APS Member History

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1	Name:	Miss Anne d'Harnoncourt
	Institution:	Philadelphia Museum of Art
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1943
	Death Date:	June 1, 2008

2	Name:	Dr. Hans-Georg Beck
	Institution:	University of Munich
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	5/25/99

3	Name:	Earl of Bessborough
	Institution:	House of Lords
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	12/5/93

4	Name:	Dr. James H. Billington
	Institution:	Library of Congress
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	November 20, 2018

	James H. Billington served as the Librarian of Congress beginning in 1987. Born in Bryn Mawr, PA, he attended Princeton University and earned his D.Phil. degree in 1953 from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College. Following service in the military, Dr. Billington taught history at Harvard University (1957-62) and Princeton University (1962-74). In late 1973, Dr. Billington became director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, founding both the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russia Studies as well as the Wilson Quarterly during his fourteen-year tenure at the Center. His publications in the field of Russian history and culture included The Face of Russia (1998), a companion book to a three-part PBS television series of the same title narrated and written by Dr. Billington, and Russia in Search of Itself (2004). Dr. Billington received forty honorary degrees as well as the Woodrow Wilson Award of Princeton University and the UCLA Medal. He was a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships (1971-76; chairman, 1973-75), which administers the Fulbright Exchange Program worldwide. He was the founder and Chairman of the Board of the Open World Exchange program. He received state honors from the governments of Brazil, Italy, Germany, the Republic of Korea, and the Kyrgz Republic, as well as the highest honors awarded to foreigners by France (The Legion of Honor) and Russia (The Order of Friendship). He championed the addition of digital collections to traditional analog materials and services to the Library of Congress and gained UNESCO backing in 2007 for a new World Digital Library of original and important primary materials from the world's varied cultures. Dr. Billington served on the Board of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences as well as the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1988.

5	Name:	Dr. Charles Blitzer
	Institution:	Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	2/19/99

6	Name:	Dr. Jonathan M. Brown
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1939
	Death Date:	January 17, 2022

	Jonathan Brown has been Carroll and Milton Petrie Professor of Fine Arts at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, since 1976, and he has also taught at Princeton University, Oxford University and Williams College. A leading expert on Spanish art, particularly painting from the time of Velasquez and other masters of the Golden Age, he is the author of the highly acclaimed Velasquez: Painter and Courtier (1986) and Images and Ideas in Seventeenth Century Spanish Paintings (1978), among other works. Combining the approaches of the art historian with those of the historian of politics and society, Dr. Brown has significantly deepened and extended the appreciation of Spanish art and culture in the United States and has opened up fresh perspectives for research and a new generation of scholars. His other areas of expertise include colonial Latin American art and the history of art collecting. In recognition of his many contributions to the field of Spanish painting, he has received the Gran Cruz de la Orden de Alfonso X el Sabio and the Premio Elio Antonio Nebrija, the latter from the University of Salamanca, for lifetime achievement in Spanish studies. The phrase "images and ideas" is not only the title of one of Dr. Brown's books, but a description of his entire approach to art history.

7	Name:	Dr. Purnell W. Choppin
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	July 3, 2021

	Purnell W. Choppin was President Emeritus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), serving from 1987-99. HHMI, one of the world's largest philanthropic organizations, supports research at medical schools, universities, and research institutes across the country and operates grants programs for science education at every level from elementary school through postdoctoral training, and for international biomedical research. He is also a principal of The Washington Advisory Group, LLC, which provides strategic counsel and management consulting services to universities, governments, and not-for-profit organizations. Before joining HHMI, Dr. Choppin was at the Rockefeller University, where he was Leon Hess Professor of Virology, vice president for academic programs, and dean of graduate studies. Dr. Choppin was a member of many scientific and professional societies, including the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Association of American Physicians. In 1985-86 he was President of the American Society for Virology. His honors and awards include the Howard Taylor Ricketts Award from the University of Chicago (1978); the Selman A. Waksman Award for excellence in microbiology from the NAS (1984); the University of California, San Francisco Medal (2000); and many honorary degrees. Dr. Choppin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1988. He died on July 3, 2021.

8	Name:	Dr. William Coleman
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1934
	Death Date:	././88

9	Name:	Dr. Philip E. Converse
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 30, 2014

	Philip Converse was a leading scholar in the field of political behavior for three decades. Having conducted important research on political opinion and electoral behavior, he was central to transforming the descriptive study of government into today's comparative and analytical study of politics. His 1964 article "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics" held that public opinion tended to be inconsistent across issues, unstable over time and not particularly considerate of ideology. Political Representation in France (1986), his comprehensive work with Roy Pierce, was immediately recognized as a landmark study, winning the 1987 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Book Award. Another work, The American Voter (1960), written with Angus Campbell, made proficient use of data from National Elections Studies, a seminal set of surveys of American public opinion that were carried out at the University of Michigan. Dr. Converse was associated with the University of Michigan since receiving his Ph.D. from that institution in 1958. He served as director of the university's Institute for Social Research and as Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Political Science, among other positions. Philip Converse died December 30, 2014, in Ann Arbor at age 86.

