APS Member History

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21	Name:	Professor Geoffrey C. Hazard
	Institution:	Hastings College of the Law, University of California
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 11, 2018

	One of the most distinguished figures in American law, Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., received his LL.B. from Columbia University in 1954. He was a professor of law at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Chicago, Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Hastings College of the Law, University of California. Hazard's great scholarly distinction led to his selection in 1984 to succeed the late (APS member) Herbert Wechsler as Director of the American Law Institute. At the helm of the Institute for fifteen years, Hazard orchestrated the work of the unique American law reform enterprise which, for more than three-quarters of a century, brought together leaders of the bar, the bench and the academy in long-term efforts to examine, render coherent, and appropriately "restate" major areas of legal doctrine, both substantive and procedureal. The Institute's celebrated "restatements" of the law have become grist for the mills of courts, state legislatures, and, in certain selected fields, Congress and federal agencies. In 1999 Hazard retired from the Directorship in order to resume, on a full-time basis, his own teaching and scholarly endeavors in realms in which he was preeminent: legal ethics and civil procedure. His legal scholarship was widely respected not only by his academic colleagues but by practicing lawyers and members of the judiciary as well. Geoffrey Hazard was the author of works such as Quest for Justice (1973); (with F. James, Jr., J. Leubsdorf) Civil Procedure (5th edition, 2004); Ethics in the Practice of Law (1978); (with W. Brazil, P. Rice) Managing Complex Litigation: A Practical Guide to the Use of Special Masters (1983); (with S. Koniak, R. Cramton) The Law and Ethics of Lawyering (4th edition, 2005); and (with M. Taruffo) American Civil Procedure: An Introduction (1993). He was also the editor of Law in a Changing America (1968) and (with D. Rhode) The Legal Profession: Responsibility and Regulation. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1986), he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., died January 11, 2018, at the age of 88.

22	Name:	Dr. Freeman A. Hrabowski
	Institution:	University of Maryland Baltimore County
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Freeman A. Hrabowski, III, served as President of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County from May 1992 to June 2022. His research and publications focus on science and math education, with special emphasis on minority participation and performance. Born in 1950 in Birmingham, Alabama, Dr. Hrabowski graduated at 19 from Hampton Institute with highest honors in mathematics. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he received his M.A. (mathematics) one year later and his Ph.D. (higher education administration/statistics) at age 24. He serves as a consultant to the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Education, and universities and school systems nationally. He also sits on numerous corporate and civic boards (e.g., American Association of Colleges & Universities, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Marguerite Casey Foundation, McCormick & Company, Inc., University of Maryland Medical System). His recent honors include election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences; receiving the McGraw Prize in Education; being listed among Fast Company magazine's first "Fast 50 Champions of Innovation" in business and technology; being named Marylander of the Year by the editor's of the Baltimore Sun; and receiving the Council on Chemical Research's first Diversity Award, the BETA Award (Baltimore's Extraordinary Technology Advocate), NSF's Educator Achievement Award, and the U.S. Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring. In 2011, he received the Theodore M. Hesburgh award for visionary leadership from TIAA-CREF and a large grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York for "fulfilling [his] administrative and managerial roles with dedication and creativity." In 2012 he received the Heinz Award. He has won many more awards, including: the William D. Carey Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2013), the Martin Luther King, Jr., Ideals Award of Johns Hopkins University (2014), the Ruth Kirschstein Diversity in Science Award of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2014), the Zemsky Medal for innovation in Higher Education of the University of Pennsylvania (2015), the Ralph Coats Roe Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (2015), and the Viktor Hamburger Oustanding Educator Prize of the Society of Developmental Biology (2017). Dr. Hrabowski is co-author of two books published by Oxford University Press: Beating the Odds (1998), focusing on parenting and high-achieving African American males in science; and Overcoming the Odds (2002), on successful African American females in science. A child leader in the Civil Rights Movement, Dr. Hrabowski was prominently featured in Spike Lee's 1997 documentary, Four Little Girls, on the racially motivated bombing in 1963 of Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church.

