APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. Sidney Altman
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1939
	Death Date:	April 5, 2022

	Born in Montreal in 1939, Sidney Altman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989 for making one of the most original and important discoveries in molecular biology. After discovering the t-RNA precursor molecules, he systematically explored their enzymatic conversion to a functional state. This led him to the realization that the catalysis is carried out by the RNA portion of the enzyme nucleoprotein. The importance of this contribution cannot be overstated; it has caused a reevaluation of the previous view that all enzymes are proteins and has provided the explanation of a number of previously observed phenomena. Dr. Altman joined the faculty at Yale University as an assistant professor in 1971, subsequently becoming a professor in 1980 and chairman of the department in 1983. Dr. Altman also served as Dean of Yale College from 1985-89, helping to bridge the gap between the humanities and the sciences. A man of wide cultural interests and an admired teacher, Dr. Altman is currently Sterling Professor of Biology and Chemistry at Yale. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

2	Name:	Hon. Walter H. Annenberg
	Institution:	Court of St. James's & Triangle Publications, Inc.
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	October 1, 2002

3	Name:	Professor Vladimir I. Arnold
	Institution:	Steklov Institute of Mathematics & Academy of Sciences, Russia & CEREMADE, University of Paris, Dauphine, France
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1937
	Death Date:	June 3, 2010

	Vladimir Arnold was born in 1937 in Odessa (then U.S.S.R, presently Ukraine). One of the most distinguished mathematicians in the world, he was educated at Moscow State University and became famous at age 19 for his brilliant solution to Hilbert's 13th problem. In this solution, Dr. Arnold was able to prove that each continuous function of three variables is representable as a super position of continuous functions of two variables -- the exact opposite of what people expected. Dr. Arnold is also one of the founders of KAM theory. In this theory, if one perturbs a completely integratable Hamiltonian system the resulting system still possesses infinitely many invariant tori. The theory has many applications in celestial mechanics and plasma physics, among other fields. In his examination of infinite dimensional Hamiltonian systems, Dr. Arnold studied the Euler equations of ideal gas flow as equations of geodesics on an infinite dimensional lie group of smooth volume preserving transformation. He has conducted path-breaking work on singularity theory and its use in caustics and wave fronts, discovering connections with regular polyhedra and crystallographic symmetry groups - fundamental work connecting real algebraic topology and modern topology and in symplectic and variational problems. The author of a number of outstanding textbooks, Dr. Arnold held professorial positions at Moscow State University for twenty-five years. At present he teaches at Steklove Mathematical Institute in Moscow and the Universite Paris 9. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the French Academy of Science and the Royal Society of London, among others. He is the recipient of many awards, including the 1982 Crafoord Prize of the Swedish Academy, the 2001 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, the 2001 Wolf Prize in Mathematics, the 2007 State Prize of the Russian Federation and the 2008 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences.

4	Name:	Dr. David Blackwell
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	July 8, 2010

	David Blackwell was professor of statistics and mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley from 1954 until his retirement in 1989, when he was named Professor Emeritus of Statistics. He also held positions at Southern University, Clark College and Howard University and worked for the RAND Corporation between 1948 and 1950, where he developed an interest in game theory. His research contributions combine great breadth with deep creativity, and in several areas his work set the course for subsequent research. He was one of the first major contributors in the field of sequential analysis, a subject that is of wide practical interest, and his analysis of Bayesian sequential procedures had a major impact on further developments in this field. His work on the theory of dynamic programming was central to the development of this immensely practical and widely applicable field. Dr. Blackwell has served as president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and has also been vice president of the American Statistical Association, the International Statistical Institute and the American Mathematical Society. In 1965 he became the first African American named to the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Blackwell is the recipient of numerous honors, including the von Neumann Theory Prize, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He died on July 8, 2010, in Berkeley, at age 91.

