| | 1 | Name: | Dr. Claude Jean Allègre | | | Institution: | Institut Physique du Globe de Paris | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 105. Physical Earth Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1937 | | | | | | |
Claude Allègre was a professor of geochemistry at the University of Paris VI (Pierre and Marie Curie) since 1970, and became professor emeritus at the Institut Physique du Globe de Paris in 2009. He is a world leader in isotope geochemistry and is responsible for bringing this research area into flower in France. His research in a wide variety of isotopic problems with particular emphasis on earth structure and earth dynamics has been of continuing excitement to the scientific community throughout the world. He has been active in unifying the earth sciences community in Europe and is a founder of the European Union of Geosciences, for which he served as president. Dr. Allègre has also been active politically, having served as Minister of Education of France from 1997 to 2000. He has been a major leader in revitalizing science education and research in France. A brilliant and stimulating speaker with wide interests, Dr. Allègre is the author of three books on the development of geosciences for a general audience. His scientific accomplishments have been recognized with many medals and honors, including the Day Medal of the Geological Society of America and the V.M. Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society. In 1986 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him the Crafoord Prize for his work in isotope geochemistry with G.J. Wasserburg. | |
| 2 | Name: | Dr. Kenneth Bourne | | | Institution: | London School of Economics, University of London | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1930 | | | Death Date: | 12/13/92 | | | | |
| 3 | Name: | His Majesty Juan Carlos | | | Institution: | King of Spain | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1938 | | | | | | |
Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon was born in 1938 in Rome, where the Spanish Royal Family was living at that time, having had to leave Spain when the Republic was proclaimed in 1931. He is the son of Don Juan de Borbon y Battenberg, Count of Barcelona and Head of the Spanish Royal Household ever since King Alfonso XIII had relinquished this status, and Dona Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Orleans. At the express wish of his father, he was educated in Spain, which he visited for the first time at the age of ten. In 1954 he completed his Baccalaureate at the San Isidro School in Madrid, and in 1955 began his studies at the Academies and Military Colleges of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. During this time he carried out his practice voyage as a midshipman on the training ship Juan Sebastian Elcano and qualified as a military pilot. In 1960-61 he completed his education at Madrid's Complutense University, where he studied constitutional and international law, economics and taxation. On May 14th, 1962, he married Princess Sofia of Greece, the eldest daughter of King Paul I and Queen Federika, in Athens. After their honeymoon, the Prince and Princess went to live at the Palacio de la Zarzuela, on the outskirts of Madrid, which is still their residence. In 1963 the first of their three children, Princess Elena, was born, followed, two years later, by Princess Cristina and finally, in 1968, by Prince Felipe. After his designation as future successor to the Head of State in 1969, he embarked on a series of official activities, touring Spain and visiting many foreign countries, including France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, Japan, China and India. Upon the death of the previous Head of State, Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was proclaimed King on November 22nd, 1975. In his first message to the nation he expressed the basic ideas of his reign, to restore democracy and become King of all Spaniards, without exception. The transition to democracy, under the guidance of a new Government, began with the Law on Political Reform in 1976. In May 1977, the Count of Barcelona transferred to the King his dynasty rights and his position as head of the Spanish Royal Household, at a ceremony which confirmed the fulfillment of the role incumbent on the Crown in the restoration of democracy. A month later the first democratic election since 1936 was held, and the new parliament drafted the text of the current Constitution, which was approved in a referendum on December 6th, 1978. The Constitution established as the form of government of the Spanish State that of a parliamentary monarchy, in which the King is the arbiter and overseer of the proper working of the institutions. By giving the royal assent to this Constitution, King Juan Carlos expressly proclaimed his firm intention to abide by it and serve it. In fact, it was the actions of the Monarch that saved the Constitution and democracy during the night of February 23, 1981, when the constitutional powers had been retained in the Parliament building in an attempted coup. In the course of 18 years the King has toured Europe, Latin America, the United States and Canada, the Middle East, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand and many countries in Africa. He has also addressed many international organizations: the United Nations, the institutions of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, UNESCO, the International Labour Organization and the Arab League. The King has encouraged a new