23	Name:	Dr. Thomas P. Hughes
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	February 3, 2014

	Thomas Hughes received his Ph.D. from the University of Virginia in 1953. He served on the faculty of Washington and Lee University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, and Southern Methodist University before joining the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1973 where he became Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus of History and Sociology of Science. He had also been Distinguished Visiting Professor of the History of Technology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Thomas Hughes was considered the dean of American historians of technology. His versatility and style appear in Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer (1971), a definitive biography that incorporates the technical detail required for the life of an engineer; Networks of Power, Electification of Western Society, 1880-1930 (1983), a comparative history of German and American electric power systems conceived as integrations of technical, managerial and financial networks; and American Genesis, A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970 (1989, 1990), a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, a portrayal of the heroic century of American invention for a wide readership. Dr. Hughes' work on systems and his book on cultural history show the same breadth and mastery. He served his profession and the public as a teacher, as a member of several national committees, and as a creator of television documentaries. Dr. Hughes' other books include (with A. Hughes) Lewis Memford: Public Intellectual (1990); Rescuing Prometheus (Managing the Creation of Large Technological Systems) (1997); (with A. Hughes) Systems, Experts, and Computers (2000); and Human-Built World: How to Think about Technology and Culture (2004). He was the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci Medal (1984), the John Desmond Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science (1990), and a two-time recepient of the Dexter Prize of Society for the History of Technology (for Elmer Sperry and Networks of Power). He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and held honorary degrees from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, and from Northwestern University. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Thomas Hughes died February 3, 2014, at the age of 90, in Charlottesville, Virginia.

24	Name:	Dr. Lynn Hunt
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Lynn Hunt is an extraordinarily gifted, imaginative, and tough-minded scholar, the author of a boldly conceived set of eight interlocking books on the French Revolution, gender history, cultural history and historiography. Her books have been translated into French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Portuguese, Chinese and Polish. Her best known book, The Family Romance of the French Revolution, shows how the revolutionaries destroyed the paternal image of King Louis XVI by pornographic attacks on Queen Marie Antoniette and then, having liberated themselves from the royal family, created a new model of domesticity. Her latest works are Inventing Human Rights: A History (2007), the question of time and history writing, Measuring Time: Making History (2008), and early 18th century views of the world's religions, Bernard Picart and the First Global Vision of Religion (with M. Jacob and W. Mijnhardt, 2010). Her current research projects include a study of cultural history in the global era and another of the French Revolution in global context. Lynn Hunt has served as president of the American Historical Association and is currently Distinguished Professor of History and Eugen Weber Professor of Modern European History at the University of California, Los Angeles (1998-). She holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University (1973) and has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley (1974-87) and the University of Pennsylvania (1987-98).

25	Name:	Dr. Benjamin H. Isaac
	Institution:	Tel Aviv University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Benjamin Isaac received his Ph.D. from Tel Aviv University in 1980. He remained at Tel Aviv and is currently the Fred and Helen Lessing Professor of Ancient History. His books and his more than 50 articles, book reviews, and contributions to the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, the Anchor Bible Dictionary, and the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World have established him as a leading authority on Roman imperialism, the Roman military establishment, relations with conquered peoples (especially Greeks and Jews), epichoric inscriptions in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, and the road system of the Near East, especially in Judaea. His current work on Greeks, Romans, and Others deals magisterially with the perceptions of aliens prevalent in the ancient world from Homer to the beginning of the Middle Ages. Numerous honors, participation in international conferences and lectures testify to his international renown. Dr. Isaac's books include (with R. van Royen) The Arrival of the Greeks: The Evidence from the Settlements (1979); (with I. Roll) Roman Roads in Judaea I: The Scythopolis-Legio Road (1982); The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Conquest (1986); The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East (1990, 1992); (with M. Fischer, I. Roll) Roman Roads in Judaea, II: The Jaffa-Jerusalem Roads (1996); The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers (1998); The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (2004); and Empire and Ideology in the Graeco-Roman World: Selected Papers (2017). He received the Best Book Award from the American Military Institute in 1991. Dr. Isaac is a member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut and the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. He received the Israel Prize in 2008.

