APS Member History

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661	Name:	Dr. Desmond King
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2022
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1957

	Desmond King is the Andrew W Mellon Professor of American Government at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of Nuffield College, and an Emeritus Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford. He is a leading scholar of the executive and federal government in US politics, racial inequality, immigration, illiberal forms of government policy often studied comparatively and the politics of social citizenship. His work is both normative and empirical. Drawing on new archival work, his books have documented how the federal government’s employment policies fostered segregation of African Americans in the century to 1975, and the extent to which the US’s founding institutions facilitated persistent discrimination. Subsequent empirical research studies federal responses to the financial crisis of 2008-09 and the rise of unitary executive theory. Professor King was born and educated in Ireland, where he graduated from Trinity College, Dublin. After graduate studies at Northwestern University he held lectureships at the University of Edinburgh and the London School of Economics and Political Science before moving to Oxford University. His publications include Separate and Unequal: African Americans and the US Federal Government (1995/2007), Actively Seeking Work: The Politics of Workfare in the US and Britain (1995), In the Name of Liberalism: Illiberal Social Policy in the US and Britain (1999), Making Americans: Immigration, Race and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy (2000), with Rogers M. Smith Still a House Divided: Race and Politics in Obama’s America (2011), with Lawrence Jacobs Fed Power: How Finance Wins (2016), and with Stephen Skowronek and John Dearborn, Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive (2021). He was awarded a DLitt by Oxford in 2015, and he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2003, the Royal Irish Academy in 2014, the Royal Historical Society in 2015, the Academia Europaea in 2016, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017.

662	Name:	Gustav R. Kirchhoff
	Year Elected:	1864
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

663	Name:	Richard Kirwan
	Year Elected:	1786
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

664	Name:	Shibasaburo Kitasato
	Year Elected:	1914
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

665	Name:	Dr. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber
	Institution:	École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Christiane Klapisch-Zuber is the former Director of Studies at the Centre de Recherches Historiques, l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. She has been a pioneer in the study of family history and genealogy, with special reference to the lives of young girls, women, and artisans. Her groundbreaking study of the Florentine tax records of 1429, coauthored with David Herlihy, changed the course of the economic and social history of the family in early modern Italy, and was based on unprecedented statistical analysis. In subsequent research she investigated such original topics as family ritual in relation to naming, the phenomenon of the family tree as an image and scheme, the history of adoption, and the imaginary power of ancestors. Klapisch-Zuber has approached the history of "the petit peuple" of late medieval and early modern France and especially Italy from both micro- and macro- historical viewpoints. More recently she has turned her attention to the lineage of Florentine magnates and their relationship to the popolani in the fourteenth century. Her generosity as a scholar is legendary, as is her capacity to construct new historical narratives through extraordinary mining of the archives. Widely influential in several fields, Klapisch-Zuber is a truly international figure who has changed the course of historical research, and her many brilliant essays are widely translated in anthologies. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. In 2016 she was awarded the Middle Ages Prince Provins.

666	Name:	Heinrich J. Klaproth
	Year Elected:	1824
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

667	Name:	Dr. Georg Klein
	Institution:	Karolinska Institutet
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	December 10, 2016

	George Klein was a professor and research group leader at the Karolinska Institute's Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (Sweden). He joined the Institute as a research fellow in 1947 and achieved the rank of professor in 1957. Prior to that time, he served as instructor of histology (1945) and pathology (1946) at the University of Budapest in his native Hungary. A pioneer in the application of somatic cell genetics to cancer research, Dr. Klein began using immunological techniques to analyze the nature of malignant transformation. He edited Advances in Cancer Research for many years and wrote a number of books, including The Atheist and the Holy City (1990); Pîetà (1992) and Live Now (1997). A foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Klein was also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the American Association of Immunologists. His many honors included the American Cancer Society Annual Award (1973), the Gardner Award (1976), the General Motors Sloan Award (1979); the Behring Prize (1977) and the Paracelsus Medal (2001). George Klein died December 10, 2016 in Sweden at the age of 91.

