APS Member History

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1441	Name:	Dr. Owen Gingerich
	Institution:	Harvard University & Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	May 28, 2023

	Owen Gingerich is a senior astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Professor Emeritus of Astronomy and of the History of Science at Harvard University. In 1992-93 he chaired Harvard's History of Science Department. Professor Gingerich's research interests have ranged from the recomputation of an ancient Babylonian mathematical table to the interpretation of stellar spectra. In the past four decades Professor Gingerich has become a leading authority on the 17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler and on Nicholas Copernicus. His publications include a 600-page monograph surveying copies of Copernicus' great book De revolutionibus, for which he was awarded the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981; later an asteroid was named in his honor. In 2006 he published God's Universe, a volume arguing that faith and science can coexist even in considerations of the nature of life. In 1984 he won the Harvard-Radcliffe Phi Beta Kappa prize for excellence in teaching. In June 2007 he was awarded the Prix Janssen by the French Astronomical Society. He has been a member of the American Philosophical Society since 1975. In June 2017 he received Benedict Polak Prize, which he described this way: "I have just returned from Poland, where I have received the Benedict Polak Prize, which I daresay no other APS member has ever heard of. Friar Benedict the Pole was drafted in 1245 as a translator-scholar to accompany a Papal group to visit the Khan of Mongolia. The present Benedict Polak Prize was established three years ago to honor explorers in any realm of human knowledge, and is to be given each year to a Polish citizen and to a foreigner. I received this year's prize for my Copernican researches. The Polish citizen prize went to my friend Jerzy Gassowski, the archaeologist who identified Copernicus' bones in an unmarked grave under the cathedral floor in Frombork. The prizes are given in Leczyca, a small village with the founding church in Poland and the church home of Benedict the Pole. It is hard to imagine that enough citizens of Leczyca would turn up for such an occasion, but actually people came from all over Poland. The president of Poland was not present in person, but sent a citation as well as a private and specific congratulatory letter to me."

1442	Name:	Dr. Philip D. Gingerich
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Philip Gingerich is Ermine Cowles Case Professor of Paleontology and Professor of Geological Sciences, Biology, and Anthropology at the University of Michigan. Dr. Gingerich received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1974 and joined the University of Michigan faculty the same year. He has been director of the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology since 1981. Dr. Gingerich studies evolutionary history in the context of environmental change, focusing on the Paleocene-Eocene transition 55 million years ago, the diversification of primates, and the evolution of whales from land to sea. He has directed more than 50 empirical field expeditions in Egypt, Pakistan, and Wyoming. His Egyptian study area at Wadi Hitan is now a UNESCO world heritage site. Dr. Gingerich developed methods for quantifying and comparing evolutionary rates, unifying our understanding that evolution is fast and populations change rapidly in response to natural selection. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2001), recipient of the André Dumont Medal of the Belgian Geological Society (2005), the recipient of the Romer-Simpson Medal of the Societ of Vertebrate Paleontology (2012), and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

1443	Name:	The Honorable Ruth Bader Ginsburg
	Institution:	United States Supreme Court
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	September 18, 2020

	Ruth Bader Ginsburg's remarkable career in the law encompassed three distinct roles: law professor; Supreme Court advocate; and jurist. In 1963 - four years after graduating from Columbia Law School - Justice Ginsburg was appointed to the faculty of the Rutgers Law School. In 1972 her Columbia teachers persuaded her to return as a colleague. A year after joining the Columbia faculty, Justice Ginsburg took on the added duties of counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). From then until 1980 she was concurrently a scholar/teacher at Columbia and the architect-plus-field commander of the ACLU's campaign to establish gender equality under law. In furtherance of that campaign Justice Ginsburg won a series of major victories in the Supreme Court. In 1980 President Carter appointed her to the bench as a Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In 1993, President Clinton appointed her to the Supreme Court. In Justice Ginsburg's more than fifteen years of service on the highest court, her luminous opinions have brought sharper definition to the interconnections and inter-independencies of the three branches of the national government, and to the relations between the nation and the states, and have measurably strengthened the constitutional rights and freedoms of us all. Her recent awards include: the Radcliffe Medal (2015), the Genesis Prize (2017), the American Law Institute's Henry J. Friendly Medal (2018), University of Chicago's Harris Dean's Award (2019), the Berggruen Prize (2019), and the Liberty Medal of the National Constitution Center (2020). She died at her home in Washington DC at the age of 87 on September 18, 2020.