5	Name:	Sir David Cox
	Institution:	Nuffield College, Oxford
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	January 18, 2022

	A statistician of considerable distinction, Sir David Cox has been instrumental in the exploration and expansion of statistical methodology. The new methods and formations he has proposed include: discrimination between non-contagious families of distributions (1961); databased choice of transformations (1964); and introduction of the Cox model of survival analysis (1972). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Leeds in 1949 and has taught at the University of Cambridge (assistant lecturer, 1950-55) , Birkbeck College (reader in and professor of statistics, 1956-66) and the Imperial College of Science and Technology (professor of statistics, 1966-88, and head of the math department, 1970-74). Currently affiliated with the Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, where he is also an Honorary Fellow of Nuffield College, Sir David also served as Warden of the College from 1988-94. His academic awards include the Guy Medal in Silver and Guy Medal in Gold, both from the Royal Statistical Society; the Weldon Memorial Prize, University of Oxford; the Kettering Prize and Gold Medal for Cancer Research; the Max Planck Forschungspreise; the International Prize in Statistics (2016); and the BBVA Foundations Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Basic Sciences (2017).

6	Name:	Dr. Don L. Anderson
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	December 2, 2014

	Don L. Anderson was Eleanor and John R. McMillan Professor of Geophysics in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology at the time of his death at 81 on December 2, 2014. With an interest in the origin, evolution, structure and composition of Earth and other planets, Dr. Anderson integrated into his work seismological, solid state physics, geochemical and petrological data. He received his B.S. in Geology and Geophysics from Rochester Polytechnic Institute in 1955 and his Ph.D. in Geophysics and Mathematics from the California Institute of Technology in 1962. From 1955-58 Dr. Anderson worked for Chevron Oil Company, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center and the Arctic Institute of North America, and from 1967-89 he directed the Seismological Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Anderson received the Emil Wiechert Medal of the German Geophysical Society, the Arthur L. Day Gold Medal of the Geological Society of America, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and the National Medal of Science. He was a past president of the American Geophysical Union. Dr. Anderson was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1972 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1982. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

7	Name:	Mr. Robert G. Dunlop
	Institution:	Glenmede Corporation & Sun Company
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	9/20/95

8	Name:	Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Paul R. Ehrlich received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1957. Co-founder with Peter H. Raven of the field of coevolution, he has pursued long-term studies of the structure, dynamics, and genetics of natural butterfly populations. He has also been a pioneer in alerting the public to the problems of overpopulation, and in raising issues of population, resources and the environment as matters of public policy. He continues to study the dynamics and genetics of natural populations of checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas), research that has applications to such problems as the control of insect pests and optimum designs for nature reserves. His policy research on the population-resource-environment crisis takes a broad overview of the world situation but also works intensively in such areas of immediate legislative interest as endangered species and the preservation of genetic resources. A special interest of Dr. Ehrlich's is cultural evolution, especially with respect to environmental ethics. Professor Ehrlich is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He has received several honorary degrees, the John Muir Award of the Sierra Club, the Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International, a MacArthur Prize Fellowship and the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (given in lieu of a Nobel Prize in areas where the Nobel is not given) and in 2001 the Eminent Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America and the Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. Through his book Ecoscience, a standard undergraduate text, and the training of a large squad of graduate students, Dr. Ehrlich has exerted a major influence on environmental biology.

9	Name:	Dr. Edward A. Frieman
	Institution:	Scripps Institute of Oceanography & University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	April 11, 2013

	Edward Frieman made equally outstanding contributions to science and public service. A plasma physicist with research interests that extend into other physical science fields, Dr. Frieman is best known for his contributions to stability problems in plasma flow and to the fundamental properties of turbulence flow. His experience in plasma dynamics also permitted an easy transition to the oceanographic questions posed by stratified rotating fluids. A professor at Princeton University for more than 25 years, Dr. Frieman was also employed in the private sector and by the federal government. He had served as Assistant Secretary of the Department of Energy, on the White House Science Council, and on a number of United States Navy boards. He was appointed director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego in 1986 and became Research Professor and Director Emeritus in 1996. He had also been Senior Vice President, Science/Technology at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Among Dr. Frieman's many honors are the Department of Energy Distinguished Service Medal (1980) and the Richtmyer Award from the American Physical Society (1984). He was a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Astronomical Society, Sigma Xi, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He earned his master's degree in physics in 1948 and his doctoral degree in physics in 1952 from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York. Edward A. Frieman died on April 11, 2013, in La Jolla, California, at the age of 87.