26	Name:	Dr. Jiri Jonas
	Institution:	Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Jiri Jonas received his Ph.D. from the Czechoslovak Academy of Science in 1960. He moved to the United States in 1963 to join the faculty of the University of Illinois where he has remained throughout his career. He is now Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Professor Emeritus of the Center for Advanced Study, and Director Emeritus of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Jiri Jonas has been a pioneer in developing and using high pressure NMR to study the structure and dynamics of liquids, including liquids in small pores, the effect of compression on reaction rates in solution, and, in recent years, the conformation of protein molecules and membranes, the mechanism of protein folding and cold denaturation of proteins. In addition, as Director of the Beckman Institute for the past nine years he developed the largest university-operated organization for interdisciplinary research involving engineering, chemistry and physiological psychology. Significant useful devices have resulted. Dr. Jonas received the Hildebrand Award of the American Chemical Society and the U.S. Senior Scientist Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

27	Name:	The Honorable Judith S. Kaye
	Institution:	Skadden, Arps; Court of Appeals, State of New York
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1938
	Death Date:	January 7, 2016

	Judith S. Kaye joined Skadden Arps's Litigation Group in 2009. Before joining the firm she served as Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals for 15 years. She was appointed New York's Chief Judge in 1993 by Governor Mario M. Cuomo and was the first woman to occupy that post. The state's longest-serving chief judge, she was reappointed by Governor Eliot Spitzer in 2007 and served until reaching mandatory retirement age in December 2008. She was also the first woman appointed to the State's highest court, the Court of Appeals, which she joined in 1983. As New York's top judicial officer, Judge Kaye presided over the seven-member Court of Appeals and headed the State's Unified Court System, with more than 1,200 State-paid judges in 363 courthouses statewide. Her posts have included: Chair of the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children; Founding Member and Honorary Chair, Judges and Lawyers Breast Cancer Alert (JALBCA); member of the Board of Editors, New York State Bar Journal; and Trustee, The William Nelson Cromwell Foundation. She had been President of the Conference of Chief Justices and Chair of the Board of Directors of the National Center for State Courts (2002-03). She authored numerous publications and received several honorary degrees and many awards. Born in Monticello, New York, Judge Kaye is a 1958 graduate of Barnard College and a 1962 cum laude graduate of New York University School of Law. She died January 7, 2016, at age 77, at her home in Manhattan.

28	Name:	Dr. Charles F. Kennel
	Institution:	Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Charles F. Kennel was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was educated in astronomy and astrophysics at Harvard and Princeton. He then joined the UCLA Department of Physics, pursued research and teaching in space plasma physics and astrophysics, and chaired the department for three years. He eventually became the UCLA Executive Vice Chancellor, its chief academic officer. From 1994 to 1996, he was Associate Administrator at NASA and Director of Mission to Planet Earth, the world's largest Earth science program. His experiences at NASA convinced him to devote the rest of his career to Earth and environmental science. Kennel was the ninth Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Vice Chancellor of Marine Sciences at the University of California, San Diego, from 1998 to 2006. Dr. Kennel now works with the UCSD Environment and Sustainability Initiative, an all-campus effort embracing teaching, research, campus operations, and public outreach, and is a distinguished professor of atmospheric sciences at Scripps. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, Kennel has served on many national and international boards and committees, including the Pew Oceans Commission. He was a member of the NASA Advisory Council from 1998 to 2006, and its Chair from 2001 to 2005. He has had visiting appointments to the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Trieste), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder), the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris), Caltech (Pasadena), Princeton, Space Research Institutes (Brazil, Moscow), and the University of Cambridge. He is a recipient of the James Clerk Maxwell Prize (American Physical Society), the Hannes Alfven Prize (European Geophysical Society), the Aurelio Peccei Prize (Accademia Lincei), and the NASA Distinguished Service and Distinguished Public Service Medals. He was the 2007 C.P. Snow Lecturer at the University of Cambridge.