1444	Name:	Professor Jane C. Ginsburg
	Institution:	Columbia Law School
	Year Elected:	2013
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1955

	Jane C. Ginsburg is the Morton L. Janklow Professor of Literary and Artistic Property Law at Columbia University School of Law, and Faculty Director of its Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts. She teaches Legal Methods, Copyright Law, and Trademarks Law, and is the author or co-author of casebooks in all three subjects. With Professor Sam Ricketson, she is the co-author of INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS: THE BERNE CONVENTION AND BEYOND (Oxford University Press 2006). Other books include INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AT THE EDGE: THE CONTESTED CONTOURS OF IP (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2013), co-editor with Prof. Rochelle Dreyfuss; COPYRIGHT: CONCEPTS & INSIGHTS (Foundation Press 2012), co-author with Prof. Robert A. Gorman; COPYRIGHT AND PIRACY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2010), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; TRADE MARKS AND BRANDS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2008), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; and INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STORIES (Foundation Press 2005), co-editor with Professor Rochelle Dreyfuss. With Professor Dreyfuss and Professor François Dessemontet, she was a Co-Reporter for the American Law Institute project on INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: PRINCIPLES GOVERNING JURISDICTION, CHOICE OF LAW AND JUDGMENTS IN TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTES (2008). Professor Ginsburg has taught French and U.S. copyright law and U.S. legal methods and contracts law at the University of Paris and other French universities. In 2004-05 she held the Arthur L. Goodhart Visiting Chair of Legal Science at the law faculty of the University of Cambridge, UK, where in Fall 2008 she was a Herbert Smith Fellow. In Spring 2009 she was an Affiliated Fellow at the American Academy in Rome. In 2009 she was also an Order of the Coif Distinguished Visitor, and the NZ Legal Research Foundation’s Visiting Scholar at the University of Auckland, and in 2010-11 she was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar. In 2012 she inaugurated the Martin and Susan Adelman Visiting Professorship in Intellectual Property Law at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of the University of Chicago (BA 1976, MA 1977), Professor Ginsburg received a JD in 1980 from Harvard, and a Diplôme d'études approfondies in 1985 and a Doctorate of Law in 1995 from the University of Paris II. She is a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. Jane Ginsburg was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.

1445	Name:	L.H. Girardin
	Year Elected:	1819
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

1446	Name:	Dr. Donald A. Glaser
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	February 28, 2013

	Donald Glaser had been an institution at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was Professor of Physics and Professor of Neurobiology in the Graduate School. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber detector of subatomic particles. This device played a critical role in the flowering of experimental particle physics in the sixties and seventies. In later years Dr. Glaser turned his research interests to the psychophysics of visual perception, to which he has made several significant contributions. His research goal was to construct computational models of the human visual system that explain its performance in terms of its physiology and anatomy. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, Dr. Glaser was a man with broad scientific and cultural interests, not least among them being, as a former member of the Cleveland Orchestra's string section, his professional-level musicianship. Donald Glaser died February 28, 2013, at the age of 86 at his home in Berkeley, California.

1447	Name:	Dr. Robert J. Glaser
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	June 7, 2012

	Robert Joy Glaser received an M.D. at Harvard Medical School. He served as Associate Dean at Washington University from 1955-57, then as Dean and Professor of Medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine until 1963, and as Professor of Social Medicine at Harvard University from 1963-65. In 1965 he became the Vice President for Medical Affairs, Dean of the School of Medicine, and professor at Stanford University, also serving as acting president in 1968. He was Professor of Medicine Emeritus at Stanford University and he received that institution's Dean's Medal in 2009. Dr. Glaser had been a trustee and board member of many educational institutions and foundations, including the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, Georgetown University, Morehouse College, the David & Lucille Packard Foundation, UCLA School of Medicine, Center for the Future of Children, Packard Humanities Institute, and the Foundation for Biomedical Research. He was a consultant for Medical Philanthropy and Biomedical Science. In 1986 the Robert J. Glaser Award was established by the Society of General Internal Medicine. Robert Glaser is a legendary figure in the field of medicine and biomedical research. His uniqueness is based on a complex combination of personal characteristics: scientific ability, demonstrated early in his career as a successful clinical microbiologist, and widely acclaimed administrative leadership. His accomplishments in support of education and research in medicine and his stature as a wise and trusted leader within biomedicine are unparalleled. In addition, his deep commitment to support and stimulate young minds and to foster their education and training was coupled with a realistic sense of the need to find financial resources to realize these dreams. Dr. Glaser was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000 and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 2009. He died on June 7, 2012, at the age of 93 in Palo Alto, California.

