

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1	Name:	Mr. Herbert Smith Bailey
	Institution:	Princeton University Press
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	June 28, 2011

	A Princeton University graduate, Herbert Smith Bailey, Jr. became the youngest head of a university press in the country in 1954 when he assumed that role with the Princeton University Press at age thirty-two. Over the next thirty-two years, he strengthened the Press's publication program and undertook a number of long-term, monumental projects, most notably The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (a 69-volume series, edited by Arthur Link, which was completed in 1993), The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau, and The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Mr. Bailey also oversaw the publication of many other multi-volume editions, including the writings of Aaron Burr, Edward Fitzgerald and Soren Kierkegaard. Having come to publishing from the side of science (He was the first science editor at the Press.), Mr. Bailey became recognized as a thoughtful and eloquent spokesman for the role of scholarship across all subjects. In all, about four thousand works of scholarship were published during his tenure at the Press, including winners of the National Book Award, the Pulitzer Prize and Phi Beta Kappa Awards. Mr. Bailey was also at the forefront of book preservation, establishing a policy as early as the late 1950s that all hardbound books at the Press be printed on acid-free "permanent" paper. Herbert Smith Bailey, Jr. retired from publishing in 1986. He received degrees from Princeton (A.B., 1942; L.L.D., 1986) and Yale Universities (L.H.D., 1970). He died on June 28, 2011, at the age of 89, in Chapel Hill, North Carolinia.

2	Name:	Dr. Herbert George Baker
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	July 2, 2001

3	Name:	Dr. Gary Stanley Becker
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	May 3, 2014

	Gary Stanley Becker was born in 1930 in a coal mining town in eastern Pennsylvania. His family moved to Brooklyn a few years later, where he was first exposed to economics by his father, who gave him the task of reading stock quotations and other reports on financial developments. After graduating from Princeton University in three years, Dr. Becker earned his Ph.D. in 1955 from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Milton Friedman, Gregg Lewis and other prominent thinkers. Known for his distinction as an economic theorist and for pioneering the application of economic theory to human behavior (such as in welfare policy, population and the family), Dr. Becker published numerous important works, including the 1981 book A Treatise on the Family, in which he analyzed the effect of factors such as divorce, family size and changes in family composition and structure on inequality and economic growth. A greatly expanded edition of this pioneering work was published in 1991. In addition to his scholarly output, Dr. Becker also penned monthly articles for Business Week magazine beginning in 1985. He served on the faculty of Columbia University from 1957-70 and was University Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago beginning in 1970. A Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution as well, Dr. Becker held the presidency of the American Economic Association and had been recognized with the Seidman Award as well as the first social science Award of Merit from the National Institute of Health. He received the National Medal of Science in 2000 and then served on the committee that recommends medal recipients. Dr. Becker was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in 2007 and the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1992. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1986. Gary Becker died May 3, 2014, at the age of 83, in Chicago, Illinois.

4	Name:	Dr. David M. Bevington
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	August 2, 2019

	A Shakespeare scholar and medievalist, David M. Bevington became professor of English at the University of Chicago in 1967. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1959, where he also worked as an instructor before going on to teach at the University of Virginia and the University of Chicago. He authored a number of books on Shakespeare and medieval drama, including From Mankind to Marlowe, Tudor Drama and Politics, and Action is Eloquence: Shakespeare's Language of Gesture. He was the editor of Medieval Drama and The Complete Works of Shakespeare, one of the three standard one-volume study editions. Later in life, he updated the 29-volume paperback edition of the Shakespeare canon that he first published in 1988 as well as co-editing The Cambridge Edition of The Works of Ben Jonson. In addition to courses on Shakespeare, Renaissance drama, and medieval drama, he co-taught a course on the history and theory of drama from the 5th century B.C. to the present day and in 2018 was still teaching courses on education. David Bevington died on August 2, 2019 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 88.