10	Name:	Dr. Jared Mason Diamond
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles Medical School, researches integrative and evolutionary physiology and regulation of nutrient transport, among other interests. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1961 and spent five years at Harvard University as a junior fellow and associate in biophysics before joining the faculty at UCLA in 1966. Dr. Diamond is known for his outstanding achievements in a number of fields, as a membrane physiologist, population biologist (particularly island ecology) and intrepid explorer (reaching several previously unvisited and almost inaccessible mountain ranges in the interior of New Guinea). His brilliant analysis of the factors controlling species diversity completely revolutionized that branch of population biology, and his delightful essays in Nature dealing with little known aspects of biology document the breadth of his scholarship. His popular science works often combine anthropology, biology, linguistics, genetics and history. Dr. Diamond's book Guns, Germs and Steel (1997) was recognized with the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, and his recent book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2004), examines some of the great civilizations of the past and what contemporary society can learn from their fates. He is also the author of The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? (2012). The recipient of numerous prizes, including the 1998 Japanese Cosmos Award, Dr. Diamond is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences.

11	Name:	Dr. Charles L. Fefferman
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Charles Fefferman has been professor of mathematics at Princeton University since 1974. After earning his Ph.D. from Princeton at the age of 20, he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, becoming in 1971 the youngest full professor at an American university. In 1974 he returned to Princeton. Winner of the Fields Medal, Dr. Fefferman has obtained results of unusual depth in several fields of classical analysis: Fourier analysis; the general theory of linear partial differential equations; and the theory of holomorphic mappings and pseudoconvex domains in several complex variables. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences.

12	Name:	Dr. Jane Goodall
	Institution:	Jane Goodall Institute
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Jane Goodall began her landmark study of chimpanzees in Tanzania in June 1960, under the mentorship of anthropologist and paleontologist Dr. Louis Leakey. Her work at the Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve would become the foundation of future primatological research and redefine the relationship between humans and animals. One of Jane's most significant discoveries came in her first year at Gombe, when she saw chimps stripping leaves off stems to make the stems useful for fishing termites out of nearby mounds. This and subsequent observations of Gombe chimps making and using tools would force science to rethink the definition that separated man from other animals: "man the toolmaker." Jane also observed chimps hunting and eating bushpigs and other animals, disproving the widely held belief that chimpanzees were primarily vegetarians. Dr. Goodall defied scientific convention by giving the chimpanzees names instead of numbers, and insisted on the validity of her observations that the chimps had distinct personalities, minds and emotions. She wrote of lasting chimpanzee family bonds. Through the years her work yielded surprising insights such as the discovery that chimpanzees engage in warfare. Dr. Goodall established the Gombe Stream Research Center in 1964. Under the stewardship of Tanzanian field staff and other researchers, it continues Dr. Goodall's work today, making it one of the longest uninterrupted wildlife studies in existence. In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe work and other research, education and conservation and development programs. These include community-centered conservation efforts in Africa that empower villagers to build sustainable livelihoods while promoting regional conservation goals such as reforestation and an end to the illegal commercial bushmeat trade. JGI's Roots & Shoots program, which supports students from preschool through university in projects that benefit people, animals and the environment, today hosts about 6,000 worldwide groups in more than 87 countries. Dr. Goodall travels an average of 300 days per year, speaking about the threats facing chimpanzees, other environmental crisis, and her reason for hope that human kind will solve the problems it has imposed on the earth. She continually urges her audiences to recognize their personal responsibility and ability to effect change through consumer action, lifestyle change and activism. Her most recent book is Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder From the World of Plants (2013). In 2016 she was awarded the Krogman Award from the Penn Museum and in 2021 she won the Templeton Prize.

13	Name:	Dr. Sheldon Hackney
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	September 12, 2013

	Sheldon Hackney was Professor Emeritus of History and President Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. His special interests were in the history of the South since the Civil War, the 1960s, and the American identity. He received his B.A. from Vanderbilt University in 1955 and Ph.D. from Yale University in 1966, studying under C. Vann Woodward. His first book, Populism to Progressivism in Alabama (1969) won the Albert J. Beveridge Prize of the American Historical Association and the Charles Sydnor Award of the Southern Historical Association. Professor Hackney served as Provost of Princeton University (1972-75); President of Tulane University (1975-81); and President of the University of Pennsylvania (1981-93). In 1993 he became chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, returning to the Penn faculty in 1997. He had written and spoken widely about Southern history, higher education, and the role of the humanities in American life. His wife was Lucy Durr Hackney, an attorney and advocate for public policy affecting children. They had three children and eight grandchildren. Sheldon Hackney was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1988. He died September 12, 2013, at the age of 79.