668	Name:	Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk
	Institution:	Former President of South Africa
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	November 11, 2021

	Frederik Willem (F.W.) de Klerk was born in Johannesburg on March 18, 1936, the son of Senator Jan de Klerk, a senior Cabinet Minister. His school years were spent mainly in Krugersdorp, where he matriculated at Monument High School. He attended the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education and graduated in 1958 with B.A. and LL.B degrees (cum laude). During his university years he was actively involved in student affairs. Mr. de Klerk joined a firm of attorneys in Vereeniging that he helped to develop into one of the leading law firms outside South Africa's major metropolitan areas. At the same time he played a prominent role in numerous community activities. In 1972 he was offered the Chair of Administrative Law at Potchefstroom University but had to decline because of his decision to enter active politics. In November 1972 he was elected as Member of Parliament for Vereeniging. In 1978, shortly after his 42nd birthday and after only five and a half years as a back-bencher, he was appointed to the Cabinet. During the following 11 years he was responsible for the following portfolios consecutively: Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare and Pensions; Sport and Recreation; Mining and Environmental Planning; Mineral and Energy Affairs; Internal Affairs, as well as the Public Service; and National Education (the portfolio that he held when he was elected as State President). On July 1, 1985 Mr. de Klerk became Chairman of the Minister's Council in the House of Assembly. He became Leader of the House of Assembly on December 1, 1986. Mr. de Klerk was elected to the key post of Leader of the National Party in the Transvaal on March 6, 1982. On February 2, 1989, the caucus of the National Party chose him as the national Leader of the Party. On August 15, 1989, after the resignation of President P. W. Botha, Mr. de Klerk became Acting State President, and after the general election of September 6, was inaugurated as State President on September 20, 1989. Mr. de Klerk served as State President until President Nelson Mandela's inauguration on May 10, 1994. During this period he initiated and presided over the inclusive negotiations that led to the dismantling of "apartheid" and the adoption of South Africa's first fully democratic constitution in December 1993. After leading the National Party to the second place in South Africa's first fully representative general election of April 27, 1994 Mr. de Klerk was inaugurated as one of South Africa's two Executive Deputy Presidents. He served in this capacity until the end of June 1996 when his Party, under his leadership, decided to withdraw from the Government of National Unity. He was Leader of the Official Opposition until his retirement from active party politics on September 9, 1997. Mr. de Klerk has received numerous national and international honours and honorary doctorates. In 1981 he was awarded the South African Decoration for Meritorious Service. In 1992, he received the Prix du Courage Internationale (The Prize for Political Courage) and was co-recipient of the UNESCO Houphouet-Boigny Prize. He was also awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize in Spain during the same year. In July 1993, together with Mr. Nelson Mandela, Mr. de Klerk received the Philadelphia Peace Prize and on December 10 the same year was the co-recipient, also with Nelson Mandela, of the Nobel Peace Prize. In January 2000 Mr. de Klerk published his autobiography "The Last Trek - a New Beginning" and the same year established the F. W. de Klerk Foundation, which is dedicated to the promotion of peace in multi-communal societies. He makes numerous speeches around the world and actively participates as an elder statesman in international conferences on the promotion of harmonious relations in multi-communal societies, the future of Africa and South Africa and the challenges facing the world during the new millennium. Mr. de Klerk is in the process of establishing the Global Leadership Foundation, a foundation which has been registered in Switzerland with operational headquarters in London. Its objective will be to play a constructive role in the promotion of peace, democracy and development. A number of internationally respected former leaders and experts will join him in this new initiative. He is also the Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Co-operation in the Czech Republic; a Member of the Assembly of the Parliament of Cultures in Istanbul and plays a substantial role in Forum 2000, a think tank initiated by former President Vaclav Havel and Nobel laureate Eli Wiesel. In addition, he serves on the advisory boards of the Peres Centre for Peace in Israel and the Global Panel in Germany. Mr. de Klerk lives on a farm outside Paarl about 60 kms from Cape Town where he and his wife Elita will soon be producing their own wine. He enjoys reading, the outdoor life and golf.

669	Name:	Baron von Timotheus M. Klingstadt
	Year Elected:	1773
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

670	Name:	Sir Aaron Klug
	Institution:	Royal Society & University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	November 20, 2018