1448	Name:	Dr. Sheldon Lee Glashow
	Institution:	Boston University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Sheldon Lee Glashow is one of the formulators of the electroweak interaction theory. This theory unites the weak and electromagnetic interactions. This was the first such unification since Maxwell's electromagnetic theory unified the electric and magnetic forces in the 19th century. For this work Dr. Glashow, along with Weinberg and Salam, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979. Dr. Glashow's work has continuously manifested an unusually high degree of originality. On purely theoretical grounds he was the first to conjecture the existence of the charmed quark, many years before it was discovered. Dr. Glashow is currently Arthur G.B. Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and the Sciences at Boston University, on whose faculty he has served since 1984. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1958 and previously taught at Harvard, Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley.

1449	Name:	Dr. H. Bentley Glass
	Institution:	State University of New York, Stony Brook
	Year Elected:	1963
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	January 16, 2005

1450	Name:	Mr. Philip Glass
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Philip Glass’s musical life began early; at eight he studied the flute at the Peabody Conservatory and by twelve he had begun composing. After receiving an M.A. in composition from Juilliard in 1961, he studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger and in India with the sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar. Glass’s composition matured in the early seventies, largely through works written for his own Philip Glass Ensemble. In 1974, with a performance of the complete Music in Twelve Parts at the New York Town Hall, he had his first performance in a traditional concert hall. Two years later Einstein on the Beach premiered at the Metropolitan Opera, bringing Glass accolades from the larger music world. This master work combines disparate media moments in unconventional visual juxtaposition with textless vocal exercises and numerals varying in pitch and rhythm. The operas Satyagraha (1980) and Akhnaten (1984) followed - the former portraying the early years of Mahatma Gandhi and utilizing a dronelike repetition of symmetrical sequences of chords to achieve haunting and hypnotic powers. In recent years Glass has focused increasingly on composition for theater, film and dance. His film scores have received three Academy Award nominations – for Kundun (1997), The Hours (2002) and Notes on a Scandal (2006) - and his collaborations with the director Godfrey Reggio (Koyaanisqatsi, et al) are audiovisual tone poems of uncommon elegance and visceral power. All told, over the last 25 years, Glass has composed 22 operas, eight symphonies, 38 film soundtracks, numerous string quartets and a growing body of work for solo piano and organ. In addition to his Academy Award nominations, Glass won a Golden Globe Award in 1999, the Asquith Award for Film Music in 2002, and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2010. He won a New York City Mayor's Award for Arts and Culture in 2013. He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1994.

1451	Name:	George Glentworth
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	7/22/1735
	Death Date:	11/4/1792

	George Glentworth (22 July 1735–4 November 1792) was a physician, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768 by way of his election to Philadelphia’s Medical Society before November of 1768. Born a Philadelphian, Glentworth found his calling early after entering the British army as a surgeon’s mate. With practical experience well in hand, he traveled to Scotland to further his medical studies and graduated with an M.D. degree in 1759 from St. Andrew’s University. Returning to Philadelphia, Glentforth partnered with a former preceptor and began private practice. His work, and consequently his reputation, grew with time. His professional status afforded him entry into societies including the Sons of St. George and the Fishing Company of Fort St. David’s. In 1766, he worked with fellow APS members to found the Philadelphia Medical Society. During the Revolutionary War, Glentworth served as a much needed and skilled military surgeon. Following the war, he resumed private practice in 1780 while also lending time to improvement societies such as Philadelphia’s Almshouse and the Humane Society. Both his sons followed him into medicine.

1452	Name:	Dr. Laurie H. Glimcher
	Institution:	Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Laurie H. Glimcher is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Richard and Susan Smith Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. She earned her M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1976, where she spent most of her career, including as Irene Heinz Given Professor of Immunology. Laurie Glimcher has elucidated the molecular pathways that regulate the development and activation of cells in the immune system - pathways critical for both the development of protective immunity and for the pathophysiologic immune responses underlying autoimmune, infectious, allergic, and malignant diseases. She discovered the first Th1-specific transcription factor, T-bet, and demonstrated that it is the master-regulator of Type 1 immunity in cells of both the adaptive and innate immune system. She also discovered XBP1, the first transcription factor required for both plasma cell differentiation and the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Response. She then demonstrated a link between ER stress and proinflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Most recently she discovered that XBP1 is key in the maintenance of cancer stem cells in triple negative breast cancer. Further, IRE1/XBP1 also controls anti-tumor immunity by disrupting dendritic cell homeostasis. Hence reducing IRE1/XBP1 activity should simultaneously inhibit tumor cell growth and activate type 1 anti-tumor immunity. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996), the National Academy of Sciences (2002), and the American Association of Immunologists, (president, 2003-04). Laurie Glimcher was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