style in conducting relations with Latin America, emphasizing the identifying features of a cultural community based on a common language, and pointing out the need to generate common initiatives and take part in suitable kinds of cooperative activity. The countries of that area have shown great generosity in agreeing on the need to create a permanent framework capable of expressing this new situation, setting objectives and organizing programs and specific lines of action. This is the rationale behind the Latin American Conferences, the first of which was held in Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1991. As a convinced European and a winner of the Charlemagne Award in 1982, Juan Carlos delivers insistent reminders of Spain's European calling throughout its history. The importance of the European Union in the contemporary world and in particular in the areas which are most akin to it, including Latin America, has been stressed by the King in many messages, such as the one he gave at the French National Assembly in 1993. King Juan Carlos, who pays constant attention to the world of intellectual developments and its capacity for innovation, has a special relationship with universities, both in Spain and abroad, where he has had conferred upon him honorary doctorates by the most renowned centers, including the Universities of Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard, amongst many others. He is also an associate member of the Institut de France. He also pays special attention to the future of the Spanish language and the heritage of the community of Spanish speakers. The King is honorary president of the Board of Trustees of the Cervantes Institute, which is dedicated to the dissemination of the Spanish language worldwide, and the Foundation in support of the Royal Academy, to whose setting up in 1993 he contributed out of his own personal patrimony. As a keen practitioner of several sports, such as skiing and sailing, Juan Carlos supports and appreciates sport as a formative influence of unquestionable social value. The presence of the King and Queen and their encouragement of the Spanish Olympic teams during the Games in Barcelona in 1992 attest to the importance which Juan Carlos attaches to this activity. In 2014 Juan Carlos abdicated his throne in favor of his son, Felipe. | |
| 4 | Name: | Dr. Marianne Grunberg-Manago | | | Institution: | Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | January 4, 2013 | | | | | | |
French biologist Marianne Grunberg-Manago had a profound effect on the development of molecular biology. She discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase, the first enzyme capable of synthesizing macromolecules with nucleic acid-like structures, which was subsequently used to elucidate the genetic code. In extending this work, Dr. Grunberg-Manago contributed to the understanding of the translation of the genetic code in the synthesis of protein, in particular as pertains to the role of initiation factors and the dynamic role of ribosomes. She opened a new field of investigation concerning the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of protein synthesis, eludicating the role of several essential protein factors involved in selection of initiation codons. Not only was her research of international stature, but her activities were international in scope as president of the International Union of Biochemistry, president of the French delegation of the French-Soviet Exchanges, a member of the A.S.I. committee of NATO and a Fogarty scholar at the National Institutes of Health, to name a few. Dr. Grunberg-Manago was the first woman to direct the International Union of Biochemistry and was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. She had been Emeritus Director of Research at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the time of her death on January 4, 2013, at age 91. | |
| 5 | Name: | Dr. Dmitri S. Likhachev | | | Institution: | Russian Academy of Sciences | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1906 | | | Death Date: | 10/1/99 | | | | |
| 6 | Name: | Dr. Manfred Mayrhofer | | | Institution: | University of Vienna | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 406. Linguistics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1926 | | | Death Date: | October 31, 2011 | | | | | | |
Professor Emeritus at the University of Vienna, Manfred Mayrhofer is a noted Indo-Europeanist specializing in Indo-Iranian languages. Renowned for his etymological dictionary of Sanskrit, he studied Indo-European and Semitic linguistics along with philosophy at the University of Graz, Austria, which awarded him a Ph.D. in 1951. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Vienna in 1962, Dr. Mayrhofer taught at the Universities of Wurzburg and Saarbrucken. He is a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of the Linguistic Society of America. Manfred Mayhofer died October 31, 2011, at age 86 in Vienna. | |
| 7 | Name: | Mr. Akio Morita | | | Institution: | Sony Corporation | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | 10/3/99 | | | | |
| 8 | Name: | Prof. Thomas R. Odhiambo | | | Institution: | The Industrial Technology and Engineering Trust (ITET) | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | Death Date: | May 26, 2003 | | | | |
| 9 | Name: | Dr. Abdus Salam | | | Institution: | Imperial College, London & International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1926 | | | Death Date: | 11/21/96 | | | | |
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