APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. Pierre Aigrain
	Institution:	Université de Paris VII
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	October 30, 2002

2	Name:	Dr. Morton W. Bloomfield
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	4/14/87

3	Name:	Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin
	Institution:	Library of Congress
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	February 28, 2004

4	Name:	Sir Christopher C. Booth
	Institution:	University College, London
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	July 13, 2012

	Sir Christopher Booth was a distinguished physician who occupied many high-profile positions, including President of the British Medical Association, Director of the Medical Research Council's Clinical Research Centre and President of the Royal Society of Medicine. His early interests in medical history resulted in a paper on Dr. John Fothergill and angina pectoris that was published in the very first volume of Medical History in 1957 while he was a research registrar at the Hammersmith Hospital, London. Soon after, he commenced important research on vitamin B12 absorption and utilization. In 1971 he published, with Betsy Corner, selected correspondence of John Fothergill, an achievement for any historian, let alone one who was also a professor of medicine. As a historian, Sir Christopher pioneered unique fields, and his enthusiastic investigation of doctors from the Yorkshire Dales revealed a network of remarkable characters, many of them Quakers, whose influence spread from Yorkshire to have great effect in national and international medical worlds. Sir Christopher was an Honorary Professor and member of the Wellcome Trust Group for the study of 20th century medicine at University College, London from 1989 until his death on July 13, 2012. He was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1981.

5	Name:	Dr. William J. Bouwsma
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	March 2, 2004

6	Name:	Dr. Donald D. Brown
	Institution:	Carnegie Institution
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	More than a brilliant investigator, Donald Brown has been one of the central figures in the reshaping of the field of developmental biology. As professor and director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Embryology, he has for decades studied amphibian metamorphosis and, in conjunction, complex developmental programs such as vertebrate organogenesis. In addition to his work at the Carnegie Institution, with which he has been affiliated since 1963, Dr. Brown has served as professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University since 1968. Both his degrees were awarded by the University of Chicago. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Brown is a rare individual whose capacity for communication and synthesis equals his ability in the laboratory. In 2012 he was given the Lasker Special Achievement Award in Medical Science by the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation.

7	Name:	Dr. Carlo M. Cipolla
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	September 5, 2000

8	Name:	Dr. Hans Frauenfelder
	Institution:	University of Illinois & Los Alamos National Laboratory
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	July 10, 2022

	Hans Frauenfelder was one of the most important people in realizing biomolecules are dynamic entities and that their motions can be characterized in detail by physical experiments. Frauenfelder made revolutionary contributions in several fields of physics. He started by studying nuclear energy levels, explored the surface effects with radioactivity, discovered perturbed angular correlation, helped elucidate parity violation in the weak interactions, used the Mössbauer effect, and became one of the pioneers of biological physics by creating the field of physics of proteins. In all of these areas, Frauenfelder was able to successfully foster interactions between theory and experiment. Frauenfelder repeatedly crossed disciplinary lines, made significant contributions to biochemistry and biological physics, and demonstrated how developments in one scientific field can transform the development of another. A professor of physics at the University of Illinois for forty years (1952-92), Frauenfelder also served as director of the Center of Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 1992 he received the Biological Physics Prize of the American Physical Society. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academy Leopoldina, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science. He died on July 10, 2022 at the age of 99 in Tusuque, New Mexico.

9	Name:	Dr. Hanna H. Gray
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1930

	Hanna Holborn Gray is a groundbreaking academic administrator and historian of political thought specializing in the Renaissance and the Reformation. After graduating from Bryn Mawr College, she traveled to Oxford as a Fulbright Scholar before earning her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1957. She served as assistant professor at Harvard from 1956-60, moving to the University of Chicago in 1961 and to Northwestern University in 1972 as professor of history and dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Gray subsequently assumed the office of provost (1972-78) and acting president (1977-78) at Yale University before returning to the University of Chicago in 1978 to become the first female (full) president of a major university. She served as president through 1993, making her 15-year tenure the third-longest, and one of the most productive, in the university's history. She currently holds the title of Harry Pratt Judson Professor Emeritus. Along with her husband, Charles M. Gray, she is the editor of Journal of Modern History (1965-70). Dr. Gray has been honored with awards including the Medal of Liberty, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and, most recently, the Chicago Historical Society's 2008 Making History Award. She is the author of Searching for Utopia: Universities and Their Histories (2011) and An Academic Life (2018).

10	Name:	Dr. Gerald Gunther
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	July 30, 2002

11	Name:	Mr. William R. Hewlett
	Institution:	Hewlett-Packard Company
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	January 12, 2001

12	Name:	Dr. Stanley Hoffmann
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	September 13, 2015

	As the Paul and Catherine Buttenwieser University Professor at Harvard University since 1997, Stanley Hoffmann was highly regarded as a leading authority on international law and politics. His work ranged from the culture and politics of France to the sociology of war to American foreign policy. Having taught at Harvard since 1955, Dr. Hoffmann founded the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies and co-founded the Center for European Studies. He served for 17 years as C. Douglas Dillon Professor of the Civilization of France. Dr. Hoffmann had also been an essayist for the New York Review of Books and Western Europe review editor for Foreign Affairs. Born in Vienna in 1928, he was educated in France and the United States and holds a doctorate from Paris Law School. His published works include Contemporary Theory in International Relations (1960), The State of War (1965), Decline or Renewal: France Since the 30s (1974); Duties Beyond Borders (1981) (with R. Johansen and J. Sterba) The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (1996); Gulliver Unbound (2004) and Chaos and Violence (2006). Stanley Hoffmann died September 13, 2015, at age 86, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

13	Name:	Dr. John Imbrie
	Institution:	Brown University
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	May 13, 2016