	Sir Aaron Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of crystallographic electron microscopy. An extremely distinguished contributor to the field of virology, Dr. Klug pioneered the concept that structure provides the key to function. In the late 1950s he headed Birkbeck College's Virus Structure Research Group, making important discoveries in the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. In 1962 Sir Aaron joined the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University, and over the following decade he employed methods from X-ray diffraction, microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy in which a sequence of two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to produce three-dimensional images of the target. He was named director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1986, holding that post for 10 years before assuming the presidency of the Royal Society of London (1995-2000). Sir Aaron was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1969 and is also a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal College of Physicians. Among his numerous awards are the Heineken Prize (1979), the L.G. Horwitz Prize, and the Biochemical Society's Harden Medal (1985). Born in Lithuania and educated in South Africa, Sir Aaron earned his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1953. He was knighted in 1988. His later work was on the application for therapeutics and biotechnology of the zinc finger family of transcription factors which he discovered in 1985 and which he developed for intervention in gene expression. Promising results have been obtained in clinical trials for a number of diseases and for improving plant crops by gene modification or insertion. Aaron Klug died November 20, 2018 at the age of 92.

671	Name:	William A. Knight
	Year Elected:	1898
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

672	Name:	Friedrich W.G. Kohlrausch
	Year Elected:	1909
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

673	Name:	Hermann Kolbe
	Year Elected:	1874
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

674	Name:	Laurent G. de Koninck
	Year Elected:	1882
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

675	Name:	Mr. Rem Koolhaas
	Institution:	OMA; Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

676	Name:	Hermann Kopp
	Year Elected:	1882
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

677	Name:	Sir Hans Kornberg
	Institution:	Boston University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	December 16, 2019

	Hans Kornberg immigrated to England at the age of 11 as a refugee from Nazi Germany. He was educated at various boarding schools and at the University of Sheffield, from which he graduated with degrees of B.Sc. and Ph.D. From 1953-55 he held a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship at Yale and the University of California, Berkeley and the Public Health Research Institute of the City of New York, returning to England as a Member of Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council Unit for Research in Cell Metabolism at Oxford. In 1958, he was awarded the degree of M.A. (Oxon.) and was also appointed Lecturer in Biochemistry at Worchester College, University of Oxford. In 1960, at the age of 32, Hans Kornberg was elected as the first Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Leicester; a year later, he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of Oxford and, at the age of 37, was elected into the Fellowship of the Royal Society. In 1975, Professor Kornberg was appointed to the Sir William Dunn Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge and elected into a Fellowship of Christ's College; in 1982 he was elected Master of that College. He held both posts until reaching the (mandatory) retirement age of 67 in 1995; he was awarded the degree of ScD. (Cantab.) in 1976. Sir Hans' scientific researches were mainly aimed at understanding the molecular basis of metabolic processes that enable micro-organisms to utilize simple compounds as their sole source of carbon for energy and for growth and the factors that regulate the occurrence of such processes. He published over 250 articles and his research led to numerous awards and distinctions. Professor Kornberg was knighted in 1978 and received 12 honorary doctorates from universities in the U.K., the U.S.A., Australia, and Germany. He was a Member of the German Academy of Science Leopoldina and the Academia Europaeae and was a Foreign Member or Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei. Sir Hans was an Honorary Member of the British, American, German and Japanese Biochemical Societies; a Fellow of the Institute of Biology, of the Royal Society of Arts, and of the American Academy of Microbiology; and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London), of Brasenose and Worcester Colleges (Oxford), and of Wolfson College (Cambridge). In 1996, he was elected an Honorary Member of Phi Beta Kappa. He received the Colworth Medal of the Biochemical Society and the Otto Warburg Medal of the German Society for Biological Chemistry. Sir Hans held a number of posts in U.K. governmental and non-governmental organizations. He served as President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of the Association for Science Education, and of The Biochemical Society and as Chairman of the Science Board of the Science Research Council, of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, and of the Advisory Committee on Genetic Modification. He also served as a Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, as a Trustee of the Nuffield Foundation, as a Governor of the Wellcome Trust, and as a member of many advisory committees. In a wider context, he chaired the Advanced Studies Institutes Panel of NATO, was President of the International Union of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and was an Honorary or Emeritus Governor of the Weizmann Institute and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Beginning in 1995, Sir Hans held a dual appointment as University Professor and Professor of Biology at Boston University, where he taught both in the UNI and in biology. He also actively engaged in research on carbohydrate transport mechanisms in Escherichia coli. Hans Kornberg died December 16, 2019 in Falmouth, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

678	Name:	Thaddeus Kosciusko
	Year Elected:	1785
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1752

679	Name:	Hendrik A. Kramers
	Year Elected:	1942
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1894
	Death Date:	4/24/52

680	Name:	Friedrich S. Krauss
	Year Elected:	1889
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

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