29	Name:	Lord Anthony Lester
	Institution:	Blackstone Chambers; International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (INTERIGHTS)
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	August 8, 2020

	Anthony Lester QC (Lord Lester of Herne Hill) practiced at the English Bar and specialized in constitutional and human rights law. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and received his law degree from Harvard University Law School in 1962 as a Harkness Commonwealth Fellow. He was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1964 and became a QC in 1975. Lord Lester has argued constitutional and human rights cases in the United Kingdom and in European and Commonwealth courts. Between 1974 and 1976, he served as Special Advisor to Home Secretary Roy Jenkins and was charged with the responsibility for developing policy on race relations, sex discrimination and human rights. He also served as Special Advisor to the Standing Advisory Commission in Northern Ireland (1975-1977). Lord Lester was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party. He has written numerous books and articles on human rights and constitutional law including Race and Law and Justice in the American South and Five Ideas to Fight For. He is also the co-editor of Butterworths Human Rights Law and Practice. Lord Lester campaigned successfully for the Human Rights Act (1998) and is president of INTERIGHTS (the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights). These accomplishments were acknowledged when he was made a Life Peer in 1993. Lord Lester was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2003. He died on August 8, 2020, at age 84.

30	Name:	Dr. Simon Asher Levin
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Simon Levin received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Maryland in 1964. In 1965 he joined the faculty of Cornell University and remained for more than twenty-five years, serving as the Charles A. Alexander Professor of Biological Sciences, director of the Ecosystem Research Center, and director of the Center for Environmental Research. He was also director of the Princeton Environmental Institute, 1993-98. At Princeton University since 1992, he is currently James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution. In addition, since 2001 he has served as director of the Center for Biocomplexity and associated faculty of the Princeton Environmental Institute. Simon Levin has been the leader in developing the theoretical foundation for the study of ecology and evolution of populations in heterogeneous environments. Implications and extensions of his work have been among the most influential in ecology and conservation biology. Alone and jointly with others, he developed the theory of evolution of populations in heterogeneous environments, and of implications for biodiversity. This led to his most far-reaching contributions, on problems of scale, self-organization of ecosystems, and mechanisms for extrapolation across scales. In recent years, has been a leader in sustainability science, the interface between ecology and economics. Dr. Levin received the MacArthur Award from the Ecological Society of America in 1988; the Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award from INTERCOL in 1994; the "Most cited paper in the field of Ecology and Environment for the 1990s" from the Institute for Scientific Information in 2000; the Outstanding Paper in the Discipline of Landscape Ecology Award for 2001 from the U.S. Chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology; and the 1st Okubo Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001. He also received the Heineken Environmental Prize of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science in 2004, the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences in 2005, and the National Medal of Science in 2015. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Instituto Veneto. He also served as president of the Ecological Society of America and the Society of Mathematical Biology. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

31	Name:	Dr. Susan L. Lindquist
	Institution:	Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1948
	Death Date:	October 27, 2016

	Susan Lindquist was a worldwide leader in the understanding of protein folding in living cells, of enzymes that mediate this process, and of perturbations that result in the formation of abnormal protein aggregates. Some of these aggregates, called prions, are infectious: they can cause abnormal folding and aggregation of otherwise normal proteins. The work of Dr. Lindquist has been instrumental to our understanding of these processes, which underlie major neurodegenerative diseases. Yet another singular contribution by Dr. Lindquist was her discovery that HSP90, a stress protein, functions as a "capacitor" of phenotypic variation, through the ability of HSP90 to buffer against genetic alterations of biochemical pathways, thereby increasing the diversity of phenotypes available for natural selection. This insight revealed a previously unsuspected source of variation that underlies the evolution of living organisms. From 2001 until 2004 Dr. Lindquist directed the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. She served as professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She earned her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1976 and previously taught at the University of Chicago (1978-2001). She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2010. Susan Lindquist died October 27, 2016, at the age of 67.