10	Name:	Dr. Victor R. Fuchs
	Institution:	Stanford University & National Bureau of Economic Research
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	September 16, 2023

	Victor Fuchs is the Henry J. Kaiser, Jr., Professor of Economics and of Health Research and Policy, Emeritus at Stanford University; a Freeman Spogli Institute senior fellow; and a core faculty member at Stanford's Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research. He uses economic theory to provide a framework for the collection and analysis of healthcare data. Dr. Fuchs has written extensively on the cost of medical care and on determinants of health, with an emphasis on the role of socioeconomic factors. He has been particularly interested in the role of physician behavior and financial incentives in determining healthcare expenditures. His current research examines inequality in the length of life, individual and social responsibility for health, and the economics of aging. He is also developing a proposal for a "universal healthcare voucher" system in which all families or individuals would be given a voucher -- financed by an earmarked value-added tax -- that would guarantee them coverage in a private health insurance plan with a standardized package of benefits, including basic health services and catastrophic coverage. Dr. Fuchs received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1955. He is the author of works including Who Shall Live? Health, Economics and Social Choice (1974) and The Health Economy (1986). He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

11	Name:	Dr. Oleg Grabar
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 8, 2011

	Oleg Grabar's research had a profound and far-reaching influence on the study of Islamic art and architecture. His extensive archaeological expeditions and research trips cover the vast expanse of the Islamic world in Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia. With his knowledge of Arabic texts, Dr. Grabar explored in highly original ways the semiotic relations between art and literature. His publications cover numismatics, epigraphy, archaeology, manuscript illumination, calligraphy and architecture; they include Epic Images and Contemporary History: The Illustrations of the Great Mongol Shahnama (1982); The Mediation of Ornament (1992); Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-Classical World (with Glen Bowersock and Peter Brown, 1999); The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250 (with Richard Ettinghausen and Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, 2001); Mostly Miniatures (2002); Islamic Art: The Decorated Page from the 8th to the 17th Century (2009), and (edited with B. Kedar) Where Heaven and Earth Meet (2009). Dr. Grabar received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1955 and taught at the University of Michigan from 1954-69 before moving to Harvard University, becoming Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art and Architecture in 1980. In 1990 he joined the Institute for Advanced Study, becoming Professor Emeritus in 1998. He was a member of the Medieval Academy of America, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the British Academy. Dr. Grabar's breadth, dynamic presence, remarkable productivity and technical competence as an excavator made him one of the leading Islamic art historians in the world. Oleg Grabar died on January 8, 2011, at the age of 81, at his home in Princeton, New Jersey.

12	Name:	Dr. Bertrand I. Halperin
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Bertrand Halperin is a theoretical physicist of great distinction who has made fundamental contributions to almost every facet of present-day condensed matter physics. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley and is currently Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University. Dr. Halperin's research interests include many aspects of the theory of condensed matter systems and statistical physics. A major portion of his current research involves the theory of electron states and transport in small particles of a metal or semiconductor. Much of this work has been motivated by experiments carried out in various laboratories at Harvard. Dr. Halperin is Scientific Director of the Harvard Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Systems, which encourages interdisciplinary research and education in this area. Another major portion of Dr. Halperin's work concerns properties of two-dimensional electron systems at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields, or "quantum Hall systems". Experiments on these systems, since 1980, have revealed a succession of very surprising phenomena, which have required the introduction of a number of new theoretical methods for their explanation. Dr. Halperin has been involved in the development of several of these methods. A number of very puzzling experimental results still exist in this field, particularly in experiments involving bi-layer systems, which remain a challenge to theoretical understanding. Dr. Halperin's other current interests include superconductivity, transport in inhomogeneous systems, and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments in porous media. Previous research interests have included quantum antiferromagnets in one and two dimensions, low-temperature properties of glasses, melting and other phase transitions in two-dimensional systems, and the theory of dynamic phenomena near a phase transition. Before joining the Harvard faculty in 1969, Dr. Halperin worked as a member of the technical staff at Bell Laboratories and served as an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the University of Paris. Dr. Halperin is the recipient of the American Physical Society's 1982 Oliver E. Buckley Prize and its 2019 Medal for Exceptional Achievement. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Bertrand Halperin was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

