APS Member History

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1061	Name:	Benjamin W. Richardson
	Year Elected:	1863
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

1062	Name:	Sir Owen W. Richardson
	Year Elected:	1910
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1879

1063	Name:	President Dame Louise Richardson
	Institution:	Corporation of New York
	Year Elected:	2017
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1958

	Dame Louise Richardson DBE is president of Carnegie Corporation of New York, the philanthropic foundation established by Andrew Carnegie in 1911. Previously, she served as vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford and of the University of St. Andrews, and as executive dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. A native of Ireland, she studied history in Trinity College Dublin before gaining her PhD at Harvard University, where she spent 20 years on the faculty of the Department of Government, teaching courses on international security and foreign policy. She currently sits on numerous advisory boards, while serving as a trustee of, among others, the Booker Prize Foundation and the Sutton Trust. Richardson is also a member of the selection committee of the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity. In 2023, the Irish government asked Richardson to serve as the independent chair of its Consultative Forum on International Security Policy. A political scientist by training, Richardson is recognized internationally as an expert on terrorism and counterterrorism. Today considered a seminal work in the field, her groundbreaking study, What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (2006), was hailed by the New York Times Book Review as an “overdue and essential primer on terrorism and how to tackle it … the book many have been waiting for.” Other publications include Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past (2007), The Roots of Terrorism (2006), and When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations during the Suez and Falklands Crises (1996). She has written numerous articles on international terrorism, British foreign and defense policy, security institutions, and international relations; lectured to public, professional, media, and education groups; and served on editorial boards for several journals and presses. Richardson’s many awards have recognized the excellence of her teaching and scholarship, including the Centennial Medal bestowed on her in 2013 by Harvard’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for “having the vision to assess emerging threats, for transformative leadership, and for moving seamlessly between the roles of scholar and teacher.” She has been awarded nine honorary doctorates, including from the universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and St. Andrews in Scotland; Trinity College Dublin and Queen’s University Belfast in Ireland; the University of Notre Dame in the U.S.; the University of the West Indies; Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Israel; and the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) in Russia. Richardson is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the Academy of Social Sciences in the United Kingdom, as well as an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy and a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In June 2022, Richardson was appointed a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (DBE) in recognition of her services to higher education.

1064	Name:	Mr. Gerhard Richter
	Year Elected:	2012
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	A towering figure in the history of German art, Gerhard Richter is widely regarded as one of the greatest living painters. His retrospectives at MOMA, SFMOMA, and the Hirschhorn (2002) established him as a pivotal figure in modern art. Richter’s immense oeuvre, which includes the great stained glass window in Cologne Cathedral (2007), is characterized by a plurality of means, most notably both photorealist compositions that are blurred in a signature way, and abstract paintings that, in the layered application of their paint surfaces, create spaces different from but analogous to those evoked by his photorealist images. The dialogue between these modes and others (color chart paintings, glass and mirror works, portraits), and the fact of a painter not maintaining a cohesive style, has altered the approach of artists in fashioning an oeuvre. Richter engaged in pivotal reflections on the nature of history, especially German history. His work represented in the exhibition Baader-Meinhof was a milestone in Germany’s "coming to terms with its past." Richter has encouraged artists of several generations likewise to think of painting as a vital art form that not only reflects on the human condition but that can change history. Richter’s work is instantly recognizable: the haunting blurred landscapes, evocations of a latter-day Romanticism, are unique in the history of art, and yet, within the context of the artist’s oeuvre, and through the detachment that the blurring effects and that the photo source implies, these images transcend personal expression. Art historically, Richter represents a profound local (i.e., German or European) response to Abstract Expressionism. Rooted in his biography (WWII experience, formation in the former GDR, emigration to West Germany, engagement in late 1960s agitations, etc.), his works profoundly revise the central directions that painting has taken since the 1960s. Richter’s oeuvre motivates a set of pivotal narratives about the history of modern and contemporary art.

1065	Name:	Dr. Georges Le Rider
	Institution:	Collège de France & l'Institut de France
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	July 3, 2014

	French historian Georges le Rider was a professor at the Collège de France, a member of l'Institut de France and a specialist in Greek numismatics. Born in Saint-Hernin in 1928, he became a member of the French School of Athens in 1952 and of the French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut in 1955. In 1958 he began his career at the Bibliothèque Nationale, where he would serve as conservator and director of the department of medals, currencies and antiques. In 1975 he was named General Administrator of the Bibliothèque Nationale. He served in this capacity until 1981 when he assumed direction of the French Institute of Anatolian Studies in Istanbul. Georges le Rider also served as a professor at the University of Lille and as director of the CNRS research group. At the Collège de France he focused on economic and monetary history. His published works include the three volume "Etudes d'histoire monetaire et financiere du monde grec. Ecrits 1958-1998," (with François de Callatay) "Séleucides and Ptolémées: The Monetary and Financial Heritage of Alexander the Great" (2006), and Alexander the Great: Coinage, Finance and Policy (2007). Georges Le Rider died on July 3, 2014 at the age of 86 in Givors, Rhône, France.