32	Name:	Dr. Michael McCormick
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Michael McCormick received his Doctorate at the Université Catholique de Louvain in 1979. He joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins University later that year and was a research associate at Dumbarton Oaks from 1979-87. He moved to Harvard University in 1991, where he is currently Goelet Professor of Medieval History. Michael McCormick is among the most original and productive medieval historians active in the United States and Europe today. His early work was on 11th- and 12th-century historiography. He then published an important book on rulership in Late Antiquity. Meanwhile, he discovered five hundred previously-unknown dry-point glosses in the celebrated Palatine manuscript of Virgil. Most recently he published an impressive volume - the most important contribution to the subject since Pirenne's Mohammed and Charlemagne - on East-West communications and commerce in the early Middle Ages. Dr. McCormick is the author of Les annales du haut moyen âge (1975); (with P. Fransen) Index scriptorum operumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi. Nouveau répertoire des oeuvres médiolatines belges, III partie, vol. I: XII siècle, Oeuvres hagiographiques (1977); Index scriptorum operumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi. Nouveau répertoire des oeuvres médiolatines belges, III partie, vol. II: XII siècle, Oeuvres non hagiographiques (1979); Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West (1986); Five Hundred Unknown Glosses from the Palatine Virgil (Vat. Pal. Lat. 1631) (1992); and Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300-900 (2001). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

33	Name:	Dr. Arno G. Motulsky
	Institution:	University of Washington
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	January 17, 2018

	Arno Motulsky received his M.D. from the University of Illinois in 1947. He joined the faculty of the University of Washington School of Medicine in 1953 and served as the head of the Division of Medical Genetics, director of the Genetics Clinic at the University Hospital, and director of the Center for Inherited Diseases. He was Professor of Medicine and Professor of Genetics Emeritus and associate director of the Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health at the University of Washington at the time of his death January 17, 2018, at the age of 94. Arno Motulsky was one of less than half-a-dozen innovators who established the subspecialty of medical genetics and helped bring genetics into the mainstream of clinical medicine beginning in the late 1950s. He had great influence in the field of medical genetics 1) through his students who include a Nobel laureate (Joseph Goldstein), 2) his pioneering research in a wide area including pharmacogenetics, blood disorders (particularly G6PD deficiency and hemoglobinopathies), hyperlipidemias, colorblindness, and Werner syndrome (he suggested its usefulness in the study of aging); and 3) through his textbooks which are now classics: Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches (with Vogel) and The Genetic Basis of Common Disease (with King and Rotter). Dr. Motulsky received several awards, including: the William Allan Memorial Award from the American Society of Human Genetics; the American College of Medical Genetics Foundation Inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award; and the Victor McKusick Leadership Award from the American Society for Human Genetics. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and American Society of Human Genetics, serving as its president, 1977-78. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

34	Name:	Dr. Onora O'Neill
	Institution:	Equality and Human Rights Commission; Newnham College, University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Among the most distinguished contemporary philosophers of ethics and international justice, Baroness Onora O'Neill, CBE, PBA, Hon FRS, served as President of the British Academy 2005 to 2009. She chairs the Nuffield Foundation and is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. She was formerly Principal at Newnham College, University of Cambridge. Among John Rawls's most outstanding students, her writings on political philosophy and the philosophy of Kant are most noteworthy. In recent years she has become an influential voice on ethical issues facing society today. Her BBC Reith lectures on "A Question of Trust" were widely praised by academics and communicators alike. Her opinion on ethical issues in medicine, genetics, and a variety of social issues is widely sought. In 2017 she won both the Holberg Prize and the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy.