5	Name:	Dr. Baruch S. Blumberg
	Institution:	NASA Astrobiology Institute & Fox Chase Cancer Center & University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	April 5, 2011

	Baruch S. Blumberg served as the President of the American Philosophical Society 2005-2011. He was a Distinguished Scientist at Fox Chase Cancer Center and University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. From May 1999 until October 2002, he served as Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute headquartered at Ames Research Center (ARC). He was Senior Advisor to the Administrator of NASA (2000-01), and Principal Scientist of the NASA Division of Fundamental Space Biology (2002-04). In October 2008 he was appointed Distinguished Scientist at ARC associated with the NASA Lunar Science Institute and the Astrobiology Institute. He was Master of Balliol College, Oxford University, from 1989 to 1994 and, prior to that, Associate Director for Clinical Research at Fox Chase. He was on the staff of the National Institutes of Health from 1957 to 1964. Dr. Blumberg earned his M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, in 1951 and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Oxford University in 1957. Dr. Blumberg's research covered many areas including clinical research, epidemiology, virology, genetics, anthropology, and space-related biological science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1976 for "discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" and specifically, for the discovery of the Hepatitis B virus. In 1993 he and his co-inventor, Dr. Irving Millman, were elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame for their Hepatitis B vaccine and the diagnostic test for Hepatitis B. Dr. Blumberg was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1986. He died April 5, 2011, at the age of 85, in Moffett Field, California.

6	Name:	Dr. Thomas Eisner
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 25, 2011

	Thomas Eisner was a world authority on animal behavior, ecology, and evolution and was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology, the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1955 and remained at Cornell throughout his life. He is author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and books. A field biologist with working experience on four continents, Dr. Eisner was an active conservationist. He has served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society and the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy. He was president of the American Society of Naturalists and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Eisner played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington, and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he received numerous honors, including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the Harvard Centennial Medal, the National Medal of Science and, in 2008, the National Academy of Sciences' John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science. He was a foreign fellow of The Royal Society and a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea. A well-known nature photographer, he also helped make award-winning film documentaries. Dr. Eisner grew up in Uruguay, became a naturalized American citizen and received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Fluent in four languages, he was also a pianist and conductor of considerable talent. Thomas Eisner died on March 25, 2011, at age 81, in Ithaca, New York.

7	Name:	Hon. Robert F. Goheen
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	March 31, 2008

8	Name:	Mr. Louis Henkin
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	October 14, 2010

	Louis Henkin was University Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, Chair of the University's Center for the Study of Human Rights and Director of the Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School. Before his appointment as University Professor, Professor Henkin held chairs in constitutional law and, earlier, in international law and diplomacy. Professor Henkin earned his B.A. from Yeshiva University in 1937 and his LL.B. from Harvard University in 1940 where he served as Book Reviews Editor for the Harvard Law Review. He served as law clerk to Judge Learned Hand and to Justice Felix Frankfurter and was a State Department officer before turning to academic life. Among various public and professional activities, he was the Chief Reporter of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the U.S. (1979-87) and Co-Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of International Law (1978-84); from 1992-94, Professor Henkin served as the President of the American Society of International Law. Louis Henkin's books include Arms Control and Inspection in American Law; Foreign Affairs and the Constitution; The Rights of Man Today; How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy; International Law: Politics and Values; The Age of Rights; Constitutionalism, Democracy and Foreign Affairs; and other books as well as numerous articles. He served as co-editor of International Law, Cases and Materials (3rd edition) and of Human Rights (1999). Louis Henkin was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1986. He was awarded the Society's Henry M. Phillips Prize in Jurisprudence in 2000. The citation reads, "In recognition of his lifetime of scholarly research and writing to demonstrate that international human rights are more than noble aspirations to be enforced in the court of public opinion and are definable legal rights to be enforced in national and international tribunals." Louis Henkin died October 14, 2010, at the age of 92 in New York.

9	Name:	Dr. Gertrude Himmelfarb
	Institution:	Graduate School, City University of New York
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	December 30, 2019

	Gertrude Himmelfarb was distinguished professor of history and later professor emeritus of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York. For many years she was chair of the doctoral program in history. Dr. Himmelfarb received her doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1950. She also studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary and at Girton College, Cambridge. A leader in the field of 19th century British intellectual history, Dr. Himmelfarb wrote extensively on Victorian England and on contemporary society and culture, earning a reputation as a conservative cultural critic. Her publications included Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution (1959), On Liberty and Liberalism (1974), Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (1991), and The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values (1995). She also edited a collection of essays by Irving Kristol, entitled The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009 (2011). She was the recipient of many honorary degrees and a Fellow of the British Academy, the Royal Historical Society, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Society of American Humanities. She served on the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities and on the editorial boards of the American Historical Review, the American Scholar and other journals. Known for her great erudition and meticulous scholarship, Dr. Himmelfarb was a gifted writer and thinker who expressed her strong opinions with force and clarity. Gertrude Himmelfarb died December 30, 2019 in Washington, DC at the age of 97.