1066	Name:	Andres del Rio
	Year Elected:	1830
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

1067	Name:	Professor Martin de Riquer
	Institution:	University of Barcelona
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	September 17, 2013

	Literary scholar Martin de Riquer was born in Spain in 1914. Author of numerous articles in professional journals, he has long been regarded as one of the most productive and brilliant Spanish literary scholars and philologists. In his prodigious and consistently splendid scholarship, he tirelessly explored and significantly illuminated almost every facet and genre of the medieval and Renaissance literatures of Spain, France, Catalonia and Provence, with important excursions into Italian literature and the history of medieval architecture in Spain as well. His works are characterized by originality, great erudition and true stylistic elegance. Dr. de Riquer was a member of the Real Academia Espanola and had served as president of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras of Barcelona. He died September 17, 2013, at the age of 99 in Barcelona, Spain.

1068	Name:	Charles Rist
	Year Elected:	1938
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1874
	Death Date:	1/10/55

1069	Name:	Lionel Charles Robbins
	Year Elected:	1955
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	5/15/84

1070	Name:	Issac Roberts
	Year Elected:	1893
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

1071	Name:	Professor Sir Adam Roberts
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2013
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Sir Adam Roberts, Emeritus Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, specializes in international security, international organizations, and international law, including the laws of war. He has also worked on the role of civil resistance against oppressive regimes and foreign rule, and on the history of thought about international relations. He was born in Penrith, England, on 29 August 1940. He studied Modern History at Oxford University, where he won the Stanhope Historical Essay Prize in 1961 and was awarded a B.A. degree in 1962. His main academic jobs have been: Lecturer in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 1968-81; Alastair Buchan Reader in International Relations at Oxford University, and Fellow of St Antony’s College, 1981-86; Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, and Fellow of Balliol College, 1986-2007. He has held visiting appointments at New York University, Tokyo University, the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna and the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars in Washington DC. He was a Member of the Council, Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs), London, 1985-91; Governor, Ditchley Foundation, 2001-11; Member of the Council, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 2002-08; and Member of the UK Council for Science and Technology, 2010-13. He has been a Member, UK Defence Academy Advisory Board, since 2003. In 1990 he was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), and 2009 to July 2013 was President of the British Academy. In 2002 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), ‘for services to the study and practice of international relations’. He is an Honorary Fellow of LSE and of St Antony’s College, Oxford, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has honorary degrees from King’s College London (2010), Aberdeen University (2012), and Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo (2013). Adam Roberts was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. His numerous publications (many jointly authored or edited) include The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression (1967); Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance (1969); Nations in Arms: The Theory and Practice of Territorial Defence (2nd edn., 1986); Documents on the Laws of War (3rd edn., 2000); United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Roles in International Relations (2nd edn., 1993); Hugo Grotius and International Relations (1990); The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (2008); Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (2009); and Democracy, Sovereignty and Terror: Lakshman Kadirgamar on the Foundations of International Order (2012). He has published articles in numerous journals, including American Journal of International Law, British Year Book of International Law, International Affairs, International Security, Survival, and The Times Literary Supplement. He has also given expert evidence to several parliamentary and judicial inquiries. He is married with two grown-up children, and lives in Oxford. His interests include mountaineering and cycling.

1072	Name:	Dennis H. Robertson
	Year Elected:	1949
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1890
	Death Date:	4/21/63

1073	Name:	Sir Rutherford Robertson
	Institution:	University of Adelaide & Australian National University
	Year Elected:	1971
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	March 5, 2001

1074	Name:	Sir Robert Robinson
	Year Elected:	1944
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1886
	Death Date:	2/9/75