35	Name:	Dr. Gloria Ferrari Pinney
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1941
	Death Date:	September 18, 2023

	Born in Italy, Gloria Ferrari Pinney received her Laurea in Lettere Classiche at Università degli Studi in Rome in 1964. In 1976 she received her Ph.D. from the University of Cincinnati. She was a professor of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology for twelve years at Bryn Mawr College. In 1993 she became a professor in the departments of Art and Classical Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. She has been Professor of Classical Archaeology at Harvard University since 1998, a post from which she retired in 2003. Gloria Ferrari Pinney combines a deep knowledge of classical philology and keen artistic sensitivity with a penetrating critical acumen that allows her to reach unprecedented and often revolutionary conclusions about even well-known ancient monuments. Her pioneering study on the origin of Asiatic sarcophagi was in fact disregarded by scholars for almost twenty years until excavational finds confirmed her hypothesis. Within her great range, she is an expert in Greek vase painting, with emphasis on iconography, yet two of her recent publications - on the North metopes of the Parthenon (2000) and the architecture of the Archaic Akropolis (2002) - are among her most startling contributions. Although well versed in current art-historical and linguistic theory, she produces terse and concise analyses that carry conviction with their strict logic. Some of her publications include Il commercio dei sarcofagi asiatici (1966); "Achilles Lord of Scythia," Ancient Greek Art and Iconography (1983); "For the Heroes are at Hand," The Journal of Hellenic Studies (1984); "Eye-cup," Revue Archeologique (1986); "Pallas and Panathenaea," Proceedings, 3rd Symposium on Ancient Greek and Related Pottery (1988); Materiali del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia XI: I vasi attici a figure rosse del periodo arcaico (1988); "Figures in the Text: Metaphor and Riddles in the Agamemnon," Classical Philology (1997); "The Geography of Time," Ostraka (2000); Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece (2002); and "The Ancient Temple on the Acropolis at Athens," American Journal of Archaeology (2002). Dr. Pinney was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

36	Name:	Dr. Earl A. Powell
	Institution:	National Gallery of Art
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Earl A. Powell III of Washington, D.C. was director of the National Gallery of Art from 1992-2019 and is an expert in 19th- and 20th-century European and American art. He was an assistant professor of art history at the University of Texas from 1974-76. Between 1976 and 1980 he held curatorial posts at the National Gallery of Art. From 1980-92 Mr. Powell was director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which he transformed, according to Art in America magazine, "from a local institution to a museum of international stature." Mr. Powell serves as a trustee of the American Federation of the Arts, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and the White House Historical Association, among others. He is a member of numerous arts organizations, including the Commission of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery Commission, and the Committee for the Preservation of the White House. Mr. Powell's awards include Norway's King Olav Medal and the Officier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from France. Mr. Powell graduated with honors from Williams College and received his masters and doctorate degrees from the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University. He also holds honorary doctorate degrees in Fine Arts from Otis Parsons Art Institute and Williams College. In addition to writing many journal articles and exhibition catalogue essays, Mr. Powell has authored a monograph on the 19th-century American artist Thomas Cole. He served as an officer in the U.S. Navy from 1966-69 and was in the Naval Reserve from 1969-80.

37	Name:	Dr. Burton Richter
	Institution:	Stanford University; Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	July 18, 2018

	Burton Richter was the Paul Pigott Professor in the Physical Sciences at Stanford University and Director Emeritus of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at the time of his death on July 18, 2018. Born in 1931 in New York, he received his B.S. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1952 and 1956, respectively. He began as a post doc at Stanford University in 1956, became a professor in 1967, and was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center from 1984-99. His research centered on experimental particle physics with high-energy electrons and electron- positron colliding beams. After 1999 he devoted an increasing amount of time to issues relating to energy and sustainable development. Dr. Richter received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the E. O. Lawrence Medal of the Department of Energy in 1976, and the National Medal of Science in 2014. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences; a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Physical Society (president, 1994). He was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics from 1999-2002 and served on many advisory committees to governments, laboratories and universities. He also served as a member of the Department of Energy's Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Laboratory Operations Board, the Transmutation Subcommittee of the Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, and the French Commissaire a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Visiting Group. He was also a member of the Jason Group, and chaired the National Research Council's Board on Physics and Astronomy. He was interested in industry and its use of science and technology and had been a member of the General Motors Science Advisory Committee, chairman of the technology advisory board of an artificial intelligence company, a member of the Board of Directors of Varian Associates and Varian Medical Systems, and Litel Instruments and AREVA Enterprises, Inc.