13	Name:	Dr. John L. Heilbron
	Institution:	Worcester College, Oxford & University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404c
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	John Heilbron spent most of his career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he also earned his academic degrees. He was Professor of History and Director, Office for the History of Science and Technology, 1973-1994, and the University's Vice Chancellor, 1990-1994. Since his retirement, Dr. Heilbron has acted as visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology and Yale University, while continuing as editor of Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. He is an Honorary Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, and the recipient of several honorary degrees. Among his awards is the 2006 Pais Prize for History of Physics, presented jointly by the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics. Dr. Heilbron's books include Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries (1979, reprinted in 1999); Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman of German Science (1986, reprinted in 2000); Geometry Civilized (1998); The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (1999); as general editor, The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (2003); Galileo (2010); The History of Physics, a Very Short Introduction (2018); Niels Bohr, a Very Short Introduction (2019); The Ghost of Galileo in a Forgotten Painting from the English Civil War (2021); and The Incomparable Monsignor, Francesco Bianchini's World of Science, History, and Court Intrigue (2022). John Heilbron was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

14	Name:	Dr. David Herlihy
	Institution:	Brown University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	2/21/91

15	Name:	Dr. Tibor Jermy
	Institution:	Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	September 23, 2014

	Tibor Jermy was distinguished for his work in ecology, especially insect-plant relationships. He was the foremost proponent of the sequential theory of the evolution of insect-plant relationships, emphasizing the asymmetry of the relationship. He postulated that the explosive evolution of the plant kingdom provided the diverse biochemical basis for the radiation of phytophagous insects without significant evolutionary feedback from the insects to the plants. He proposed that the evolution of host specialization is an autonomous process initiated by random heritable changes in the insects' host recognition trait. In the 1950s Dr. Jermy conducted pioneering work on the functioning of ecosystems, and through his fluency in Hungarian, English, German and Russian, he helped unlock a storehouse of literature that had previously been unknown to Western scientists. Born in 1917, Dr. Jermy had a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. He began his career as an agricultural entomologist at the Plant Protection Institute of the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, where he focused on the biology and control of pest insects. He went on to direct the Institute from 1969-79 and became Director Emeritus in 1979. Dr. Jermy had also served as a Ford Foundation fellow at the University of Pennsylvania and as visiting scientist at the Agricultural University of Wageningen in the Netherlands and the USDA Agricultural Research Laboratory in Yakima, WA. Among other learned societies he was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1976) and an Honorary Member of the British Ecological Society (1992). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. His many awards include the Golden Medal of Wrok (1977), the Hungarian State Prize (1983) and the Golden Medal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Tibor Jermy died September 23, 2014, at the age of 97, in Budapest, Hungary.

16	Name:	Dr. Joshua Jortner
	Institution:	Tel Aviv University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Joshua Jortner held the position of Heinemann Professor of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University from 1973-2003. He previously served as the Chair of the Chemistry Department, Deputy Rector, Acting Rector and Vice President of Tel-Aviv University (1965-72). He holds honorary doctorates from universities in Israel, France and Germany. Among his awards are the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1998) and the EMET Prize in Exact Sciences (2008). He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and a foreign member of 13 academies and learned societies in the USA, Europe and Asia. Dr. Jortner's scientific work in physical and theoretical chemistry, which focuses on the elucidation of the dynamics of energy acquisition, storage and disposal in complex systems from large molecules and clusters to biomolecules, is summarized in 725 scientific articles and 29 books. He contributed to shaping the scientific research and public service in Israel. He served as the President of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1986-95) and as the first Chairman of the Israel National Science Foundation (1986-95). He acted as science advisor to three Prime Ministers of Israel. On the international level Dr. Jortner served as the President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1998-2000). His current public service activities span issues of science and public policy and the maintenance of scientific enterprise.