14	Name:	Dr. John J. Hopfield
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	John J. Hopfield has been a professor at Princeton University since 1997 and Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology since 2001. After receiving his Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University in 1957, he worked as a member of the Bell Laboratories technical staff (1958-60, 1973-89) and as a research physicist at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris (1960-61). He has served on the faculties of the University of California, Berkeley (1961-64), the California Institute of Technology (1980-97) and Princeton University (1964-80, 1997- ) and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. A scientist of considerable range, Dr. Hopfield started his career as a solid state physicist before moving into molecular biology and conducting path-breaking research in neurosciences. His areas of interest have included the electron-transfer processes important to photosynthesis; the mechanism of biological proofreading in the transcription and expression of DNA; and the relation between brain function and computers. He has received numerous honors for his work, including the APS Prize in Biophysics (1985), the Dirac Medal from the International Center for Theoretical Physics (2001), the Swartz Prize from the Society for Neuroscience (2012), and the Franklin Institute's Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics (2019).

15	Name:	Dr. Jeremy R. Knowles
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	April 3, 2008

16	Name:	Dr. Daniel E. Koshland
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	July 23, 2007

17	Name:	Dr. Thomas W. Langfitt
	Institution:	Wharton School of Pennsylvania & Glenmede Corporation
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	August 7, 2005

18	Name:	Dr. Kenneth Levy
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	August 15, 2013

	Kenneth Levy was Scheide Professor of Music History Emeritus at Princeton University. Well known for his work in medieval music, particularly Byzantine and Latin plainchant, he was considered among the world's leading musicologists. A Guggenheim fellow who worked with Frederick R. Mann at Brandeis University, Dr. Levy joined the Princeton faculty in 1966 and was named chairman of the music department a year later. In 1983 he received Princeton's Berhrman Award in recognition of his scholarship and success in the teaching of music and putting the history of music into a culturally historical context. He is the author of works including Music: A Listener's Introduction and Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1988. Kenneth Levy died on August 15, 2013, at the age of 86 in Princeton, New Jersey.

19	Name:	Mary, Countess of Bessborough
	Institution:	Friends of Benjamin Franklin House, London
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	April 13, 2013

	Born in 1915 in Philadelphia, Mary, Countess of Bessborough was educated in France, England and the United States. She worked in interior decoration and design in New York and during World War II worked with the French Red Cross and served as a nurse's aide in military and civilian hospitals in Florida and New York. She returned to France after the war, where she met and married the Earl of Bessborough. Lady Bessborough was involved with the Friends of Benjamin Franklin House from 1971 to her death, becoming the group's chairperson in 1983. In 1984 she was awarded the Scroll of Recognition and Appreciation for the Historic Preservation of the Benjamin Franklin House. She was also the recipient of the Martha Washington Medal of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Lady Bessborough was a patron of Task Brasil, a charitable organization working with South American street children. She died April 13, 2013, at age 98 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

20	Name:	Dr. Peter Paret
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	September, 11, 2020

	Peter Paret was Mellon Professor in the Humanities Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and Raymond A. Spruance Professor of International History at Stanford University. His principal areas of research were the history of war, particularly in the 18th and early 19th century, and the history of European culture from the 18th to the 20th century. He was born in Berlin in 1924 and is a graduate of the University of London (Ph.D., 1960). Before joining the Institute in 1986, he held positions at Princeton University, the University of California, Davis, and Stanford University. In the academic year 2008-09 he gave the Lees Knowles Lectures on the History of War at Cambridge University - the expanded text of which was published in 2009 - and organized an exhibition on the work of the sculptor Ernst Barlach that opened on March 1, 2009 at the Art Museum of Princeton University. Among his ten monographs are Clausewitz and the State (1976); The Berlin Secession (1980); Art as History (1988); and An Artist Against the Third Reich: Ernst Barlach, 1933-38. He has also published two volumes of essays: Understanding War (1992) and German Encounters with Modernism, 1840-1945 (2001). In 2012 he coauthored Myth and Modernity: Barlach's Drawings on the Nibelungen with Helga Thieme. He was awarded the Great Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2013, having been an officer of the Order for the past decade. In 2017 he won the Pritzker Literature Award. He died in Salt Lake City, Utah, on September 11, 2020 at age 96.

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