38	Name:	Dr. Erika Rummel
	Institution:	University of Toronto; Wilfrid Laurier University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Erika Rummel began as an Erasmus scholar and made herself the best and most productive one in the world today. Then she looked at the broader field of northern humanism, including Spain, and especially the relationship between humanism and the Reformation. She has brought fresh eyes, openness, even a sense of humor to a stagnant field. One has to read her books to appreciate fully that she tackles important topics, has keen curiosity, great analytical intelligence, and impeccable linguistic skills. Dr. Rummel has made the study of Renaissance humanism outside of Italy lively and fun again. A native of Austria, Dr. Rummel earned her Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (1976) and has been a member of the faculty at Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario since 1992. She has held the title of Professor Emerita since 2002.

39	Name:	Dr. Lucy Shapiro
	Institution:	Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Lucy Shapiro received her Ph.D. in molecular biology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1966. She joined the faculty of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1967 and served as chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology (1977-86), Kramer Professor of Molecular Biology (1977-86) and director of the Division of Biological Sciences (1981-86). In 1986 she moved to Columbia University as the Higgins Professor of Microbiology and chairman of the Department of Microbiology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Crossing to the other coast in 1989 to the Stanford University School of Medicine, Dr. Shapiro became the founder and chairman of its Department of Developmental Biology, and the Joseph D. Grant Professor of Developmental Biology. She is currently Stanford's Ludwig Professor of Cancer Research, and, as of 2001, director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. Lucy Shapiro cultivated a single organism into one of the most powerful experimental systems for understanding the control of the bacterial cell cycle and the establishment of cell fate. Her research has yielded fundamental insights into the bacterial cell as an integrated system in which the transcriptional circuitry is interwoven with the three-dimensional deployment of regulatory and morphological proteins. Her genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed basic rules for bacterial cell cycle control. In pioneering work, Dr. Shapiro initiated the "cell biology" of prokaryotes, resulting in the first demonstration that proteins are dynamically localized in the cell, adding a spatial dimension to regulatory networks. Dr. Shapiro is a member of the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She was awarded the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the Natural Academy of Sciences, the 2010 Abbott-ASM Lifetime Acheivement Award, the 2012 Horwitz Prize, and the 2012 National Medal of Science. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

40	Name:	Dr. Judith R. Shapiro
	Institution:	Barnard College; Bryn Mawr College
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Judith R. Shapiro was president of Barnard College from 1994 to 2008. Previously she served eight years as Provost of Bryn Mawr College. She taught at the University of Chicago before joining Bryn Mawr's Department of Anthropology in 1975, serving successively as assistant professor, associate Professor and professor before becoming chair of the department in 1982. A native of New York City, she received her undergraduate degree from Brandeis University and her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia University. She is the author of numerous articles in the areas of gender differentiation, social theory, and missionization, many based on her field research in lowland South America. She has been president of the American Ethnological Society, a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences and a Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies. She is currently a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Council on Foreign Relations, the New York City Partnership and Chamber of Commerce, and the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and is a member of the Board of Directors of JSTOR and the New York Building Congress. She is President of the Board of Directors of the Morningside Area Alliance and also serves on the Executive Board of the Women's College Coalition, the Advisory Committee of Save the Children (Every Mother/Every Child), and on the National Advisory Committee of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. In March, 2004, she received the Athena Award in Education from the Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine at Columbia University and in May, 2004, she was an honoree at the Women with Heart luncheon hosted by the American Heart Association. She also received the Gershom Mendes Seixas Award from the Kraft Center for Jewish Student Life in 2004 and, upon her retirement, she was awarded the Barnard Medal of Distinction in 2008. She was President of the Teagle Foundation 2013-18, and served on the foundation's board since 2009.

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