10	Name:	Dr. Robert Hofstadter
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	11/17/90

11	Name:	Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini
	Institution:	European Brain Research Institute
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	December 30, 2012

	Neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini was born in Turin, Italy and was a dual citizen of Italy and the United States. In 1986 she received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein molecule that enhances differentiative processes of the sensory and sympathetic neurons and may exert a modulatory role on neuro-immunoendocrine functions of vital importance in the regulation of homeostatic processes. Much of Dr. Levi-Montalcini's most important work was conducted over her three decades at Washington University in St. Louis. She also directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome) from 1961-69 and the Laboratory of Cellular Biology from 1969-78. Her many awards and honors include the National Medal of Science (1987) and a 2001 Senate-for-life nomination by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. In 1968 Dr. Levi-Montalcini became the tenth woman ever elected to the National Academy of Sciences. At age 98, she was the oldest living Nobel laureate. Rita Levi-Montalcini died December 30, 2012, at the age of 103, at her home in Rome, Italy.

12	Name:	Dr. Barbara Kiefer Lewalski
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	March 2, 2018

	William R. Kenan Professor of English Literature and of History and Literature, Emeritus at Harvard University, Barbara Kiefer Lewalski was highly regarded for her scholarship on Renaissance literary genres, the poets John Milton and John Donne, and her balanced appreciation of female writers and patrons in the English Renaissance. She authored numerous books, including Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric (1979), Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms (1985), Writing Women in Jacobean England, 1603-1625 (1993), and The Life of John Milton: A Critical Biography (2000). She was also the recipient of prestigious awards including two Guggenheim Fellowships, a NEH Senior Fellowship, and three Huntington Library Fellowships. Dr. Lewalski received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and, prior to joining the Harvard faculty, she taught at Wellesley College (1954-56) and Brown University (1956-76). Dr. Lewalski was a past president of the Milton Society of America and has edited texts such as Major Poets of the Earlier Seventeenth Century and Milton, Paradise Lost (2008). She served on the Harvard faculty 1982 until 2015 when she became professor emerita. Barbara Lewalski died March 2, 2018, at the age of 87 in Providence, Rhode Island.

13	Name:	Dr. James Robert McCredie
	Institution:	Institute of Fine Arts, New York University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	July 15, 2018

	At the time of his death July 15, 2018, James R. McCredie was Sherman Fairchild Professor of Fine Arts Emeritus and Director Emeritus of the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University, with which he has been affiliated since 1963. A scholar of ancient Greek archaeology and architecture, he directed excavations in Samothrace and Aphrodisias and brought, in the words of a colleague, "scholarly stature and discriminating artistic intelligence" to his positions. The author or co-author of books such as Koronoi: A Ptolemaic Camp on the East Coast of Attica (1962) and Hippodamos of Miletos (1971), Dr. McCredie had been awarded the Gold Medal of the Pan-Samothracian Hearth of Athens (1981), among other honors. He was a member of Deutsches Archaologisches Institut and the Archaeological Society of Athens.

14	Name:	The Honorable Vincent Lee McKusick
	Institution:	Pierce Atwood
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	December 3, 2014

	Vincent L. McKusick was Chief Justice (Retired) of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court at the time of his death at 93 on December 3, 2014. On entering the Army in 1943, after graduating from Bates College, he participated in a specialized training program in engineering and completed his military service on the Manhattan Project. He earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology prior to entering Harvard Law School in 1947. A President of the Harvard Law Review, Vincent McKusick, upon graduation, served as law clerk to Judge Learned Hand and to Justice Felix Frankfurter. In 1952 Vincent McKusick joined the Portland, Maine firm of Hutchinson, Pierce Atwood & Scribner. For twenty-five years he engaged in a broad general practice with emphasis on appellate, corporate, and public utility matters. He also worked to modernize the rules of procedure for the Maine courts and co-authored two editions of the classic work on Maine Civil Practice. He was appointed Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court in 1977, the only such appointment directly from the bar since the appointment of Maine's first Chief Justice in 1820. Chief Justice McKusick had responsibility for managing Maine's entire court system as well as presiding over its highest appellate court. His fourteen and one-half years as Chief Justice were marked by significant improvement in the structure and operation of all courts. In 1990-91 he served as President of the Conference of Chief Justices and Chairman of the National Center for State Courts. Following his voluntary retirement from the Court in 1992, Judge McKusick returned "of counsel" to his firm, now Pierce Atwood. In the years since he served as Special Master of the Supreme Court of the United States in three original jurisdiction suits between states and was also actively involved in private arbitration and mediation. He has served on the Board of Directors of the American Arbitration Association and in the House of Delegates of the American Bar Association and in May 2008 completed 38 years of service on the Council of the American Law Institute. Judge McKusick was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1986.