1453	Name:	Dr. Carol Gluck
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Carol Gluck received her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1977. She began as an assistant professor in the departments of history and East Asian languages and cultures, and is currently the George Sansom Professor of History. Carol Gluck is a brilliant intellectual historian of modern Japan whose writings have focused on Japanese historians' portrayal of their recent past. Her work has been published in Japan and Europe, and her leadership in both scholarship and education won her election to the presidency of the Association for Asian Studies (1996-1997) - the leading professional organization in the Asian field - and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1991. She lectures in the United States and abroad to university, corporate, and public audiences, and is active in efforts to develop East Asian studies in undergraduate education and in promoting the teaching of Asian and world history in the schools. Dr. Gluck is the author of Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (1985) and Past Obsessions: War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (2006). She is the co-editor of Showa: The Japan of Hirohito (1992) and Asia in Western and World History (1997). She is the recipient of the Mark Van Doren Award for Columbia University (1982), the John King Fairbank Prize (1986) and the Lionel Trilling Award (1987) for Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period; the Great Teacher Award from Columbia University (1989); the Fulbright 50th Anniversary Distinguished Scholar Award (2002); and the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, the second highest honor awarded by the Japanese government. Dr. Gluck was elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

1454	Name:	Ms. Louise Gluck
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1943
	Death Date:	October 13, 2023

	Louise Gluck is the author of Firstborn, 1968; Proofs and Theories (Collected Essays), 1994; The First Four Books, 1995; Meadowlands, 1996; Vita Nova, 1999; The Seven Ages, 2001; October, 2003; Averno, 2006; A Village Life, 2009; Poems, 1962-2012, 2012. Each of her books departs from the theme of its predecessors like a novel with lacunae opening onto the unspeakable. Myths of antiquity - the characters of Persphone, Achilles, Eurydice, Iphigenia, appear throughout the series, often used as a vehicle for psychological analysis. Many of her books contain dark poems of family relationships. The last volume, A Village Life, reinforces the themes that delineate the difficulties of interpersonal relationships. To read her books is to understanding the governing paradox of a life lived in the body and of the work wrested from it, the one fated to die and the other to endure. She is the recipient of a National Book Critics Circle Award, 1985; Guggenheim Fellowship, 1975, 1987; Pulitzer Prize, 1993; the PEN Martha Albrand Award, 1994, the Gold Medal for Poetry from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 2015; and the National Humanities Medal, 2016. She served as Poet Laureate of the United States in 2003. Louise Gluck was Senior lecturer in English, 1984-98, and Preston S. Parish ‘41 Third Century Lecturer in English, 1998-2004, at Williams College, and was Regents Professor, 1985-87, at the University of California, Los Angeles. Since 2004 she has been the Rosenkranz Writer in Residence and Adjunct Professor of English at Yale University. Louise Gluck won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2020. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2014.

1455	Name:	Nelson Glueck
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	2/12/1971

1456	Name:	Paul Beck Goddard
	Year Elected:	1840
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1809
	Death Date:	7/3/1866

1457	Name:	Kingston Goddard
	Year Elected:	1857
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	10/24/1875

1458	Name:	David Rockwell Goddard
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	7/9/1984or5

1459	Name:	Kurt Gödel
	Year Elected:	1961
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	1/14/1978

1460	Name:	Thomas Godfrey
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

	Thomas Godfrey (10 January 1704–November 1749) was a glazier, mathematician, astronomer, almanac-maker, and inventor, and an original member of the American Philosophical Society. Born in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania, he glazed windows for the State House and the residence of James Logan, who took an interest in the self-taught Godfrey and loaned him books. As part of Benjamin Franklin’s circle, Godfrey was a member of the Junto, a founder of the Library Company and the Philadelphia Contributionship, and an early supporter of the Pennsylvania Hospital. His Pennsylvania Almanac was published between 1730 and 1737; early numbers were printed by Franklin, who also rented Godfrey rooms in the building that housed his print shop. Godfrey’s trade dovetailed with his scientific pursuits. In 1730 he invented the mariner’s quadrant, an instrument used to calculate the altitude of a star from onboard a ship—and thus to establish the ship’s latitude—by observing the sun’s reflection in glass. But simultaneous to Godfrey’s announcement of his discovery, Royal Society vice-president John Hadley publicized his own nearly identical invention. Although Godfrey’s report on another instrument was published in the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions, his claims about the quadrant were never acknowledged. The two discoveries appear to have been independent, but the device still bears Hadley’s name today. In his later years, Godfrey taught astronomy and advised surveyors and cartographers. (PI, ANB, DAB)

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