APS Member History

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101	Name:	Dr. Purnell W. Choppin
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	July 3, 2021

	Purnell W. Choppin was President Emeritus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), serving from 1987-99. HHMI, one of the world's largest philanthropic organizations, supports research at medical schools, universities, and research institutes across the country and operates grants programs for science education at every level from elementary school through postdoctoral training, and for international biomedical research. He is also a principal of The Washington Advisory Group, LLC, which provides strategic counsel and management consulting services to universities, governments, and not-for-profit organizations. Before joining HHMI, Dr. Choppin was at the Rockefeller University, where he was Leon Hess Professor of Virology, vice president for academic programs, and dean of graduate studies. Dr. Choppin was a member of many scientific and professional societies, including the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Association of American Physicians. In 1985-86 he was President of the American Society for Virology. His honors and awards include the Howard Taylor Ricketts Award from the University of Chicago (1978); the Selman A. Waksman Award for excellence in microbiology from the NAS (1984); the University of California, San Francisco Medal (2000); and many honorary degrees. Dr. Choppin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1988. He died on July 3, 2021.

102	Name:	Dr. Joanne Chory
	Institution:	The Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2015
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1955

	Joanne Chory is an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and is Professor at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, where she directs the Plant Biology Laboratory. She is also Adjunct Professor of Biology at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Chory is distinguished for her many contributions to modern plant biology. She and her lab members use the model plant, Arabidopsis, to identify pathways involved in plant growth, including components of the photoreceptor pathways that link changes in the light environment with plasticity of plant form. A native of Massachusetts, Joanne Chory received an A.B. degree in biology with honors from Oberlin College, OH, a Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard Medical School. In 1988, she joined the faculty of the Salk Institute, where she has remained. Dr. Chory has served on numerous advisory committees and editorial boards, and is the recipient of several awards. In addition to the APS, she is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Chory is a foreign member of the Royal Society of London and the French Academie des Sciences and a member of the German National Academy of Sciences. Her awards include the Breakthrough Prize (2018), the Gruber Genetics Prize (2018), and the the 2020 Pearl Meister Greengard Prize.

103	Name:	William M. Clark
	Year Elected:	1939
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1885
	Death Date:	1/19/64

104	Name:	Dr. Michael T. Clegg
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	2012
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Michael T. Clegg received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in agricultural genetics and genetics respectively at the University of California, Davis. In 1972 he joined the faculty of Brown University moving from there to the University of Georgia in 1976. In 1984, he assumed the position of Professor of Genetics at the University of California, Riverside, where he also served as Dean of the College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences from 1994 to 2000 and founding director of the Genomics Institute from 2000 to 2004. He assumed his present position as Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, in 2004. Clegg's research specialty is population genetics and molecular evolution. His early work in population genetics focused on the dynamical behavior of linked systems of genes in plant and Drosophila populations. During this period, he also contributed to the theoretical study of multilocus systems employing computer simulations together with the analysis of mathematical models. Later he helped pioneer the comparative analysis of cholorplast DNA variation as a tool for the reconstruction of plant phylogenies. His current work is concerned with the use of genomic data and coalescent models to study crop plant domestication in barley and avocado. Clegg is also heavily engaged in international science policy and science diplomacy through his role as Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. During an academic career of over 40 years, Clegg has published more than 160 research articles and book chapters and he has coauthored or edited nine books. Clegg was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1990 and he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. He was elected Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002 and reelected in 2006 and 2010. He has also served as President of the American Genetic Association and President of the International Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution. He is an Associate Fellow of the Academy of Sciences of the Developing World (TWAS) and a corresponding member of several foreign academies. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012.