15	Name:	Dr. Bruce M. Metzger
	Institution:	Princeton Theological Seminary
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	February 13, 2007

16	Name:	Dr. Gerry Neugebauer
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	September 26, 2014

	At the time of his death September 26. 2014, at the age of 82, Gerry Neugebauer was the Robert A. Millikan Professor of Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, where for many years he also directed the Palomar Observatory. Dr. Neugebauer received his Ph.D. from CalTech in 1960, began his professorial career there in 1962 and also served as chairman of the division of physics, mathematics and astronomy from 1988-93. His major contributions in the field include an infrared survey of three-fourths of the sky at two microns. His observations led to the realization of its complex structure, with a point source superimposed on a large, diffuse central source. In addition he made careful observations of numerous objects such as the Orion nebula, Seyfert galaxies, quasars, OH sources, and other cool objects whose enormous infrared intensities dominate their total flux and are of significance in elucidating their physical natures. The complex energy distributions in these objects have shown that an enormous excess of low-temperature radiation presumably arising from dust is a common property of the formation of stars, the opaque molecular clouds surrounding dying giant stars, and the explosion of galactic nuclei. Dr. Neugebauer opened up infrared areas in astronomy with satellites and regularly followed his space experiments with ground-based investigations. Winner of the Rumford Prize (1986) and a two-time recipient of the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal (1972, 1984), Dr. Neugebauer had been elected to the membership of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1986.

17	Name:	Mr. John Bertram Oakes
	Institution:	New York Times
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	April 5, 2001

18	Name:	Dr. Stuart Alan Rice
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Stuart A. Rice is the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus, in the Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute of the University of Chicago. He is currently Science Advisor to the Director of Argonne National Laboratory. Born in New York City in 1932, he received a B.S. degree from Brooklyn College in 1952 and A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University in, respectively, 1954 and 1955. His graduate research was carried out with Paul Doty. He was elected to the Society of Fellows, Harvard University, in 1955. After two years as a Junior Fellow he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, where he remained until retirement in 2004. He was selected to be the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor in 1977. He has carried out theoretical and experimental research in diverse areas of physical chemistry. He and his coworkers have published more than 650 papers dealing with polyelectrolyte solutions, helix-coil transitions in polypeptides and DNA, the transport of mass, energy and charge in liquids, diffusion in crystals, the equilibrium properties of dense fluids, the fluid-solid transition, exciton-exciton interactions in molecular crystals and polymers, exciton and charge carrier band structures of molecular crystals and liquids, structure of the liquid metal-vapor interface, pseudopotential theory of atomic and molecular electronic structure, radiationless transitions, non-statistical behavior in unimolecular reactions, structure and properties of water, quantum and classical deterministic chaos, collision induced mode specific state-to-state vibrational energy transfer, shaped laser field active control of molecular dynamics, structure of Langmuir monolayers, structure, phase transitions and diffusive motion in quasi-one and quasi-two-dimensional colloid assemblies, and miscellaneous other subjects. He has also co-authored four books: Polyelectrolyte Solutions (with Mitsuru Nagasawa); The Statistical Mechanics of Simple Liquids (with Peter Gray); Optical Control of Molecular Dynamics (with Meishan Zhao) and Physical Chemistry (with R. Steven Berry and John Ross). Amongst other public service activities, he has served on numerous advisory boards for Federal Agencies, was a member of the National Science Board from 1980-86 and a member of the Board of Directors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists for about twenty years. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, and a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Irish Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has received four medals from the American Chemical Society (the Award in Pure Chemistry, the Baekland Award, the Debye Award, and the Hildebrand Award), as well as the Hirschfelder Prize in Theoretical Chemistry, the Willis Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, the Centennial Medal of Harvard University and the National Medal of Science.

19	Name:	Dr. John Rodgers
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	March 7, 2004