17	Name:	Mrs. Helene L. Kaplan
	Institution:	Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP & Carnegie Corporation of New York
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	January 26, 2023

	Helene Kaplan received a J.D. from New York University School of Law. She is currently Of Counsel to Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP. She has served in the not-for-profit sector as counsel or trustee of many scientific, arts, charitable and educational institutions and foundations. She is a trustee and Vice-Chair of the American Museum of Natural History, Carnegie Corporation of New York, The Commonwealth Fund, The J. Paul Getty Trust, and The Institute for Advanced Study. She was Chair of Mount Sinai School of Medicine and a trustee of Mount Sinai/NYU Health. Ms. Kaplan is Chair Emerita of Barnard College and has served as Chair of Carnegie Corporation of New York, where she is an honorary trustee. She was a member of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government, and chaired its Task Force on Judicial and Regulatory Decision Making. From 1985-87, Ms. Kaplan was a member of the U.S. Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on South Africa, and from 1986-90, she served as a member of New York Governor Mario Cuomo's Task Force on Life and the Law, concerned with the legal and ethical implications of advances in medical technology. Previously, Ms. Kaplan served as a trustee of The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the MITRE Corporation, and the New York Foundation. She was Chair of the New York Council for the Humanities and Vice-Chair of the New York City Public Development Corporation. She is a retired director of JP Morgan Chase Corporation, The May Department Stores Company, Metlife, Inc., Exxon/Mobil, and Verizon Communications and a member and former director of the Council on Foreign Relations. Helene Kaplan is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

18	Name:	Dr. Jerome Karle
	Institution:	Naval Research Laboratory
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	June 6, 2013

	Jerome Karle was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 18, 1918. He attended New York City schools and graduated from the City College of New York in 1937. He obtained an M.A. degree in biology in 1938 at Harvard University. After working at the New York State Health Department, he attended the University of Michigan and received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physical chemistry. Jerome Karle's research was concerned with diffraction theory and its application to the determination of atomic arrangements in various states of aggregation, gaseous, liquids, amorphous solids and fibers. This research resulted in new techniques for structure determination and a broad variety of applications. His work in crystal structure analysis was recognized by the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Karle had been associated in various ways with a number of groups and organizations that are concerned with social issues. Some examples have been membership in the Committee on Human Rights of the National Academy of Sciences and Advisor to ChildRight Worldwide. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. Jerome Karle died on June 6, 2013, at the age of 94 in Annandale, Virginia.

19	Name:	Mr. David T. Kearns
	Institution:	Xerox Corporation
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	February 25, 2011

	David Todd Kearns was the retired chairman and chief executive officer of the Xerox Corporation. After receiving his B.S. from the University of Rochester in 1952, he worked for 17 years in the data processing division and as a sales representative for IBM Corporation before joining Xerox as group vice president in 1975. He assumed the titles of president and CEO in 1982 and succeeded in bringing the corporation from a very poor state to an extremely successful one. He retired as CEO eight years later, staying on as chairman until 1992, when he was named Deputy Secretary of Education to the Bush Administration. The author (with Dennis Doyle) of Winning the Brain Race: A Bold Plan to Make Our Schools Competitive (1988), Mr. Kearns devoted significant energies to the problem of public education in America. He co-authored "America 2000," a blueprint for lifting the nation's high school graduation rate and attaining global superiority in math and science, and organized New American Schools, a nongovernmental agency funded by corporations that would work outside the education establishment to select and promote models of reform. Mr. Kearns also served for many years as chairman of the board of the University of Rochester and Duke University Business School. He died February 25, 2011, at the age of 80, in Vero Beach, Florida.

20	Name:	Dr. Edward B. Lewis
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	July 21, 2004

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