105	Name:	Ralph E. Cleland
	Year Elected:	1932
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1893
	Death Date:	6/11/71

106	Name:	Ernst Cloos
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	5/28/74

107	Name:	Theodore D. A. Cockerell
	Year Elected:	1928
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1867
	Death Date:	1/26/48

108	Name:	Dr. Lowell Thelwell Coggeshall
	Year Elected:	1957
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	11/11/87

109	Name:	George E. Coghill
	Year Elected:	1935
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1872
	Death Date:	7/23/41

110	Name:	Dr. Stanley N. Cohen
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	In the early 1970s, Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer discovered a multi-step methodology for isolating individual genes by cloning them in live cells, and showed that genetic material can be propagated and expressed in biological species other than its natural host. They thus invented DNA cloning, also known as "recombinant DNA" or "genetic engineering", a singularly important advance that forms the foundation for much of contemporary biological research, has revolutionized biotechnology, and has led directly to the extraordinary progress currently being made in the field of medicine. In 1978, Dr. Cohen achieved the first production of a biologically active eukaryotic protein encoded by DNA transferred into bacteria from mammalian cells, yet another crucial contribution that underlies modern biomedical research. Cohen's laboratory continues to be a major leader both in microbiological studies (which his early work has literally transformed) and in studies of growth control and chromosome dynamics in mammalian cells. Since 1993 he has been Kwoh-Ting Li Professor of Genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, on whose faculty he has served since 1968. Dr. Cohen has won the Mattia Award (1977) and the National Medal of Science (1988) as well as election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1978), the National Academy of Sciences (1979) and the Institute of Medicine (1988). He received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1960.

111	Name:	Dr. Mildred Cohn
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1972
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	October 12, 2009

	Mildred Cohn was Benjamin Rush Professor Emerita of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School at the time of her death at age 96. She received her B.A. from Hunter College and her Ph.D. from Columbia University. During her career she served on the faculties of Cornell University Medical College, Washington University School of Medicine, and the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. She is known for her work using isotopes to understand the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions and for pioneering studies in NMR spectroscopy. In a lifetime of biochemical research, Dr. Cohn had seriously advanced the myriad of fields which had attracted her attention. She received the Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Women in Science Award of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Distinguished Service Award of the College of Physicians, the Garvan Medal of the American Chemical Society, the Stein and Moore Award for lifetime achievement from the Protein Society, the Humboldt Award, and, in 1982, the National Medal of Science. Dr. Cohn was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1972 and served with impeccable style and distinction as the Society's Vice President 1994 to 2000.

112	Name:	Fay-Cooper Cole
	Year Elected:	1941
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1882
	Death Date:	9/3/61

113	Name:	Dr. Francis Sellers Collins
	Institution:	President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology; National Human Genome Research Institute
	Year Elected:	2022
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Francis Sellers Collins is the Former Director of the National Institutes of Health. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1974 and his M.D. from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in 1977. Other work experiences include being a Professor at the University of Michigan and head of the National Human Genome Research Institute from 1993-2008. Francis Collins pioneered the fundamental strategy of ‘positional cloning,' leading to the successful identification of numerous disease genes. Using this approach, his laboratory identified the cystic fibrosis gene in 1989 and later the genes responsible for neurofibromatosis, Huntington disease, the M4Eo subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Alagille syndrome, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. Collins' lab has also made major contributions toward deciphering the molecular basis of genetically complex diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes. At the National Institutes of Health, Collins was a key world leader in biomedicine. He was a central organizing figure in the human genome project, laying the groundwork for modern clinical and basic genetics research, and in many ways defining how to perform ‘large-scale science' in biomedical research. In this role, he has distinguished himself as a scientist, manager, advocate, arbiter, and voice for responsible science. Collins was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1990, the Dickson Prize from the University of Pittsburgh in 1991, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007, the Philip Hauge Abelson Awardand the National Medal of Science in 2009, and the Templeton Prize in 2020, among others. He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Royal Society, 2020. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2022.

114	Name:	Edwin G. Conklin
	Year Elected:	1897
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1863
	Death Date:	11/21/52

115	Name:	Carl F. Cori
	Year Elected:	1947
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1896
	Death Date:	10/19/84

116	Name:	Gerty Teresa Cori
	Year Elected:	1948
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1896
	Death Date:	10/26/57

117	Name:	George W. Corner
	Year Elected:	1940
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1890
	Death Date:	9/28/81

118	Name:	Dr. W. Maxwell Cowan
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	June 30, 2002

119	Name:	George W. Crile
	Year Elected:	1912
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1865
	Death Date:	1/7/43

120	Name:	William Crocker
	Year Elected:	1931
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1874
	Death Date:	2/11/50

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