1075	Name:	Joan Violet Robinson
	Year Elected:	1983
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	8/5/83

1076	Name:	The Honorable Mary Robinson
	Institution:	Ethical Globalization Initiative; United Nations; Ireland
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	A brilliant academic who studied in Dublin and at Harvard, Mary Robinson, at age 25, became Reid Professor of Constitutional and Criminal Law (1969-75) at Trinity College, Dublin, and lecturer in European Community Law (1975-90). In 1988, with her husband Nicholas, she was co-founder and director of the Irish Centre for European Law, which promotes, among other things, the study of European human rights law in Ireland. From 1969-89 she was a member of Seanad Eireann, the Upper House of Parliament. She also served on the Dublin City Council, 1979-83, and the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva, 1987-90. In 1990, Mary Robinson became the first woman president of Ireland, at age 46, and redefined this primarily ceremonial role, representing her country internationally and developing a new sense of Ireland's economic, political and cultural links with other countries and cultures, with special emphasis on the needs of developing countries. In 1997, she was appointed the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, serving until 2002. An outspoken crusader, she both criticizes governments with poor human rights records and at the same time coaxes them into making improvements. She has personally visited more than 80 countries, including dangerous areas such as Sierra Leone, Chechnya, Kosovo and East Timor. She was the recipient of the Society's 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service. The citation for the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service reads, "Distinguished legal scholar; Professor of Law at Trinity College, Dublin. Exemplary barrister; devoted to human rights. Admired legislator, member of Seanad Eireann. Beloved President of the Republic of Ireland. Dedicated international public servant; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Tireless champion for the homeless, the dispossessed and the oppressed. The American Philosophical Society salutes this daughter of Ireland and citizen of the world, commends her unswerving devotion to human dignity and freedom, and awards her its Franklin Medal for outstanding public service." Mary Robinson is a member of the Royal Irish Academy and was elected a foreign member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. In 2002 she moved to New York City and presided over Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative. She is Honorary President of OxFam International and Vice President of the Club of Madrid. She chairs the Council of Women World Leaders, the GAVI Fund Board and the Fund for Global Human Rights. She is a Chancellor of Dublin University. In 2007 she was invited to become a founding member of the Elders, a group brought together by Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel that is dedicated to working for the common good. The alliance also includes former President Jimmy Carter, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and the retired Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu. In 2008 she was named to the board of trustees of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and in 2009 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. As Realizing Rights reached its planned end in December 2010, Mary Robinson returned to Dublin and set up the Mary Robinson Foundation for Climate Justice within the Innovation Academy established by Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin. The Foundation will work to foster Irish and international leadership on issues of climate change and sustainable development and promote climate justice and equity - ensuring human rights are at the center of the climate change agenda. She is the author of Everybody Matters: My Life Giving Voice (2013) and of Climate Justice (2017).

1077	Name:	Professor Dame Carol Robinson
	Institution:	Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2023
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Professor Dame Carol Robinson DBE FRS FMedSci FRSC Carol Robinson is the Dr. Lee’s Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and is the first Director of Oxford’s Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery. She is recognised for establishing mass spectrometry as a viable technology to study the structure and function of proteins. Carol graduated from the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1979 and completed her PhD at Cambridge University. After a career break of eight years to focus on her family, she became Professor of Mass Spectrometry at Cambridge, returning to Oxford in 2009 to take up her current position. Her work has attracted numerous awards including the 2022 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry, the 2022 Louis Jeantet Prize for Medicine and most recently the ASMS John B. Fenn Award for a Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry. Carol is the former President of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences USA and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was awarded a DBE in 2013 for services to science and industry.

1078	Name:	Professor Daniel Roche
	Institution:	Collège de France
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	408
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	February 19, 2023

	Daniel Roche is a Professor at the Collège de France. In his career as teacher and scholar, Daniel Roche has been one of the greatest forces in the renewal of historical studies over the last thirty years. As a specialist on urban societies, his work has focused upon three lines of inquiry: understanding the link between urban milieu and both scholarly and popular forms of culture; analyzing the birth of societies of consumption taking both material and intellectual culture as their starting point; and, finally, demonstrating mobility in traditional societies. His many works include (titles translated from French): The Century of the Enlightenment in the Provinces: Provincial Academies and Academicians, 1689-1789, 1978; The People of Paris: Essay on Popular Culture in the Eighteenth Century, 1981; Diary of My Life: Critical Edition of the Diary of Jacques-Louis Ménétra, an Eighteenth-century Master Glazier, 1982; Paris under the Old Régime, 1983; French People and the Old Régime, I. Society and State, II. Culture and Society, 1984; French Republicans of Letters: Persons of Culture and Enlightenment in the Eighteenth Century, 1988; The Culture of Appearances: Essay on the History of Clothing in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 1989; France of the Enlightenment, 1993; A History of Ordinary Things: Birth of the Society of Consumption, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, 1997; Paris Almanac for Foreigners, 2001; Wandering Moods: the History of Voyages and the Journeyings of Peoples, 2003. He is a member of Academia Europea (1989) and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1998).

1079	Name:	Duc de Louis A. La Rochefoucauld d'Enville
	Year Elected:	1786
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

1080	Name:	Francois A.F. de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
	Year Elected:	1796
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

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