	One of the founders of modern paleooceanography, John Imbrie was the Henry L. Doherty Professor of Oceanography Emeritus at Brown University at the time of his death on May 13, 2016, at the age of 90. He had taught at Brown since 1967. He earned his B.A. from Princeton University in 1948 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Yale University in 1949 and 1951, respectively. Before moving to Brown, Dr. Imbrie taught at Columbia University from 1952-67, starting as assistant professor and ultimately becoming chairman of the Department of Geological Sciences. Dr. Imbrie pioneered the use of computers to analyze microscopic marine fossil data. In the early seventies, he led an international research effort that solved the longstanding mystery of what caused the Earth's great ice ages. Using marine fossils in ocean sediments to unravel the history of the Earth's oceans and climate, Dr. Imbrie helped confirm the theory that the Earth's irregular orbital motions accounted for the climatic changes that caused vast ice sheets to wax and wane on Earth over the past million years. In addition to more than 60 articles in scientific journals dealing with the Earth's past climate, Dr. Imbrie published four books, including Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery, which he wrote with his daughter Katherine, and which won the 1976 Phi Beta Kappa prize. Dr. Imbrie was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978, and in 1981 was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship. He was a fellow of the Geological Society of America, the American Meteorological Society and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He had been honored with Columbia University's Vetlesen Prize, the American Geophysical Union's Maurice Ewing Medal, the Lyell Medal for Geology of the Geological Society of London, and the Vega Medal of the Swedish Society of Anthropology and Geography. He also served on numerous national and international scientific advisory committees.

14	Name:	Dr. Leonard Krieger
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	10/12/90

15	Name:	Dr. Maclyn McCarty
	Institution:	Rockefeller University
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1911
	Death Date:	January 2, 2005

16	Name:	The Honorable Robert S. McNamara
	Institution:	The World Bank
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	July 6, 2009

	Born in San Francisco in 1916, Robert S. McNamara graduated from the University of California in 1937 and received an MBA degree from Harvard University in 1939. In 1940 he returned to Harvard to become an instructor and later assistant professor of business administration. He was commissioned a captain in the air force in 1943 and served in the United Kingdom, India, China, and the Pacific. He was awarded the Legion of Merit and promoted to lieutenant colonel before going on inactive duty in 1946. Upon discharge from the air force, Mr. McNamara joined the Ford Motor Company. He was elected director of the company in 1957 and president of the company in 1960. Just weeks after assuming the latter position, he agreed, at the request of President-elect John F. Kennedy, to serve as Secretary of Defense of the United States. This eventually became a controversial period for Mr. McNamara, as he became known as one of the primary architects of the Vietnam War. Amidst countless deaths in Southeast Asia and the failure of the government's wartime policies, he resigned the position in 1968 to become president of the World Bank, a position he held until his retirement in 1981. Since his retirement, Mr. McNamara has served on a number of boards of directors for both corporations and non-profit associations. He has written and spoken on many topics including population and development, world hunger, the environment, East-West relations and nuclear arms. Mr. McNamara is the recipient of numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities in the U.S. and abroad and has received many awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with Distinction), the Albert Einstein Peace Price, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom from Want Medal, and the Dag Hammarskjold Honorary Medal. He is the author of The Essence of Security; One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People; Out of the Cold; and In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam.

17	Name:	Mr. Russell Meiggs
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	6/24/89

18	Name:	Dr. Matthew S. Meselson
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1930

	A geneticist and molecular biologist, Matthew Meselson has conducted groundbreaking research that showed how DNA replicates, recombines and is repaired in cells. His brilliant Meselson-Stahl experiment (with Frank Stahl), in particular, showed that replication of the DNA molecule happens semi-conservatively. After receiving his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1957 and working as a research fellow there, Dr. Meselson joined the Harvard University faculty in 1960. Currently he heads the Meselson Laboratory there, studying the evolutionary genetics of ancient asexuality, and serves as Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Meselson has also made influential studies of ecological damage in war and has been an active participant in weapons disarmament policy.

19	Name:	Mr. I. M. Pei
	Institution:	I. M. Pei Architect
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	May 16, 2019

	Ieoh Ming Pei was born in China in 1917. He came to the U.S. in 1935 to study architecture at M.I.T. (B. Arch., 1940) and the Harvard Graduate School of Design (M. Arch., 1946). In 1948, he became Director of Architecture at Webb & Knapp, Inc., a real estate development firm. This association resulted in major architectural and planning projects in Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, and other cities. In 1958, he formed I.M. Pei & Associates, which evolved to I.M. Pei & Partners, and later to Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. After 1996 he was an independent architect. Mr. Pei designed well over 50 projects around the world. The impressive list includes the East Wing, National Gallery of Art; the Pyramide du Louvre, Paris; Bank of China, Hong Kong; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado; Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland; Javits Convention Center, New York; Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse; Christian Science Center, Boston; J.F.K. Library, Boston; Dallas City Hall; Morton Meyerson Symphony Center, Dallas; Fragrant Hill Hotel, Beijing; and Overseas Chinese Banking Corporation Center, Singapore. Mr. Pei was awarded the American Philosophical Society's 2001 Thomas Jefferson Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts, Humanities, or Social Sciences, the award citation for which reads, "In recognition of his distinguished accomplishments as a seminal, creative architect; his fulfillment in the contemporary world of Vitruvius' injunction to combine in one's work utilitas, firmitas, venustas; and the elegant, spiritual, uplifting genius embodied in his buildings across the globe." Additionally, he was awarded the Royal Gold Medal in 2010 from the Royal Institute of British Architects in London and the 2016 Asia Game Changer Lifetime Achievement Award. I.M. Pei was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1981. On May 16, 2019 he died in Manhattan at the age of 102.

20	Name:	Tatiana Proskouriakoff
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	8/30/85

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